laporan stela fix

7/21/2019 Laporan Stela Fix

1/97

OFEFBFL PFBZ[E

EFZAEFL DKPFT P[TSKW XFLFO HFL KSFE[FPG EFOFL HP. MFXGIKTXA IK@.

ITABKLNFL IFD. BFEFLN

AEKO =

IKEFP F/ IKEABZAI F4

FPGPXKL = GPXLFGLG H]FIGWWFO HFTFMFO

ZTANTFB PX[HG FNTAKIAXKILAEANG

CFI[EXFP ZKTXFLGFL

[LGSKTPGXFP DTF^GMFWF

BFEFLN

4:68


2/97

gg

IFXF ZKLNFLXFT

Pyuiur feofbhuegeefo, ifbg u`fpifl ikpfhf Feefo P^X, ifrklf ftfs dgbdglnfl-Lyf

bfif ifbg dgsf bklykeksfgifl efparfl fiogr prfitgiub Purvkg Xflfo hfl Kvfeufsg Efofl tkpft

pfhf wfitulyf. Efparfl fiogr glg hgsusul ultui bkbkluog tunfs prfitgiub bftf iuegfo

Zklnfltfr Kialabg Zkrtflgfl.

Ifbg bklnu`fpifl tkrgbf ifsgo ikpfhf pgofi-pgofi yfln tkefo bkbdfltu ifbg hfefb

bklykeksfgifl pkluegsfl efparfl fiogr glg. Ifbg munf bklyfhfrg dfowf hfefb efparfl fiogr glg

bfsgo tkrhfpft ikiurflnfl. Aeko ifrklf gtu, ifbg bklnfofrpifl irgtgi hfl sfrfl hkbg

skbpurlyf efparfl fiogr glg. Pkbanf efparfl fiogr glg dkrbflcfft dfng igtf skbuf.

Bfefln, 0: Bkg 4:68

Zklyusul


3/97

ggg

HFCXFT GPG

OFEFBFL PFBZ[E .................................................................................................................... g

IFXF ZKLNFLXFT ................................................................................................................... gg

HFCXFT GPG ................................................................................................................................. ggg

HFCXFT XFDKE ......................................................................................................................... v

DFD G ZKLHFO[E[FL ............................................................................................................... 6

6.6 Eftfr Dkefifln ................................................................................................................. 6

6.4 Xumufl............................................................................................................................... 4

6.0 Bflcfft............................................................................................................................. 4

DFD GG BKXAHK ZKEFIPFLFFL .......................................................................................... 04.6 Xkbpft hfl ^fitu ................................................................................................................ 0

4.4 Feft hfl Dfofl ...................................................................................................................... 0

4.0 Zkrsgfpfl Zktf ...................................................................................................................... 3

4.8 Purvkg Xflfo hfl Ialhgsg Efofl ................................................................................... 6:

4.; Xfduefsg Hftf.................................................................................................................. 6>

4.3 Bktahk pkefisflffl ikbfbpufl hfl iksksufgfl efofl ................................................ 6>

DFD GGG IALHGPG [B[B ^GEFWFO ................................................................................... 670.6. Eaifsg Purvkg ................................................................................................................ 67

0.4. Zrasks Nkabarcaeang Mftgikrta .................................................................................... 67

0.0. Pkdfrfl PZX hg Eaifsg Purvkg .................................................................................... 4:

0.8. Bf`fb Zklnnulffl Efofl ......................................................................................... 46

0.;. Ialhgsg Pasgfe hfl Kialabg Mftgikrta ....................................................................... 44

DFD GS GHKLXGCGIFPG MKLGP XFLFO HG EAIFPG P[TSKG .......................................... 40

8.6 Barcaeang Xflfo Pktgfp PZX.......................................................................................... 40

8.4 Iefsgcgifsg Xflfo............................................................................................................ 0;

DFD S IKBFBZ[FL HFL IKPKP[FGFL EFOFL .......................................................... ;:

;.6. Ikefs Ikbfbpufl Efofl ........................................................................................... ;:

;.4. Ikefs Iksksufgfl Efofl .............................................................................................. ;>

HFCXFT Z[PXFIF .................................................................................................................. >8


4/97

gv

EFBZGTFL .................................................................................................................................. >3


5/97

v

HFCXFT XFDKE

Xfdke 6. Dftfs Xapanrfcg............................................................................................................... 04Xfdke 4. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F6 ...................................................................... ;:

Xfdke 0. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F4 ...................................................................... ;6Xfdke 8. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F0 ...................................................................... ;4Xfdke ;. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F8 ...................................................................... ;0Xfdke 3. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F; ...................................................................... ;8Xfdke >. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F3 ...................................................................... ;;Xfdke ?. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F> ...................................................................... ;3


6/97

6

DFD G

ZKLHFO[E[FL

6.6 Eftfr Dkefifln

Glhalksgf tkrbfsui suftu lknfrf yfln bkbgegig dkrdfnfg mklgs tflfo yfln dkrfnfb skrtf

tflfo-tflfo tkrskdut bkbgegig dfofl glhui yfln dkrdkhf-dkhf puef. Hklnfl ikifyffl fefb

hfl tflfo yfln dkngtu dksfr gtu, bfif skofruslyf igtf hfpft bkbflcfftifl ikifyffl yfln

fhf hklnfl skdfgi-dfgilyf. Aeko ifrklf gtu, hgpkreuifl suftu ikngftfl survkg tflfo hfl

kvfeufsg efofl pfhf tflfo-tflfo yfln dkrfhf hg dkrdfnfg hfkrfo hg Glhalksgf tkrskdut.

Ikngftfl survkg tflfo bkrupfifl suftu ikngftfl yfln bkefiuifl pklkegtgfl tflfo hg

efpflnfl hfl hg efdarftargub yfln hgefiuifl sk`frf sgstkbftgs hklnfl bktahk-bktahk

tkrtkltu, tkrofhfp suftu hfkrfo, yfln hgtulmfln aeko glcarbfsg hfrg subdkr-subdkr efgl yfln

rkekvfl (P@PF, 67?4). Pkhflnifl kvfeufsg efofl bkrupfifl suftu ikngftfl pklgefgfl pklfbpgefl efofl ultui tumufl tkrtkltu, bkegputg pkefisflffl hfl gltkrprktfsg survkg skrtf

stuhg dkltui efofl, tflfo, vknktfsg, giegb, hfl fspki efofl efgllyf, fnfr hfpft

bklnghkltgcgifsg hfl bkbduft pkrdflhglnfl dkrdfnfg pklnnulffl efofl yfln bulnigl

hgikbdflnifl (CFA, 67>3).

Zfhf cgkehwari ifeg glg, ikeabpai ifbg bkefiuifl tumuo tgtgi pklnfbftfl hklnfl `frf

bkefiuifl pklnnfegfl tflfo hfl bkbduft bglgpgh pfhf iktumuo tgtgi tkrskdut hg hksf

Mftgikrta, Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl, Ifdupftkl Bfefln. Ikngftfl tkrskdut dkrtumufl ultui

bklnktfoug mklgs-mklgs tflfo yfln dkrfhf hg hksf Mftgikrta, bklniefsgcgifsgifl tflfo-tflfo

tkrskdut, bklnkeabpaiifl tflfo-tflfo yfln bkbpulyfg sgcft hfl ifrfitkrgstgi yfln sfbf,

skrtf lfltglyf ifbg hfpft bklyusul sftufl pktf tflfo hksf Mftgikrta dkrhfsfrifl glcarbfsg-

glcarbfsg yfln tkefo hghfpftifl hfrg ofsge cgkehwari.

Zfhf pklyusulfl efparfl glg, ifbg fifl bkbdfofs bklnklfg skeuruo ikngftfl survkg

tflfo hg efpfln, pklniefsgcgifsgfl tflfo, pklnkeabpaiifl tflfo yfln bkbpulyfg sgcft hfl

ifrfitkr yfln sfbf, skrtf pkbduftfl sftufl pktf tflfo. Pkeuruo ikngftfl tkrskdut pkreu

hgefiuifl ifrklf ultui bkl`fpfg tumufl ikngftfl survkg tflfo hfl kvfeusg efofl.


7/97

4

6.4 Xumuflf. [ltui bklnktfoug tfofp-tfofp hfefb bkefiuifl ikngftfl survky tflfo hfl kvfeufsg

efofl

d. [ltui bklnktfoug pkrskdfrfl tflfo yfln fhf hg wgefyfo Hksf Mftgikrta`. [ltui bklnktfoug pklnnulffl efofl hg Hksf Mftgikrtah. [ltui bklnktfoug ikbfbpufl hfl iksksufgfl efofl hg Hksf Mftgikrta

6.0 Bflcfft

Bflcfft yfln hgpkraeko hfrg prfitgiub glg, fltfrf efgl bfofsgswf bfbpu bkbfofbg

tfofpfl yfln hgefiuifl hfefb pkefisffl survky tflfo hfl kvfeufsg efofl, bkbfofbg

pkrskdfrfl tflfo yfln fhf hg wgefyfo Hksf Mftgikrta, pklnnulffl efofl hfl ikbfbpufl

hfl iksksufgfl efofl hg Hksf Mftgikrta


8/97

0

DFD GG

BKXAHK ZKEFIPFLFFL

4.6 Xkbpft hfl ^fituZkefisflffl cgkehtrgp Purvkg Xflfo hfl Kvfeufsg Efofl hgefisflfifl hg Hksf Mftgikrta,

Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl, Ifdupftkl Bfefln. Zkefisflffl survkg hgefiuifl skefbf tgnf ofrg

yfgtu pfhf tflnnfe 7, 6: hfl 66 Bkg 4:68. Zkefisflffl hgefiuifl pfhf tflnnfe 6: Bkg 4:68

buefg puiue :3.0: ^GD sfbpfg skeksfg, tkrhfpft > tgtgi pklnfbftfl hgbflf 3 hgfltfrflyf

fhfefo bglgpgt tflfo hfl sgsflyf bkrupfifl sglnifpfl. Zfhf ofrg skeflmutlyf hgefiuifl

pklkltufl tgtgi ultui pkhal tgpgife.

4.4 Feft hfl Dfofl4.4.6 Feft

f. Feft Zklnnfeg

6) @flniue

Hgnulfifl ultui bkl`flniue (bklnnfeg) tflfo ultui bkbduft bglgpgt

4) Pkiap

Bkbpkrbuhfo hfefb bkl`flniue hfl bklnfbdge tflfo ultui bkbduft

bglgpgt.

0) Dar tflfo

[ltui bklnfbdge sfbpke tflfo yfln ekdgo hfefb hfrg bglgpgt.

d. Hksirgpsg Xflfo

6) Zgsfu Efpfln

Hgnulfifl ultui bkbduft dftfs oargsal tflfo hfl ialsgstklsg tflfo.

4) Duiu Bulskee @aeaur @ofrt

Hgnulfifl ultui bklkltuifl wfrlf tflfo.

0) Datae fgrPkdfnfg tkbpft fgr yfln hgnulfifl ultui bkbdfsfog tflfo hfefb bklkltuifl

tkistur hfl ialsgstklsg tflfo


9/97

8

8) Bktkrfl mfogt

Hgnulfifl ultui bklnuiur ikhfefbfl bglgpgt hfl iktkdfefl oargsal yfln

tkefo hgnfeg

;) Pfdui pracge

Hgnulfifl ultui bklkltuifl dftfs iktkdfefl oargzal.

3) Ifrtu Hksirgpsg Zracge Xflfo

Hgnulfifl ultui bkl`ftft hftf hfrg ofsge survkg tflfo.

>) Zfpfl hfhf

Hgnulfifl skdfnfg tkbpft (fefs) ultui bkl`ftft hftf survkg.

?) Feft tuegs (daepagl, ikrtfs, pklsge, pklnofpus, stgpa, pklnnfrgs)

Hgnulfifl ultui bkl`ftft hfl bkbduft efparfl ofsge survkg.

7) IfbkrfHgnulfifl ultui bklhaiubkltfsgifl ikngftfl survkg.

`. Hksirgpsg Eaifsg

6) Iabpfs

Hgnulfifl ultui bklkltuifl frfo hfefb bkl`frg tgtgi pklnfbftfl.

4) NZP

Hgnulfifl ultui bklnktfoug tgtgi iaarhglft hfl kekvfsg tgtgi pklnfbftfl.

0) Ieglabktkr

Hgnulfifl ultui bklkltuifl dksfr ikekrklnfl suftu tkbpft survkg.

h. Tkckrklsg Efpflnfl

6) Duiu Ikys ta Page Xfxalaby (IXX)

[ltui bklkltuifl mklgs tflfo, kpgpkhal, hfl klhapkhal yfln dkrfhf hg hfkrfo

survkg.

4.4.4 Dfofl

6) Fgr

[ltui pklnfbftfl tkistur hfl ialsgstklsg tflfo

4) Xflfo

Pkdfnfg admki yfln hgfbftg


10/97

;


11/97

3

4.0 Zkrsgfpfl Zktf4.0.6 Zkbduftfl Zktf Ikrmf

P`fl pktf flfean bklnnulfifl s`fllkr

Ftur rksaeusg pktf hfefb uiurfl 0:: hpg

Ftur s`fl pktf skoglnnf fhf pkrtfbpfefl hg tgfp dfngfl pktf yfln hg s`fl , nfduln tgfp

dfngfl pktf bklmfhg sftu dfngfl utuo

Hgngtfsg hklnfl bklnnulfifl sactwfrk Fr`Ngs


12/97

>

4.0.4 Zklkltufl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl

Eflnifo Ikrmf Bktahk Nrgh Ifiu

Xgtgi pklnfbftfl ofrus bkbkluog dkdkrfpf syfrft dkrgiut=f. Dkrfhf mfuo hfrg eaifsg pklgbdulfl sfbpfo, tflfo nfegfl ftfu dkifs dflnulfl,

iudurfl ftfu dfofl dfofl efgllyf.

d. Dkrmfrfi ekdgo hfrg 8: bktkr hfrg pkbuigbfl, pkifrflnfl, mfefl, sfeurfl fgr hfl

dflnulfl efgllyf.

`. Mfuo hfrg paoal dksfr, fnfr pkrfifrfl tghfi bklyuegtifl pklnnfegfl pracge.

h. Zfhf hfkrfo ekrkln, pracge hgduft skfrfo ekrkln.

Nfbdfr 6. Zktf Ikekrklnfl

Bklkltuifl tgtgi pklnfbftfl

Bklkltuifl mfrfi pklnfbftfl sk`frf tkrftur pfhf mfrfi tkrtkltu ultui bklnofsgeifl mfeur skngkbpft skeuruo hfkrfo survkg

Bkefiuifl pklnfbftfl tflfo sksufg hklnfl paef hfl mfrfi yfln tkefo hgtkltuifl


13/97

?

Zkbduftfl Zktf PZX (Pftufl Zktf Xflfo)

Zkbduftfl Zktf Ikbfbpufl Efofl

Pgfpifl pktf hfsfr

Ghkltgcgifsg tfisf tflfo pfhf sktgfp tgtgi pklnfbftfl

Bkbdkrgifl iahk tfisf tflfo pfhf sktgfptgtgi pklnfbftfl

Hkeglgfsg dkrhfsfrifl ikekrklnfl

Xkltuifl sftufl pktf tflfo (ialsasgfsg,glieusg, fsasgfsg, hfl iabpekis)

Bkbdkrgifl eknklhf sktgfp PZX

Pgfpifl pktf hfsfr

Ghkltgcgifsg barcaeang tflfo hfl cgsganrfcg efofl pfhfsktgfp tgtgi pklnfbftfl

Bklkltuifl Ikefs Ikbfbpufl Efofl (IIE) pfhfsktgfp tgtgi pklnfbftfl

Hkeglgfsg dkrhfsfrifl ikekrklnfl

Xkltuifl Ikefs Ikbfbpufl Efofl (IIE) sktgfpPZE


14/97

7

Zkbduftfl Zktf Iksksufgfl Efofl

Pgfpifl pktf hfsfr

Ghkltgcgifsg tflfo hfl cgsganrfcg efofl efofl pfhf sktgfp tgtgi pklnfbftfl

Bkbdkrgifl Ikefs Iksksufgfl Efofl pfhf sktgfp tgtgi pklnfbftfl


15/97

6:

4.8 Purvkg Xflfo hfl Ialhgsg Efofl4.8.6 Purvkg Xflfo

4.8.6.6 Hksirgpsg Xflfo

f. Hgfnrfb Fegr nfrgs dksfr ikngftfl hg efpfln =


16/97

66

d. Zklkltufl dftfs oargzal

Bkbpkrsgfpifl feft hfl dfofl yfln hgpkreuifl

Bklnfbftg cgsganrfcgs efofl

Bkbduft pracge hfl sglnifpfl

Bklkltuifl dftfs oargzal

Bkbfsfln sfdui pracge hfl bktkrfl

Bklnfbftg barcaeang tflfo =f. Xkistur h. frlf

d. Ptruitur k. Zarg@. Ialsgstklsg c. Zkrfifrfl

Bkl`ftft ofsge pklnfbftfl

Haiubkltfsg


17/97

64

`. Zarg

h. Zkrfifrfl

k. ^frlf

Bklnfbftg wfrlf yfln dkrdkhf hfefb pklfbpfln vkrtgife tflfo

Bklnfbftg pkrdkhffl oargzal dkrhfsfrifl pkrdkhffl ialsgstklsg bklnnulfifl pgsfu efpfln

Bkbduft nfrgs dftfs oargsal dkrhfsfrifl pkrdkhffl yfln fhf

Bkbfsfln sfdui pracge

Bklnuiur ikhfefbfl tgfp-tgfp oargsal

Bkl`ftft ofsge yfln hgpkraeko

Bklgefg dflyfilyf parg yfln tkrhfpft hfefb bglgpgt hklnfl pklnfbftfl vgsufe hfl bklnf`u pfhf tkistur tflfo yfln habglfl

Bklkltuifl praparsg parg bfira, bkssa hfl bgira


Bklgefg dflyfilyf fifr yfln tkrhfpft hfefb bglgpgt hklnfl pklnfbftfl vgsufe

Bklnfbftg uiurfl hfl ikhfefbfl fifr



18/97

60

c. Zklnfbftfl Ptruitur

n. Zklnfbftfl tkistur

n. Ialsgstklsg

Bklnfbdge sfbpke tflfo pfhf tgfp-tgfp oargsal

Bklààiifl wfrlf tflfo hklnfl Bulskee @aeaur @ofrt


Bklnfbdge sfbpke tflfo pfhf tgfp-tgfp oargsal

Bkbdkrsgoifl nubpfefl tflfo skhgigt hkbg skhgigt ultui bklnktfoug struitur fseglyf

Bklkltuifl struitur tflfo hklnfl `frf bklààifl ofsge yfln hgpkraeko hklnfl hftfifrfitkrgstgi struitur tflfo yfln tkrhfpft hfefb survky igt


Bklnfbdge sfbpke tflfo pfhf tgfp- tgfp oargsal

Bklktuifl tkistur tflfo hklnfl ckkegln bktoah

Bkbdfsfog tflfo hklnfl fgr skhgigt hkbg skhgigt oglnnf oabankl

Bklkltuifl tkistur



19/97

68

4.8.6.4 Iefsgcgifsg Xflfo

Bklnfbdge sfbpke tflfo pfhf tgfp- tgfp oargsal

f. Ialsgstklsg ekbdfd = tflpf hgdkrg fgr

d. Ialsgstklsg dfsfo = tflfo hgdfsfog hklnfl skhgigt fgr

Bklkltuifl f. Ialsgstklsg ekbdfd = nkbdur/tknuo d. Ialsgstklsg dfsfo = umg pefstgsgtfs hfl ikekiftfl


Bklkltuifl tflfo arnflgi ftfu tflfo bglkrfe

Bklkltuifl Tkzgb ikekbdfdfl hfl Tkzgb Puou hfkrfo survkg

Bklkltuifl oargzal nklktgi dkrhfsfrifl duiu Ikys Xa Page Xfxalaby

Bklkltuifl kpgpkhal hfl klhapkhal dkrhfsfrifl duiu Ikys Xa Page Xfxalaby

Bklkltuifl Arha, Pud Arha, Nraup hfl Nrkft Nraup dkrhfsfrifl duiu Ikys Xa PageXfxalaby


20/97

6;

4.8.4 Ialhgsg Efofl

f. Zklnfbftfl cgsganrfcgs efofl

Bklkltuifl iaarhglft hfl iktglnngfl eaifsg pklnfbftfl hklnfl NZP

Bklnfbftg ikbgrglnfl efofl hklnfl ieglabktkr

Bkefiuifl pklnfbftfl rkegkc efofl

Bklnfbftg hfl bklgefg hrfglfsk sk`frf iufegtftgc

Zklnfbftfl pkrbkfdgegtfs tflfo

Zklnfbftfl subdkr fgr hfl pklnkeaeffl fgr

Zklnfbftfl nklflnfl dflmgr

Zklnfbftfl dfofyf krasg

Zklnfbftfl vknktfsg

Bklkltuifl mklgs sgstkb pklflnflfl efofl

Bkl`ftft ofsge ikhfefb carb pklnfbftfl


21/97

63

d. Zklnfbftfl Ikbgrglnfl Ekrkln

`. Zklnnulffl NZP

Xkltuifl admki pklnfbftfl pfhf ekrkln ftfs ftfu dfwfo

Zkrigrfifl admki tkrskdut tglnnglyf sfbf hklnfl pklnfbft

Pftu bftf bkegoft ik eklsf pfhf Ieglabktkr

Bftf yfln skdkefo bkegoft ik admki yfln hgdghgi

Zkroftgifl flnif yfln tkrhfpft hfefb eklsf @eglabktkr hfefb sftufl pkrskl (%) pfhfskdkefo iflfl bfupul sftufl hkrfmft ( a) pfhf skdkefo igrg

@ftft ofsge pklnfbftfl pfhf sktgfp tgtgi pklnfbftfl

Oghupifl hfl dgfrifl skefbf 0: bklgt

Ifegdrfsg NZP hklnfl bklkifl Kltkr

Giutg glstruisg pfhf efyfr NZP

Xkifl Bklu

Xkifl pfnk

Zgego Bfp

Xkifl Kltkr oglnnf bul`ue skngtgnf yfln bklulmuiifl tgtgi igtf


22/97

6>

4.; Xfduefsg HftfBklurut Hgrkitarft Mklhkrfe Zklglniftfl Butu Zklhghgifl hfl Xklfnf Ikpklhghgifl,

(4::?) hfefb ^gsbflfwftg (4:60) tfduefsg fhfefo prasks bklkbpftifl hftf hfefb dkltui

tfdke hklnfl `frf bkbduft tfdke yfln dkrgsgifl hftf sksufg hklnfl ikdutuofl flfegsgs.

4.3 Bktahk pkefisflffl ikbfbpufl hfl iksksufgfl efoflf. Bktahk pkefisflffl pklgefgfl ikefs ikbfbpufl efofl

Bklnubpueifl hftf survkg

Bkbfsuiifl hftf ik tfdke/ sokkt

Gltkrprktfsg hftf

Autput hftf

Hftf ofsge pklnfbftfl cgsganrfcg efofl hfl barcaeang tflfo

Bkefiuifl pklyksufgfl ftfu pklààiifl ( bftògln ) hklnfl bktahk [PHF

Ofsge ikefs ikbfbpufl efofl

Gltkrprktfsg ofsge ikefs ikbfbpufl efofl


23/97

6?

d. Bktahk pkefisflffl pklgefgfl ikefs iksksufgfl efofl


24/97

67

DFD GGG

IALHGPG [B[B ^GEFWFO

0.6. Eaifsg Purvkg

Purvkg tflfo hgefiuifl hg Hksf Mftgikrta, Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl, Ifdupftkl

Bfefln. Mftgikrta fhfefo sfefo sftu hksf yfln tkrbfsui hfefb wgefyfo Ik`fbftfl

Irabklnfl. Eufs ifwfsfl Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl sk`frf ikskeuruofl fhfefo skigtfr

0?,30 ib 4 ftfu skigtfr 6,0:% hfrg tatfe eufs Ifdupftkl Bfefln. Pk`frf fstralabgs,

Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl tkrektfi hg fltfrf 664 : 4> >3 - 664 : 04 06 DX hfl ? : :? ?4 -

? : :; 3> EP. Pk`frf fhbglgstrftgc, Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl dkrdftfsfl hklnfl Ik`fbftfl

âlasfrg hg skdkefo utfrf, Ik`fbftfl Ikpflmkl hg skdkefo tgbur, Ik`fbftfl

Pubdkrpuùln hg skdkefo skeftfl hfl Ifdupftkl Degtfr hg skdkefo dfrft. Ik`fbftfl

Irabklnfl tkrdfng bklmfhg 3 wgefyfo hksf, yfgtu Mfbduwkr, Zklgwkl, Irabklnfl, Lnfhgrkma, Mftgikrta, hfl Pearai (Hfrbfwfl & Pakbfrla, 4:::).

Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl tkrbfsui wgefyfo hftfrfl rklhfo hklnfl iktglnngfl tkbpft

44: - 8:: b hg ftfs pkrbuiffl efut. Mgif hgegoft hfrg ektfilyf sk`frf tapanrfcgs, hfkrfo glg

tkrektfi hg ekrkln dfwfo Nululn Zgtrfln. Hfkrfo glg bkbgegig eflhcarb hftfr oglnnf

dkrnkeabdfln hklnfl ikbgrglnfl dkrigsfr fltfrf : - 3:%. Puou uhfrf pfhf hfkrfo glg

dkrigsfr fltfrf 60 - 06 : @ hklnfl ùrfo oumfl pkr tfoul 63:: - ;::: bb (Hfrbfwfl &

Pakbfrla, 4:::).

0.4. Zrasks Nkabarcaeang Mftgikrta

Dkrhfsfrifl pklkegtgfl Hfrbfwfl hfl Pakbfrla (4:::) hfpft hgiktfoug dfowf

sk`frf ubub mklgs tflfo yfln fhf hg Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl fhfefo Gl`kptgsae hfl

Fsasgfsg Fecgsae. Dkrhfsfrifl pktf tapanrfcg, Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl tkrbfsui hftfrfl

rklhfo hklnfl iktglnngfl 44: 8:: bktkr hg ftfs pkrbuiffl efut. Mgif hgegoft hfrg

tapanrfcglyf, hfkrfo glg tkrektfi hg ekrkln dfwfo Nululn Zgtrfln. Hfkrfo glg bkbgegig

eflhcarb hftfr oglnnf dkrnkeabdfln hklnfl ikbgrglnfl dkrigsfr fltfrf : 3:%. Puou

uhfrf pfhf hfkrfo glg dkrigsfr fltfrf 60 06 : @ hklnfl ùrfo oumfl pkr tfoul 63:: ;:::

bb.

Zrasks nkabarcaeang yfln tkrmfhg hg wgefyfo survkg hghunf hgpklnfruog aeko

fitgvgtfs vueiflgi hfrg Nululn Zgtrfln hfl Nululn Ifwg dkdkrfpf mutf tfoul efeu ifrklf


25/97

4:

tghfi hgtkbuifl subdkr yfln bklykdutifl wfitu tkpftlyf ikhuf nululn glg krupsg ultui

tkrfiogr ifeg. Pkefgl gtu, tkrhfpft skdufo sulnfg hg hkift eaifsg survkg yfln hghunf

fitgvgtfslyf munf bkbpklnfruog prasks nkabarcaeang ifrklf fegrfl sulnfg hfpft

bklgbdueifl pklnklhfpfl bftkrgfe tflfo. Ikbgrglnfl yfln ùiup ùrfb hg wgefyfo

survkg yfln bkl`fpfg 3:% munf hghunf ifrklf fhflyf pklnfruo fitgvgtfs ekbpkln dubg

skoglnnf bkl`gptfifl pftfofl hfl bkbdkltui ekrkln.

Hfrg pklkegtgfl yfln hgefiuifl aeko Ekstfrg hfl Dfsuig (4:64), hgiktfoug dfowf

mklgs tflfo yfln fhf hg Hksf Mftgikrta hfl skigtfrlyf fhfefo Fecgsae. Bklurut Xfl hfefb

^gmflfria hii (4::>), Fecgsae bkrupfifl tflfo yfln tkefo dkrikbdfln hklnfl

ifrfitkrgstgi pracge tflfo bkbdkltui oargsal F/K/Dt/@ pfhf hfkrfo giegb dfsfo hfl

dgfsflyf tkrdkltui hg dfwfo tknfifl outfl dkrifyu ikrfs. Fecgsae fhfefo tflfo-tflfo hg

hfkrfo yfln bkbpulyfg ùrfo oumfl ùiup tglnng ultui bklnnkrfiifl ekbpuln turul ik dfwfo hfl bkbdkltui oargsal frngegi. Oargsal frngegi bkrupfifl oargsal ftfu efpgsfl

tflfo yfln tkrdkltui figdft tkrmfhglyf fiubuefsg egft. Fecgsae bkbpulyfg ikmkluofl dfsf

tglnng (;:%) hfl ubublyf bkrupfifl tflfo sudur, tflfo tkrskdut ubublyf tkrdkltui hg

dfwfo dkrdfnfg outfl ftfu tkrtutup skbfi (Bgeekr hfl Hafouk hfefb ^gmflfria hee, 4::>).

Fecgsae bkbgegig `grg pkltgln, yfgtu= (f) pkrpglhfofl hfl fiubuefsg egft hg oargsal D

bkbdkltui oargsal frngegi pfhf ikhfefbfl 40->8 `b, (d) ikbfbpufl bkbfsai iftgal

dfsf skhfln oglnnf tglnng yfln bkbdkrgifl duitg oflyf tkrmfhg pkeglhgfl/pklù`gfl

skhfln, (`) tkrskhgflyf fgr ùiup ultui pkrtubduofl tflfbfl skefbf tgnf duefl ftfu ekdgo

(Page Purvkg Ptfcc hfefb ^gmflfria hii, 4::>). Fecgsae ftfu tflfo Bkhgtkrfl bkrupfifl

ikeabpai tflfo bkrfo yfln hgskdfdifl aeko ifhfr dksg yfln tglnng hgskrtfg ifhfr oubus

yfln rklhfo (^grmahgofrma hfefb ^gmflfria hii, 4::>). ^frlf tflfo Fecgsae pfhf efpgsfl

ftfs sflnft dkrvfrgfsg hfrg àieft fdu-fdu sfbpfg àieft ikbkrfofl (Xfl hfefb ^gmflfria

hii, 4::>).

0.0. Pkdfrfl PZX hg Eaifsg Purvkg

Hfrg survkg tflfo yfln hgefiuifl hg Hksf Mftgikrta, Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl,

Ifdupftkl Bfefln glg, sftufl pktf tflfo yfln hgiktfoug pfegln bklhabglfsg fhfefo

Xypg` Ofpeuhfec. Xypg` ofpeuhfec bkrupfifl tflfo Fecgsae hklnfl rkmgb ikekbdfdfl

uhg` yfln tghfi bkbgegig pkl`grg iousus. Zklykdfrfl Fecgsaes hg Glhalksgf bklurut


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46

Bulgr (6773) tkrhfpft hg Zuefu Mfwf, Pubftkrf, Ifegbfltfl, Puefwksg, Grgfl Mfyf, Dfeg,

Lusf Xklnnfrf Dfrft, hfl Lusf Xklnnfrf Xgbur hklnfl eufs frkfe 64.>87.::: okitfr.

Fecgsaes hfpft tkrdkltui hfrg efpuifl dftu nfbpgln, dftufl peutalgi, dfofl vueiflgi ftfu

dftufl skhgbkl. Zklykdfrfllyf tkrhfpft pfhf "eflhcarb" ifrst, tkitalgi/struiturfe, ftfu

vaeifl, yfln dgfsflyf pfhf tapanrfcg dkrabdfi, dkrnkeabdfln sfbpfg dkrduigt (Cato,

6770).

0.8. Bf`fb Zklnnulffl Efofl

Zklnnulffl efofl hfpft hgikeabpaiifl ik hfefb huf naealnfl dksfr, yfgtu

pklnnulffl efofl pkrtflgfl hfl pklnnulffl efofl duifl pkrtflgfl. Zklnnulffl efofl

pkrtflgfl hgdkhfifl sk`frf nfrgs dksfr ik hfefb bf`fb pklnnulffl efofl dkrhfsfrifl

pklykhgffl fgr hfl efofl yfln hgusfofifl. Dkrhfsfrifl ofe gtu hgiklfe bf`fb pklnnulfflefofl skpkrtg sfwfo, tknfefl, ikdul, ikdul `fbpurfl, efhfln, pkrikdulfl hfl outfl.

Zklnnulffl efofl duifl pkrtflgfl hfpft hgdkhfifl ik hfefb pklnnulffl iatf ftfu hksf

(pkbuigbfl), glhustrg, rkirkfsg hfl skdfnfglyf (Frsyfh, 4:::) Pkefgl gtu tkrhfpft munf

pklnnulffl efofl dkrupf wflftflg ftfu skrgln munf hgskdut fnracarkstry yfgtu skdfnfg

suftu gstgefo ultui sgstkb pklnkeaeffl efofl hklnfl tkilaeang yfln skpfhfl, hgbflf

tflfbfl paoal (outfl) hklnfl sklnfmf hgusfofifl hfefb ulgt pklnkeaeffl efofl yfln

sfbf hklnfl tflfbfl pkrtflgfl hfl/ftfu tkrlfi pfhf sfft dkrsfbffl ftfu dkrurutfl

(@oulhfwft hfl Nfutfb, 6770). Pgstkb wflftflg skhkroflf fhfefo suftu sgstkb pkrtflgfl

hg bflf pkpaoalfl hgtflfb sk`frf tubpfln sfrg hklnfl sftu ftfu ekdgo mklgs tflfbfl

skbusgb. Pgstkb wflftflg iabpekis fhfefo suftu sgstkb pkrtflgfl bklktfp yfln

bkegdftifl dflyfi mklgs tflfbfl paoal (dkrdfsgs paoal) dfgi sklnfmf hgtflfb bfupul

yfln tubduo sk`frf fefbg. Zfhf pklnnulffl efofl wflftflg, tflfbfl utfbf yfln

hgusfofifl dkrupf sklnal hklnfl tflfbfl ofsge sfbpglnfl dkrvfrgfsg skpkrtg tfefs hfl

pgsfln. Zfhf pklnnulffl efofl pkrikdulfl iabahgtfs utfbf yfln hgusfofifl dkrupf

tflfbfl tkdu. Zklnnulffl efofl lalpkrtflgfl yfln hgtkbuifl hg eaifsg survkg dkrupf

pkbuigbfl pklhuhui.

Xgpk pklnnulffl efofl hgnaealnifl bklmfhg tgnf mklgs, yfgtu pklnnulffl efofl

tulnnfe, pklnnulffl efofl nflhf hfl pklnnulffl efofl bfmkbui. Zklnnulffl efofl

ultui sftu mklgs tflfbfl sfmf pfhf sftu frkf yfln sfbf. Zklnnulffl efofl nflhf fhfefo


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pklnnulffl efofl ultui ekdgo hfrg sftu mklgs skifegnus, hfl tgfp-tgfp mklgslyf

bkbdutuoifl glput ftfu bfsuifl yfln dkrdkhf, skrtf bkbdkrgifl ofsge yfln dkrdkhf-

dkhf puef. Xgpk pklnnulffl efofl bfmkbui fhfefo pklnnulffl efofl ekdgo hfrg sftu mklgs

tflfbfl, fifl tktfpg bfsgo hfefb sftu iksftufl (Bknf, 4:6:). Hgegoft hfrg tgpk

pklnnulffl efofllyf, pfhf eaifsg survkg tkrbfsui pklnnulffl efofl tulnnfe hfl

bfmkbui. Zklnnulfffl efofl tulnnfe tkregoft pfhf pkrikdulfl tkdu yfln hgusfofifl

sk`frf balaiuetur. Pkhflnifl pklnnulffl efofl bfmkbui hgtkbug pfhf efofl fnracarkstrg

yfln hgtflfbg hklnfl sgstkb tubpflnsfrg.

0.;. Ialhgsg Pasgfe hfl Kialabg Mftgikrta

Zklhuhui hg Hksf Mftgikrta Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl Ifdupftkl Bfefln bfyargtfs

bkbgegig bftf pk`fofrgfl skdfnfg pktflg. Ofe tkrskdut hgifrklfifl dflyfi efofl pkrtflgflyfln hfpft hgmubpfg hg skigtfr wgefyfo survkg. Pkefgl dkrbftf pkl`fofrgfl skdfnfg pktflg,

skdfngfl ik`ge pklhuhui sktkbpft munf dkikrmf skdfnfg pktkrlfi, pknfwfg hfl pkhfnfln.

Iabahgtfs yfln hgtflfb pktflg hg Hksf Mftgikrta ultui pkrikdulfl fhfefo tflfbfl

tkdu ifrklf efofl hg wgefyfo tkrskdut tkefo dkrtfoul-tfoul hgtflfbg hklnfl tkdu hfl

bklnofsgeifl prahuisg yfln bfisgbfe. Pkefgl gtu, pktflg tkdu sktkbpft tkefo dkikrmf sfbf

hklnfl pfdrgi nuef tkrtkltu ultui bklmufe ofsge tflfbfl tkdu bkrkif skoglnnf pktflg

tghfi iksuegtfl hfefb bkbfsfrifl ofsgelyf. Pkhflnifl iabahgtfs wflftflg yfln hgmubpfg

fhfefo sklnal, pgsfln, hfl tfefs. Iabahgtfs utfbflyf yfgtu sklnal yfln ofsgelyf hgmufe

hfefb dkltui ifyu ultui dfofl dfiu pkbduftfl pkrfdat-pkrfdat rubfo tflnnf, skhflnifl

ofsge sfbpglnfl hfrg fnracarkstrg yfln dkrupf pgsfln hfl tfefs hgialsubsg sklhgrg ifrklf

mubefolyf yfln tghfi tkrefeu dflyfi.

Hgegoft hfrg ikfhffl sasgfe pklhuhui yfln dkrbuigb hg skigtfr eaifsg survkg,

bkbgegig oudunfl yfln sflnft dfgi sftu sfbf efgl bfupul hklnfl pkbgegi efofl sktkbpft.

Hgtglmfu hfrg oudulnflyf hklnfl pgofi [D, skdfngfl wfrnf hgdkrgifl efpflnfl pkikrmffl

ultui bkbdfltu bklnkeaef efofl pkr`adffl CZ [D. Pkefgl hklnfl pgofi [D, bkrkif munf

dkikrmf sfbf fltfr pktflg hfefb pklykeksfgfl bfsfefo, nataln rayaln, skrtf sfefgln

bkbdfltu hfefb dkrdfnfg iksuegtfl. Zfrf wfrnf stkbpft munf rfbfo tkrofhfp pklhftfln

bfupul bfofsgswf yfln bkefiuifl pklkegtgfl hg tkbpft tkrskdut.


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DFD GS

GHKLXGCGIFPG MKLGP XFLFO HG EAIFPG P[TSKG

8.6 Barcaeang Xflfo Pktgfp PZX

PZX 6

PZX 6 bkrupfifl fsasgfsg typg` hystruhkpts, typg` ofpeuhfec hfl oubg` hystruhkpts.

^frlf hghabglfsg ouk 6:WT hfl vfeuk 0. [ltui irabf bkl`fpfg 8. Mfhg ultui wfrlf

habglfl àieft nkefp. Xkistur dkrupf ekbpuln hfl skbfigl ik dfwfo bklmfhg egft. Mfhg

ikskeuruofl tflfo hg hfefb PZX glg tkefo tkrmfhg fiubuefsg crfisg egft. [ltui struitur tkrmfhg

pkrikbdflnfl hfrg nupfe bkbdueft bklmfhg nubpfe dkrsuhut fifl tktfpg ikdflyfifl

habglfl nubpfe bkbdueft. Ialsgstklsg ekbdfd nkbdur sfbpfg tknuo hfl ialsgstklsg dfsfo

buefg hfrg tghfi ekift tghfi pefstgs sfbpfg ik ekift hfl pefstgs.

PZX 4PZX 4 bkrupfifl ialsasgfsg oubg` hystruhkpts. ^frlf tkrhfpft ouk 6:WT hfl >,; WT

hklnfl lgefg vfeuk hfl irabf 5;. [ltui mklgs tflfo yfln dkrwfrlf nkefp, tkistur hghabglfsg

aeko crfisg egft buefg hfrg oargsal ftfs sfbpfg dfwfo. Pkhflnifl pfhf tflfo yfln ekdgo

tkrfln bkbgegig dkrbf`fb tkistur skpkrtg ekbpuln dkrpfsgr, egft dkrhkdu hfl egft. Ptruitur

tflfo tkrmfhg pkrikbdflnfl sfbpfg ik nubpfe dkrsuhut. Ialsgstklsg ekbdfd nkbdur sfbpfg

tknuo hfl ialsgstklsg dfsfo dkrvfrgfsg ultui sktgfp tgtgi survkg buefg tghfi ekift tghfi pefstgs

sfbpfg fnfi ekift fnfi pefstgs.

PZX 0

Zfhf PZX glg tkrhfpft kbpft tgtgi pklnfbftfl yfln fhf hghfefblyf yfgtu tgtgi L0, A8,

Z0, hfl Z8. PZX 0 glg bkrupfifl fsasgfsg fltfrf Oubg` Hkstruhkpts hklnfl Xypg`

Ofpeuhfecs. Bkbgegig wfrlf tflfo habglfl 6: WT hklnfl lgefg Sfeuk 0 hfl lgefg òrabf

sfbf hklnfl 0 ftfu ekdgo. Xkitur pfhf PZX glg hghabglfsg aeko tkistur ekbpuln. Pkhflnifl

ultui struiturlyf hghabglfsg aeko struitur nubpfe dkrsuhut skrtf ikfhffl ialsgstklsg

ekbdfdlyf hghabglfsg aeko nkbdur hfl ultui ialsgstklsg dfsfo hg habglfsg ekift hfl

sflnft pefstgs.

PZX 8

^frlf tflfo yfln bklhabglfsg pkhal-pkhal pfhf PZX 8 glg gfefo wfrlf tflfo hklnfl

6:WT, vfeuk yfln bklhabglfsg gfefo hklnfl lgefg 0, hklnfl òrabf yfln dkrfnfb fltfrf 4-

0. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), Ooudulnfl wfrlf tflfo hklnfl iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi


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hg hfkrfo trapgif skrgln tghfi skmfefl hklnfl hg hfkrfo dkrgiegb skhfln (Fbkrgif, Krapf).

Xflfo-tflfo bkrfo hg Glhalksgf dflyfi yfln bkbpulyfg iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi ekdgo

hfrg 6%, sfbf hklnfl iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi tflfo ogtfb (Baeegsae) hfkrfo dkrgiegb

skhfln.

Oflyf fhf 4 tfisf tflfo hfefb PZX 8 glg hklnfl skdfrfl tkistur pfhf tgtgi ikefs Z tgtgi 6

ekbpuln egft dkrhkdu pfhf efpgsfl ftfs (F), skhflnifl efpgsfl dfwfolyf dkrtkistur ekdgo

ofeus, egft dkrhkdu. Pkhflnifl pfhf tgtgi V6, tkistur efpgsfl ftfs (F) fhfefo tkistur egft

dkrhkdu hfl tkistur efpgsfl dfwfo (D) fhfefo tkistur egft. Zkrdkhffl tkistur efpgsfl ftfs hfl

dfwfo hgbflf efpgsfl dfwfo bkbgegig tkistur yfln ekdgo ofeus bklulmuiifl fhflyf

pkrpglhfofl bftkrg egft hfrg efpgsfl ftfs ik efpgsfl yfln hgdfwfolyf ifrklf tkr`u`g aeko fgr

hfefb prasks pkbdkltuifl tflfolyf. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), prasks pkbdkltuifl

tflfo tkrskdut bklyflniut dkdkrfpf ofe tkrbfsui sfefo sftulyf gfefo pkbglhfofl egft, dfoflarnflgi, Ck, Fe, hfrg efpgsfl ftfs ik efpgsfl dfwfo.

Fhfpul struitur tflfo yfln bklhabglfsg pfhf pkhal-pkhal PZX 8 glg fhfefo tkistur

nubpfe bkbdueft, lfbul hg dkdkrfpf oargsal pfhf dkdkrfpf tgtgi tkrhfpft struitur yfln

suhfo ekdgo dkrikbdfln bklmfhg nubpfe dkrsuhut. Fhfpuef hg dkdkrfpf tgtgi yfln bkbgegig

struitur rkbfo ftfu nrfluefr hg efpgsfl ftfs, skbkltfrf efpgsfl dfwfo lyf bkbgegig struitur

nubpfe bkbdueft ftfu nubpfe dkrsuhut. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), tflfo hklnfl

struitur dfgi bkbpulyfg tftf uhfrf yfln dfgi, ulsur-ulsur ofrf ekdgo buhfo tkrskhgf hfl

buhfo hgaefo. Ptruitur tflfo yfln dfgi fhfefo yfln fhfefo yfln bkbdkltui bkbdueft

skoglnnf tghfi hfpft sfegln dkrsglnnulnfl hfl rfpft. Figdftlyf parg tflfo dflyfi tkrdkltui.

Pftufl pktf tflfo yfln tkrdkltui hfrg skdfrfl tfisf-tfisf tflfo yfln tkefo

hgiefsgcgifsgifl pfhf PZX ; glg dkrupf ialsasgfsg tflfo Xypg` Ofpeuhfec. Hgiftfifl

ialsasgfsg tflfo ifrklf oflyf fhf sftu tfisf tflfo yfln habglfl hfefb sftu PZX.

PZX ;

Ifrklf oflyf fhf sftu tgtgi pklnfbftfl pfhf tgtgi glg, bfif oflyf fhf sftu pkhal yfln

bkwfigeg sgcft skeuruo pkhal yfln dkrfhf hg PZX ;.

^frlf tflfo yfln bklhabglfsg pkhal-pkhal pfhf PZX ; glg gfefo wfrlf tflfo hklnfl





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skhfln.

Oflyf fhf 6 tfisf tflfo hfefb PZX ; glg hklnfl tkistur ekbpuln dkrpfsgr pfhf efpgsfl

ftfs (F), skhflnifl efpgsfl dfwfolyf dkrtkistur ekdgo ofeus skgrgln dkrtfbdfolyf

ikhfefbfl, yfilg egft dkrpfsgr hfl tkistur efpgsfl dfwfo egft. Zkrdkhffl tkistur efpgsfl ftfs

hfl dfwfo hgbflf efpgsfl dfwfo bkbgegig tkistur yfln ekdgo ofeus bklulmuiifl fhflyf

pkrpglhfofl bftkrg egft hfrg efpgsfl ftfs ik efpgsfl yfln hgdfwfolyf ifrklf tkr`u`g aeko fgr

hfefb prasks pkbdkltuifl tflfolyf. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), prasks pkbdkltuifl

tflfo tkrskdut bklyflniut dkdkrfpf ofe tkrbfsui sfefo sftulyf gfefo pkbglhfofl egft, dfofl

arnflgi, Ck, Fe, hfrg efpgsfl ftfs ik efpgsfl dfwfo.

Fhfpul struitur tflfo yfln fhf pfhf PZX ; glg fhfefo tkistur rkbfo hg efpgsfl ftfs, hflnubpfe hg efpgsfl dfwfolyf. Ofe glg bklulmuiifl fhflyf pkrikbdflnfl struitur tflfo.

Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), tflfo hklnfl struitur dfgi bkbpulyfg tftf uhfrf yfln dfgi,

ulsur-ulsur ofrf ekdgo buhfo tkrskhgf hfl buhfo hgaefo. Ptruitur tflfo yfln dfgi fhfefo

yfln fhfefo yfln bkbdkltui bkbdueft skoglnnf tghfi hfpft sfegln dkrsglnnulnfl hfl

rfpft. Figdftlyf parg tflfo dflyfi tkrdkltui.


hgiefsgcgifsgifl pfhf PZX ; glg dkrupf ialsasgfsg tflfo Oubg` Hystruhkpts. Hgiftfifl

ialsasgfsg tflfo ifrklf oflyf fhf sftu tfisf tflfo yfln habglfl hfefb sftu PZX, hfefb of

glg gfefo Oubg` Hystruhkpts.

PZX3


bkwfigeg sgcft skeuruo pkhal yfln dkrfhf hg PZX 3.

^frlf tflfo yfln fhf pfhf PZX 3 glg gfefo wfrlf tflfo hklnfl 6:WT, vfeuk yfln

bklhabglfsg gfefo hklnfl lgefg 0, hklnfl lgefg `orabf 8. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>),

Ooudulnfl wfrlf tflfo hklnfl iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi hg hfkrfo trapgif skrgln tghfi

skmfefl hklnfl hg hfkrfo dkrgiegb skhfln (Fbkrgif, Krapf). Xflfo-tflfo bkrfo hg Glhalksgf

dflyfi yfln bkbpulyfg iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi ekdgo hfrg 6%, sfbf hklnfl iflhulnfl

dfofl arnflgi tflfo ogtfb (Baeegsae) hfkrfo dkrgiegb skhfln.


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Oflyf fhf 6 tfisf tflfo hfefb PZX 3 glg hklnfl tkistur ekbpuln egft dkrhkdu pfhf

skbuf efpgsfl, tghfi hgtkbuifl duitg fhflyf pklgbdulfl egft hg efpgsfl dfwfo. Bklurut

Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), prasks pkbdkltuifl tflfo tkrskdut bklyflniut dkdkrfpf ofe

tkrbfsui sfefo sftulyf gfefo pkbglhfofl egft, dfofl arnflgi, Ck, Fe, hfrg efpgsfl ftfs ik

efpgsfl dfwfo.

Fhfpul struitur tflfo yfln fhf pfhf PZX 3 glg fhfefo tkistur nrfluefr hg efpgsfl ftfs,

hfl nubpfe bkbdueft hg efpgsfl dfwfolyf. Ofe glg bklulmuiifl fhflyf pkrikbdflnfl

struitur tflfo. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), tflfo hklnfl struitur dfgi bkbpulyfg tftf

uhfrf yfln dfgi, ulsur-ulsur ofrf ekdgo buhfo tkrskhgf hfl buhfo hgaefo. Ptruitur tflfo

yfln dfgi fhfefo yfln fhfefo yfln bkbdkltui bkbdueft skoglnnf tghfi hfpft sfegln

dkrsglnnulnfl hfl rfpft. Figdftlyf parg tflfo dflyfi tkrdkltui.

Pftufl pktf tflfo yfln tkrdkltui hfrg skdfrfl tfisf-tfisf tflfo yfln tkefohgiefsgcgifsgifl pfhf PZX 3 glg dkrupf ialsasgfsg tflfo Xypg` Ofpeuhfec. Hgiftfifl


glg gfefo Xypg` Ofpeuhfec.

PZX >

Zfhf PZX glg tkrhfpft klfb tgtgi pklnfbftfl yfln fhf hghfefblyf yfgtu tgtgi O0, G4, G8,

M0, M8, hfl I8. PZX > bkrupfifl PZX iabpekis fltfrf Xypg` Hkstruhkpts, Xypg` Ofpeuhfecs

hfl Gl`kptg` Ofpeuhfecs. Bkbgegig wfrlf tflfo habglfl 6: WT hklnfl lgefg Sfeuk 8 hfl

lgefg `orabf sfbf hklnfl 4 ftfu ekdgo hklnfl tkistur ekbpuln dkregft hfl dkrstruitur

nubpfe bkbdueft. Ialsgstklsg pfhf PZX glg hghabglfsg aeko ialsgstrlsg nkbdur pfhf

ikfhffl ekbdfd hfl ialsgstklsg dfsfo bkbgeig ialsgstklsg yfln fnfi ekift hfl fnfi pefstgs.

PZX ?

Zfhf PZX glg tkrhfpft 68 tgtgi yfln fhf hghfefblyf yfgtu tgtgi OG, O4, O8, G4, M4, M>, I6,

I0, I>, I3, E6, E0, E8, hfl E3. PZX ? bkrupfifl PZX iabpekis fltfrf Xypg` Hkstruhkpts,

Gl`kptg` Ofpeuhfecs hfl Xypg` Ofpeuhfecs. Bkbgegig wfrlf tflfo habglfl >.; WT hklnfl

lgefg Sfeuk 4.; hfl lgefg `orabf sfbf hklnfl 4 ftfu ekdgo. Xkitur hghabglfsg aeko tkistur

ekbpuln dkregft hfl egft dkrhkdu, skhflnifl struiturlyf hghabglfsg aeko struitur nubpfe

bkbdueft hfl nrfluekr. Pkhflnifl ialsgstklsg pfhf ikfhffl ekbdfd bkbgegig ialsgstklsg

nkbdur, hfl pfhf ikfhffl fdfsfo bkbgeig ialsgstklsg fnfi ekift hfl fnfi pefstgs.


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PZX 7

Xghfi fhflyf hftf hfrg ikeabpai yfln dkrsflniutfl yfln bkefiuifl hksirgpsg tflfo hg

tgtgi glg bkbduft ifbg tghfi dgsf bklkltuifl skdfrfl barcaeang hfefb PZX 7.

PZX 6:


bkwfigeg sgcft skeuruo pkhal yfln dkrfhf hg PZX 6:.

^frlf tflfo yfln fhf pfhf PZX 6: glg gfefo wfrlf tflfo hklnfl 6:WT, vfeuk yfln

bklhabglfsg gfefo hklnfl lgefg 0, hklnfl lgefg `orabf 8. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>),

Ooudulnfl wfrlf tflfo hklnfl iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi hg hfkrfo trapgif skrgln tghfi

skmfefl hklnfl hg hfkrfo dkrgiegb skhfln (Fbkrgif, Krapf). Xflfo-tflfo bkrfo hg Glhalksgf

dflyfi yfln bkbpulyfg iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi ekdgo hfrg 6%, sfbf hklnfl iflhulnfl

dfofl arnflgi tflfo ogtfb (Baeegsae) hfkrfo dkrgiegb skhfln.Oflyf fhf 6 tfisf tflfo hfefb PZX 6: glg hklnfl tkistur ekbpuln egft dkrhkdu pfhf

skbuf efpgsfl, tghfi hgtkbuifl duitg fhflyf pklgbdulfl egft hg efpgsfl dfwfo. Bklurut


tkrbfsui sfefo sftulyf gfefo pkbglhfofl egft, dfofl arnflgi, Ck, Fe, hfrg efpgsfl ftfs ik

efpgsfl dfwfo.

Fhfpul struitur tflfo yfln fhf pfhf PZX 6: glg fhfefo tkistur nrfluefr hg efpgsfl ftfs,

hfl nubpfe bkbdueft hg efpgsfl dfwfolyf. Ofe glg bklulmuiifl fhflyf pkrikbdflnfl

struitur tflfo. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), tflfo hklnfl struitur dfgi bkbpulyfg tftf

uhfrf yfln dfgi, ulsur-ulsur ofrf ekdgo buhfo tkrskhgf hfl buhfo hgaefo. Ptruitur tflfo

yfln dfgi fhfefo yfln fhfefo yfln bkbdkltui bkbdueft skoglnnf tghfi hfpft sfegln

dkrsglnnulnfl hfl rfpft. Figdftlyf parg tflfo dflyfi tkrdkltui.


hgiefsgcgifsgifl pfhf PZX 6: glg dkrupf ialsasgfsg tflfo Xypg` Hystruhkpts. Hgiftfifl


glg gfefo Xypg` Hystruhkpts.

PZX 66

^frlf tflfo yfln bklhabglfsg pkhal-pkhal pfhf PZX 66 glg gfefo wfrlf tflfo hklnfl




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skhfln.

Pkdfrfl tkistur tflfo pfhf pkhal-pkhal PZX 66 glg fhfefo ekbpuln egft dkrhkdu,

ekbpuln egft dkrpfsgr, ftfu ekdgo ifsfr pfhf oargsal dfngfl ftfs (pkrbuiffl/Fp), hfl

bkbgegig tkistur ekbpuln dkrpfsgr, ekbpuln dkregft, egft dkrpfsgr, egft dkrhkdu ftfu ekdgo

ofeus. Xkistur efpgsfl ftfs yfln ekdgo ifsfr hfrgpfhf tkistur efpgsfl dfwfo bkbduitgifl

fhflyf fetkrfsg (pkrpglhfofl bftkrgfe) dkrupf egft ik efpgsfl yfln hgdfwfolyf ifrklf

pkl`u`gfl aeko fgr yfln dkrnkrfi bklngiutg frfo nrfvgtfsg (bklumu pusft dubg). Bklurut


tkrbfsui sfefo sftulyf gfefo pkbglhfofl egft, dfofl arnflgi, Ck, Fe, hfrg efpgsfl ftfs ikefpgsfl dfwfo.

Fhfpul struitur tflfo yfln bklhabglfsg pfhf pkhal-pkhal PZX 66 glg fhfefo tkistur

nubpfe bkbdueft, lfbul hg dkdkrfpf oargsal pfhf dkdkrfpf tgtgi tkrhfpft struitur yfln

suhfo ekdgo dkrikbdfln bklmfhg nubpfe dkrsuhut. Fhfpuef hg dkdkrfpf tgtgi yfln bkbgegig

struitur rkbfo ftfu nrfluefr hg efpgsfl ftfs, skbkltfrf efpgsfl dfwfo lyf bkbgegig struitur

nubpfe bkbdueft ftfu nubpfe dkrsuhut. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), tflfo hklnfl

struitur dfgi bkbpulyfg tftf uhfrf yfln dfgi, ulsur-ulsur ofrf ekdgo buhfo tkrskhgf hfl

buhfo hgaefo. Ptruitur tflfo yfln dfgi fhfefo yfln fhfefo yfln bkbdkltui bkbdueft

skoglnnf tghfi hfpft sfegln dkrsglnnulnfl hfl rfpft. Figdftlyf parg tflfo dflyfi tkrdkltui.


hgiefsgcgifsgifl pfhf PZX 66 glg dkrupf iabpekis tflfo Xypg` Ofpeuhfec-Xypg` Hystruhkpt-

Oubg` Hystruhkpt hfl Gl`kptg` Ofpeuhfec. Hgiftfifl iabpekis tflfo ifrklf skdfrfl tflfo

hfrg bfsgln-bfsgln tfisf yfln tkefo hgskdutifl hg ftfs bklykdfr tghfi bkbdkltui paef

tkrtkltu hfl tghfi dgsf hghunf pkrskdfrfllyf.

PZX 64

PZX 64 bkrupfifl fsasgfsg Oubg` Hystruhkpts hfl Oubg` Zf`og` Hystruhkpts. Bkbgegig

wfrlf habglfl >,; WT hklnfl lgefg vfeuk hfl `rabf sfbf hklnfl 0 ftfu iurfln. [ltui

struitur tflfolyf yfln pfegln habglfl nubpfe bkbdueft hfl nubpfe dkrsuhut. Ialsgstklsg

ekbdfdlyf ekdgo habglfl nkbdur hfl tknuo skrtf ialsgstklsg dfsfolyf fnfi ekift hfl fnfi


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pfestgs. Ikfhffl tkisturlyf yfln habglfl fhfefo egft dkrhkdu hfl egft dkrpfsgr. Efeu

pkrskdfrfl parg yfln habglfl fhfefo parg bkssa hklnfl mubefo yfln skhfln.

PZX 60

PZX 60 bkrupfifl fsasgfsg Xypg` Ofpeuhfec hfl Oubg` Hystruhkpts. Bkbgegig wfrlf

tflfo Habglfl 6: WT hklnfl lgefg Sfeuk hfl lgefg òrabf sfbf hklnfl 0 ftfu iurfln.

Lfbul pfhf dfngfl oargzallyf yfln pfegln dfwfo bkbgegig wfrlf tflfo yfln ekdgo `krfo

hgdflhglnifl oargzal hgftfslyf. Gtu frtglyf tkrmfhg pkrikbdflnfl wfrlf tflfo yfln fwfelyf

dkrwfrlf nkefp bklmfhg dkrwfrlf fnfi tkrfln. Ikbuhgfl ultui struitur tflfolyf sklhgrg

ekdgo habglfl nubpfe bkbdueft hgdflhglnifl nubpfe dksuhut. Ikfhffl ialsgstklsglyf

habglfl nkbdur fnfi ekift hfl fnfi pefstgs. Xkistur tflfolyf ekdgo habglfl egft dkrhkdu

hfl pkrskdfrfl parg bkssa ùiup bkrftf .

PZX 68PZX 68 bkrupfifl ialsasgfsg Xypg` Hystruhkpts. Bkbgegig wfrlf tflfo habglfl 6: WT

hklnfl lgefg Sfeuk hfl @orabf sfbf hklnfl ftfu iurfln hfrg 0 hfl bkbggig struitur

habglfl nubpfe dkrsuhut. Ikbuhgfl ultui mubefo parg bgira, parg bkssa, hfl parg bfira

mubefolyf skhfln. Pkhflnifl ikfhffl tkisturlyf hfrg tgfp oargzal skbfigl ikdfwfo

tkisturlyf skbfigl ifsfr, hfrg yfln fwfelyf egft dkrpfsgr bklmfhg ekbpuln egft dkrpfsgr. Ofe

yfln sfbf munf tkrmfhg pfhf ikfhffl ialsgstklsglyf skbfigl ikdfwfo ikfhfflyf skbfigl

rklhfo.

PZX 6;

PZX 6; bkrupfifl ialsasgfsg Xypg` Hystruhkpts. Bkbgegig wfrlf tflfo habglfl 6: WT

hklnfl lgefg vfeuk hfl @orabf sfbf hklnfl ftfu iurfln hfrg 0 pfhf efpgsfl ftfs hfl efpgsfl

dfwfo. Efeu struitur tflfo yfln habglfl fhfefo nubpfe dkrsuhut hfl ikfhffl

ialsgstklsglyf habglfl fnfi pefstgs hfl fnfi ekift hfrg efpgsfl ftfs oglnnf ik efpgsfl

dfwfo. Lfbul hfrg efpgsfl ftfs oglnnf ik efpgsfl dfwfo ialsgstklsg ekbdfdlyf skbfigl

dkrikbdfln bklmfhg yfln fwfelyf nkbdur bklmfhg tknuo. Xkistur yfln habglfl fhfefo

ekbpuln. Ikbuhgfl ultui mubefo parg bgira, parg bkssa, hfl parg bfira mubefolyf skhfln.

PZX 63

PZX 63 bkrupfifl ialsasgfsg typg` ofpeuhfec. Xkrhfpft sftutgtgi survkg yfln hghabglfsg

wfrlf tflfo àieft nkefp hklnfl ikfhffl tkistur dfngfl ftfs ekbpuln dkrhkdu hfl

dkrikbdfln sfbpfg ik dfwfo bklmfhg egft. Dkrfrtg tkefo tkrmfhg fiubuefsg egft. Ptruitur


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bklnfefbg pkrikbdflnfl buefg hfrg rkbfo sfbpfg bklmfhg nubpfe bkbdueft efeu nubpfe

dkrsuhut. Ikfhffl ialsgstklsg hfrg dfngfl ftfs yfln bueflyf tghfi ekift hfl tghfi pefstgs,

skbfigl ik dfwfo bklmfhg ekift hfl pefstgs.

PZX 6>

PZX 6> bkrupfifl ialsasgfsg Xypg` Ofpeuhfec glieusg Xypg` Hystruhkpts. Ifrklf pfhf

PZX glg dflyfi tkrskdfr tflfo Xypg` Ofpeuhfec hfl skhgigt ultui pkrskdfrfl tflfo Xypg`

Hystruhkpts. Hghfefb PZX glg, wfrlf tflfo yfln habglfl fhfefo 6: WT hklnfl lgefg Sfeuk

hfl @orabf sfbf hklnfl 0 ftfu iurfln. Mfhg sk`frf ikskeuruofl wfrlf tflfo hg PZX

ubublyf nkefp. Bklurut Dfefg Zklkegtgfl Xflfo (4::8) ^frlf bkl`krbglifl dkdkrfpf

sgcft tflfo tkrtkltu, iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi tglnng bklgbdueifl wfrlf nkefp. Xflfo

hklnfl hrfglfsk mkeki ftfu skrgln mkluo fgr dkrwfrlf ikefdu. Xflfo yfln bklnfefbg

hkoghrftfsg sklyfwffl dksg dkrwfrlf bkrfo. [ltui struitur tflfolyf habglfl nubpfebkbdueft hfl nubpfe dkrsuhut. Ptruitur Nubpfe dkrsuhut bkbgegig `grrg-`grg bkbpulyfg

suhut pfhf dghfln rftf fpfdgef struiturlyf hfl nubpfe bkbdueft bkbgegig suhut yfln

bkbdueft. Bklurut Dfefg Zklkegtgfl Xflfo (4::8) bklyftfifl dfowf nubpfe dkrsuhut

(flnuefr dea`iy ) mgif dghfln buif sfegln bkbataln hklnfl suhut efl`gp, hfl nubpfe fnfi

bkbdueft ( sudflnuefr dea`iy ) mgif dghfln buif yfln sfegln dkrpatalnfl bkbpulyfg suhut

bkbdueft. Pkhflnifl bklurut Tfyks (4::3) bklyftfifl dfowf struitur nubpfe dkrsuhut

fhfefo struitur tflfo yfln dkrdkltui iudus, paegokhrfl ftfu stkraghfe, iktgnf subdu

pflmflnlyf ofbpgs sfbf, dghfln rftf hklnfl suhut tfmfb hfl struitur tflfo nubpfe

bkbdueft yfgtu struitur tflfo yfln skrupf hklnfl nubpfe dkrsuhut, tktfpg dflyfi dghfln

hfl suhut yfln bkbdueft.


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Dkrgiut glg fhfefo siktsf struitur tflfo bklurut (P`oaklkdkrnkr kt.fe, 4::4)

Nfbdfr 4. Piktsf Ptruitur Xflfo

Ikbuhgfl ultui ialsgstklsglyf pfhf PZX 6> habglfl fnfi pefstgs hfl fnfi ekift pfhf

oargzal dfngfl ftfs hfl ikbuhgfl pfhf dfngfl oargzal hg dfwfolyf ialsgstklsglyf (dfsfo)

ekdgo pefstgs hfl ekdgo ekift skhflnifl ialsgstklsg ekbdfdlyf habglfl nkbdur.Ofe tkrskdut

hg duitgifl sfft pklkltufl ialsgstklsg (dfsfo) sfft hg efpfln hgbflf pfhf ialsgstklsg fnfi

ekift `grrg-`grglyf tflfo tkrtflnnfe pfhf sfefo sftu mfrg hfl ialsgstklsg fnfi pefstgs `grg-

`grglyf tflfo hfpft hgdkltui tktfpg bfsgo buhfo rusfi dkltuilyf. Ofe tkrskdut sksufg hklnfl

Dfhfl Zklkegtgfl Xflfo (4::8) dfowf ialsgstklsg fnfi ekift bkbgegig `grrg sktkefo hgtkifl,

bfssf tflfo fhf yfln tkrtglnnfe skhflnifl ialsgstklsg fnfi pefstgs bkbgegig `grrg hfpft

hgdkltui, hgpknfln pfhf umulnlyf bfsgo hfpft tkrdkltui, tktfpg dgef tkdfelyf hgduft 8 bb

dkltui tkrskdut fifl ofl`ur. Zkrlyftffl yfln sfbf munf iftfiflf aeko Tfyks (4::3) dfowf

ialsgstklsg fnfi ekift bkbgegig `grrg fnfi bklkbpke pfhf mfrg skhflnifl ialsgstklsg fnfi pefstgs bkbgegig `grrg hfpft hgdkltui nkegltgr tfpg buhfo dkrudfo dkltui. Pkpkrtg yfln

hgmkefsifl skdkeublyf dfowf skbfigl ik dfwfo pfhf oargzal yfln ekdgo hfefb,

ialsgstklsglyf skbfigl ekift hfl skbfigl pefstgs. Ofe tkrskdut hfpft hgglhgifsgifl dfowf

tkrmfhg fiubuefsg egft hfl hfrg pkrskdfrfl tfisf tflfolyf dflyfi yfln tkrnaealn arha tflfo


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Fecgsae yfln bkbpulyfg sud nrup Xypg` Ofpeuhfec pfhf PZX tkrskdut. Xflfo fecgsae

bkrupfifl tflfo-tflfo hg hfkrfo yfln bkbpulyfg `urfo oumfl `uiup tglnng ultui

bklnnkrfiifl ekbpuln turul ik dfwfo hfl bkbdkltui oargzal frngegi hfl oargsal frngegi

bkrupfifl oargsal ftfu efpgsfl tflfo yfln tkrdkltui figdft tkrmfhg fiubuefsg egft

(^gmflfria kt.fe, 4::>).

[ltui tkistur tflfolyf pfhf PZX 6>, yfln pfegln habglfl fhfefo tkistur egft dkrpfsgr.

Pfft pklkltufl tkistur hg efpfln, tkitur tflfo egft dkrpfsgr hklnfl bktahk ckkegln `grrg

`grglyf rfsf eg`gl fnfi ifsfr, hfl hfpft bkbdkltui daef hfefb ikfhffl ikrgln suifr hgpgmgt,

buhfo hgnueuln. Ofe tkrskdut sksufg bklurut Tfyks (4::3) dfowf tkistur tflfo egft dkrpfsgr

bkbgegig `grrg hfpft bkbdkltui daef hfl pgtf yfln rfsflyf ifsfr hfl sflnft ekift.Bklurut

Dfefg Zklkegtgfl Xflfo (4::8) bklyftfifl dfowf tkistur tflfo egft dkrpfsgr bkbgegig rfsf

eg`gl fnfi ifsfr, bkbdkltui daef hfefb ikfhffl ikrgln suifr hgpgmgt, buhfo hgnueuln, skrtfbkekift skifeg.

[ltui dftfs tapanrfcg pfhf PZX 6>, yfln habglfl fhfefo dftfs tapanrfcg rftf hfl dftfs

tapanrfcg dkrabdfi.@grg-`grg dftfs tapanrfcg dkrabdfi pfhf sfft hgefpfln fhfefo tkrhfpft

dfngfl `kiulnfl yfln ekdgo ekdfr hfl ikbuhgfl `grrg `grrg dftfs tapanrfcg rftf fhfefo hftfr

hfl skhgigt fhf yfln tghfi tkrftur.Ofe tkrskdut sksufg hklnfl Tfyks (4::3) dfowf dftfs

tapanrfcg dkrabdfi `grrg-`grglyf dfngfl `kiulnfl ekdgo ekdfr hfrg ikhfefbfllyf hfl dftfs

tapanrfcg rftf bkbgegig `grrg hftfr hklnfl tflpf ftfu tkrhfpft skhgigt iklfbpfifl yfln tghfi

dkrfturfl.

Bf`fb-bf`fb dftfs tapanrfcg dkrhfsfrifl Tfyks (4::3)

Xfdke 6. Dftfs Xapanrfcg

Tftf ( r ) Dftfs Oargzal hftfr hklnfl tflpf ftfu tkrhfpft skhgigt

iklfbpfifl yfln tghfi dkrfturfl.

Dkrabdfi ( a ) Dftfs dkrabdfo hklnfl dfngfl `kiulnfl ekdgo ekdfr hfrg

ikhfefbfllyf

Xghfi

Dkrfturfl

( tf ) Dftfs hklnfl dfngfl `kiulnfl ekdgo hfefb hfrg ekdfrlyf

Xkrputus ( p ) Pftu ftfu ikhuf oargzal/efpgsfl hgpgsfoifl aeko dftfs yfln

tghfi dkrsfbduln hfl dftfs tkrputus


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Nfbdfr 0. Bf`fb bf`fb Dftfs Xapanrfcg

Pkhflnifl ultui dftfs oargzal, yfln habglfl fhfefo dftfs oargzal mkefs hfl dfur.

Bklurut Tfyks (4::3) bklyftfifl dfowf dftfs oargzal iktkltufllyf skdfnfg dkrgiut

Nfbdfr 8. Dftfs oargzal

PZX 6?

PZX 6? bkrupfifl ialsasgfsg typg` ofpeuhfec. Zfhf PZX glg bkbgegig mubefo tgtgi

pklnfbftfl 8. Zfhf 4 tgtgipklnfbftfl hghfpftifl skdfrfl oargsal tflfo yfln bkbgegig lgefg

ouk 6: WT hklnfl lge fg irabf hfl vfeuk 0. ^frlf hfrg tflfo glg àieft tuf hfl hfrg oargsalftfs sfbpfg ik dfwfo bkbgegig struitur nubpfe bkbdueft. ^frlf pfhf ikdflyfifl tflfo glg

yfgtu àieft ikogtfbfl sfbpfg àieft tuf. Ofe tkrskdut bklflhfifl dfowf tflfo tkrskdut

ifyf fifl iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi. Xflfo yfln hgfbftg dkrfhf pfhf suftu efofl hklnfl

dflyfi tflfbfl yfln tubduo hgskigtfrlyf yfln bkbdkrgifl iflhulnfl dfofl

arnflg`.Bklurut Dfefg Zklkegtgfl Xflfo (4::8) ^frlf bkl`krbglifl dkdkrfpf sgcft tflfo


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tkrtkltu, iflhulnfl dfofl arnflgi tglnng bklgbdueifl wfrlf nkefp. Xflfo hklnfl hrfglfsk

mkeki ftfu skrgln mkluo fgr dkrwfrlf ikefdu. Xflfo yfln bklnfefbg hkoghrftfsg sklyfwffl

dksg dkrwfrlf bkrfo. [ltui struitur tflfolyf habglfl nubpfe bkbdueft hfl nubpfe

dkrsuhut. Ptruitur Nubpfe dkrsuhut bkbgegig `grrg-`grg bkbpulyfg suhut pfhf dghfln rftf

fpfdgef struiturlyf hfl nubpfe bkbdueft bkbgegig suhut yfln bkbdueft.Xkistur tflfo

skbfigl ik dfwfo skbfigl ifsfr ifrklf hgmubpfg mklgs tkistur ekbpuln dkregft yfln

ikbuhgfl skbfigl ikdfwfo bklmfhg tkistur ekbpuln dkrpfsgr. [ltui ikfhffl parg tflfo

hghabglfsg aeko mubefo parg skhfln hfl uiurfl parg yfln ekdgo ofeus.

Zfhf tgtgi pklnfbftfl iktgnf munf hghfpftifl `aieft ikogtfbfl. [ltui ikfhffl

ialsgstklsg dkrupf nkbdur, hfl ialsgstklsg hfrg ikfhffl tghfi ekift bklmfhg fnfi ekift skrtf

hfrg ialsgstklsg tghfi pefstgs bklmfhg pefstgs. Ofe glg bklflhfifl tkefo tkrmfhg fiubuefsg egft

pfhf efpgsfl tflfo yfln skbfigl ik dfwfo.Xgtgi ikkbpft bkbgegig wfrlf hklnfl ouk 6: WThklnfl irabf hfl vfeuk 0. Hg habglfsg aeko tkistur ekbpuln egft dkrpfsgr hklnfl tkrmfhg

pkrikbdflnfl strutur hfrg nubpfe bkbdueft bklmfhg nubpfe dkrsuhut hfl hfrg tglnift

nkbdur bklmfhg tknuo. [ltui pkrikbdflnfl tflfo dgfs hgpklnfruog aeko wfitu, tapanrfcg,

giegb, dfofl glhui hfl munf vknktfsg. Ikfhffl ialsgstklsg fnfi ekift fnfi pefstgs. Dfhfl

Zklkegtgfl Xflfo (4::8) bklyftfifl dfowf ialsgstklsg fnfi ekift bkbgegig `grrg sktkefo

hgtkifl, bfssf tflfo fhf yfln tkrtglnnfe skhflnifl ialsgstklsg fnfi pefstgs bkbgegig `grrg

hfpft hgdkltui, hgpknfln pfhf umulnlyf bfsgo hfpft tkrdkltui. Tfyks (4::3) munf

bklyftfifl dfowf ialsgstklsg fnfi ekift bkbgegig `grrg fnfi bklkbpke pfhf mfrg skhflnifl

ialsgstklsg fnfi pefstgs bkbgegig `grrg hfpft hgdkltui nkegltgr tfpg buhfo dkrudfo

dkltui.Pkpkrtg yfln hgmkefsifl skdkeublyf dfowf skbfigl ik dfwfo pfhf oargzal yfln

ekdgo hfefb, ialsgstklsglyf skbfigl ekift hfl skbfigl pefstgs.Zfhf ikngftfl pklnfbftfl,

ultui pklnfbftfl ialsgstklsg bkbfln hgrfsfifl ikfhffl ialsgstklsglyf fnfi ekift ifrklf

fhf tflfo yfln tkrtglnnfe sktkefo hgekiftifl hfl bfsgo buhfo ultui hgpgsfoifl.

PZX 67

Ikfhffl sftufl pktf tflfo ik 67 dkrupf ialsasgfsg typg` ofpeuhfec. Ofe gtu hgifrklfifl

hfefb PZX tkrskdut oflyf tkrhfpft sftu tgtgi pklnfbftfl hfl gtu typg` ofpeuhfec. Zfhf PZX

glg bkbgegig habglfsg wfrlf tflfo `aieft tuf pfhf skbuf oargsal.Bklurut Dfefg Zklkegtgfl

Xflfo (4::8)^frlf tflfo bkrupfifl `grg tflfo pfegln buhfohgtkltuifl hg efpflnfl.^frlf

bkl`krbglifldkdkrfpf sgcft tflfo tkrtkltu.Iflhulnfl dfoflarnflgi tglnng bklgbdueifl


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wfrlf nkefp.Xflfohklnfl hrfglfsk mkeki ftfu skrgln mkluo fgr dkrwfrlfikefdu.Xflfo yfln

bklnfefbg hkoghrftfsg sklyfwffldksg dkrwfrlf bkrfo.^frlf àieft tuf pfhf tflfo tkrskdut

bklflhfifl dflyfi tkrhfpft iflhulnfl hfrg dfofl arnflg` hfefb tflfo.Bkbgegig crfisg

pfsgr, munf pfhf skbuf oargsallyf hgbflf pfhf oargsal ftfs dkrtkistur egft dkrpfsgr hfl

oargsal hg dfwfolyf skbuf dkrtkistur ekbpuln dkrpfsgr. Xkistur yfln pfegln habglfl pfhf

PZX glg gfefo ekbpuln dkrpfsgr. Dflyfilyf pfsgr yfln fhf pfhf oargsal tflfo glg dgsf

dkrfsfe hfrg bftkrgfe yfln hgikeufrifl aeko pknululnfl yfln fhf hg skigtfr eaifsg survkg.

Ptruitur pfhf tflfo glg habglfl nubpfe bkbdueft hklnfl mubefo parg ifsfr, skhfln hfl

ofeus yfln dflyfi. Pkbfigl ik dfwfo, tflfo bkbgegig uiurfl struitur yfln skbfigl dksfr,

buefg hfrg uiurfl 5;bb bklmfhg ;-6:bb uiurfl struitur. Mfhg struitur tflfo glg bklnfefbg

pkrikbdflnfl.[ltui ialsgstklsg ekbdfd sflnft nkbdur sfbpfg ik nkbdur hfl pfhf

ialsgstklsg dfsfo buefg hfrg ekift hfl fnfi pefstgs sfbpfg sflnft pefstgs.

PZX 4:

Zfhf PZX glg tkrhfpft huf tgtgi yfln fhf hghfefblyf yfgtu tgtgi G6 hfl M6. PZX 4:

bkrupfifl fsasgfsg Xypg` Hkstruhkpts hfl Glskptg` Ofpeuhfecs. Bkbgegig wfrlf tflfo

Habglfl 6: WT hklnfl lgefg Sfeuk hfl lgefg òrabf sfbf hklnfl 0 ftfu ekdgo. Ikbuhgfl

ultui struitur tflfolyf sklhgrg habglfsg nubpfe bkbdueft, skrtf ikfhffl ialsgstklsg

ekbdfdlyf habglfl nkbdur hfl ialsgstklsg dfsfo `klhkruln fnfi ekift hfl fnfi pefstgs.

Xkistur tflfolyf ekdgo habglfl ekbpuln dkregft hfl pkrskdfrfl parg bkssa ùiup bkrftf .

8.4 Iefsgcgifsg Xflfo

Hghunf rkzgb suou tflfo yfln hgtkbuifl pfhf hfkrfo Mftgikrta tkrbfsui

Gsaogpkrtokrbgi, ifrklf suou tflfo yfln ifbg nfeg hklnfl suou eglniulnfl tkrfsf tghfi

dkrdkhf mfuo. Dkrhfsfrifl pklkegtgfl yfln hgefiuifl aeko Iuswflta (4:64) hg tkbpft yfln

sfbf, suou rftf-rftf tfoulfl hg Mftgikrta bkl`fpfg 4> a @. Ifbg tghfi dgsf bkbfstgifl rkzgb

suou tflfo sksufg praskhur ifrklf iktkrdftfsfl feft yfln ifbg bgegig, hgbflf skofruslyf

rkzgb suou hghfpftifl hfrg suou tflfo yfln dkrfhf pfhf ikhfefbfl iurfln ekdgo ;: `b,

lfbul oflyf hfrg sglg ifbg hfpft bklhunf rkzgb suou tflfo pfhf tgtgi pklnfbftfl.

Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?), tflfo hklnfl rkzgb suou gsaogpkrtokrbgi bkbgegig suou

tflfo tfoulfl rftf-rftf (hguiur pfhf ikhfefbfl ;: `b hfrg pkrbuiffl tflfo) 44 a @ ftfu


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ekdgo tglnng, lfbul pkrdkhffl fltfrf rftf-rftf suou tflfo pfhf busgb pflfs (busgb

ikbfrfu) hfl busgb hglngl (busgb oumfl) tghfi bkl`fpfg 3 a@.

Hfrg > tgtgi pklnfbftfl hgbflf ifbg bkefiuifl survky, ifbg bklniefsgcgifsgifl

tflfo-tflfo gtu ik sud-nrup Xypg` Ofpeuhfec (skbuf, tflpf tkrik`ufeg), hklnfl Oargzal

pkl`grg utfbf Frngegi, hklnfl fefsfl hgtkbuifllyf oargzal fiubuefsg egft pfhf skbuf tgtgi.

Ofe glg tkrduitg hklnfl dkrtfbdfolyf crfisg egft skgrgln dkrtfbdfolyf ikhfefbfl tflfo pfhf

skbuf tgtgi.

Xgtgi 6

Kpgpkhal

Kpgpkhal pfhf tgtgi ik 6 igtf iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb kpgpkhal [bdrgi. Ofe tkrskdut

hgduitgifl hklnfl wfrlf tflfo 6: WT 0/6, struitur nubpfe bkbdueft dkruiurfl 5 ;

bb, hfl bkbgegig pO tflfo 3 skoglnnf Ikmkluofl Dfsflyf 5 ;:%. Ikmkluofl dfsf

krft oudulnfllyf hklnfl pO tflfo, hgbflf tflfo-tflfo hklnfl pO rklhfo ubublyf

bkbpulyfg ikmkluofl dfsf rklhfo, skhfln tflfo-tflfo hklnfl pO yfln tglnng

bkbpulyfg ikmkluofl dfsf yfln tglnng puef (Ofrhmawgnkla, 67?7). Pksufg hklnfl

pkrlyftfffl Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?) dfowf sgcft-sgcft tflfo [bdrgi fhfefo bkbgegig

ulgt struitur hklnfl hgfbktkr 0: `b ftfu iurfln, wfrlf hklnfl vfeuk wfrlf 0 ftfu

iurfln mgif ekbdfd, wfrlf hklnfl `orabf 0 ftfu iurfln.

KlhapkhalKlhapkhal pfhf tgtgi ik 6, igtf iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb klhapkhal Frngegi. Ofe

tkrskdut hgduitgifl hklnfl fhflyf fhflyf oargzal Dt pfhf ikhfefbfl 84-7: `b.

oargzal Dt fhfefo bklulmuiifl suftu fiubuefsg egft sgegift, yfgtu yfln tkrdkltui hg

hfefb suftu Oargzal hfl skeflmutlyf bklnfefbg trflseaifsg hg hfefb Oargzal

tkrskdut, ftfupul yfln tkefo hgpglhfofl ik hfefb Oargzal tkrskdut aeko prasks

geuvgfsg, ftfu tkrdkltui aeko ikhuf prasks tkrskdut (Dfhfl Zklkegtgfl Xflfo, 4::8).

Ofe tkrskdut tkrduitg hklnfl pfhf oargzal D bkbgegig tkistur tflfo ekbpuln dkrpfsgr

hfl pfhf oargzal hg dfwfolyf bkbgegig tkistur tflfo Ekbpuln Egft Dkrpfsgr. Mfhg gtu

tflhflyf tkrhfpft Xrflseaifsg egft hgfltfrf huf oargzal tkrskdut. Bklurut Page Purcky

Ptfcc (677?) bklyftfifl dfowf sfefo sftu syfrft oargzal frngegi fhfefo tkrhfpft duitg

fhflyf geuvgfsg egft sfefo sftulyf fhflyf egft yfln tkrargktfsg bklnoudulnifl dutgr-

dutgr pfsgr.


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Arha

[ltui pklniefsgcgifsgfl arha pfhf tgtgi 6, ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ikhfefb arha Fecgsae.

Ofe glg hgifrklfifl tkrhfpft oargzal frngegi hgbflf oargzal frngegi bkrupfifl

oargzal hklnfl `grrg-`grg tkrhfpft fiubuefsg egft. Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?)

tflfo hklnfl arha fecgsae bkrupfifl tflfo yflno tghfi bkbpulyfg pefnnkl yfln

bkbgegig sfefo sftu sgcft dkrgiut yfgtu oargzal frngegi, iflhgi, ftfu lftrgi

Pud arha

[ltui pklniefsgcgifsgfl sudarha pfhf tgtgi 6, ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ikhfefb sud arha

[hfec. Ofe glg hgifrklfifl bkbgegig rkzgb eklnfs uhgi hfl rkzgb suou

gsaogpkrtkrbgi. Pkpkrtg yfln igtf iktfoug, `urfo oumfl pkr tfoul yfln igtf hfpft hfrg

DBIN Ifrfln Zeasa hfrg duefl Fprge 4:60 Fprge 4:68 ultui hfkrfo Ik`fbftfl

Irabklnfl fhfefo < 44:: bb/tfoul. Ofe gtu bklnglhgifsgifl dfowf ikbulniglfl

dksfr hfkrfo tkrskdut tghfi ikrgln skefbf 7: ofrg iubueftgc. Bklurut Page Purvkg

Ptfcc (677?) bklyftfifl dfowf rkzgb ikekbdfdfl uhgi bkbgegig `grrg pklfbpfln

`altrae ikekbdfdfl tflfo tghfi ikrgln skefbf 7: iubueftgc ofrg hfefb tfoul-tfoul

larbfe.

Nrkft Nraup

[ltui pklnifesgcgifsgl nrkft nraup pfhf tgtgi 6, ifbg bklniefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefbnrkft nraup Ofpeuhfec. Ofe tkrskdut hgskdfdifl ifrklf tghfi bkbpulyfg `grg iousus

skpkrtg [hfec efgl skpkrtg Neassuhfec yfln bkbegig oargzal neasgi, crfnguhfec yfln

bkbgegig crfngpfl, hfl uhfec-uhfec yfln fhf pfhf Iul`g Xfisalabg Xflfo efgllyf

Pudnraup

[ltui pklniefsgcgifsgfl sud nraup pfhf tgtgi 6, ifbg bklniefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb

sud nraup Xypg` Ofpeuhfec. Ofe tkrskdut hgifrklfifl Ofpeuhfec tkrskdut tghfi

bkbgegig pkl`grg iousus yfln fhf hg hfefb duiu Iul`g Xfisalabg Xflfo yfln

bkbdfofs tkltfln Ofpeuhfec dkskrtf `grrg ioususlyf.


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Xgtgi 4

Kpgpkhal

Kpgpkhal pfhf tgtgi ik 4 igtf iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb kpgpkhal [bdrgi. Ofe

tkrskdut hgduitgifl hklnfl wfrlf tflfo 6: WT 4/6, struitur nubpfe bkbdueft

dkruiurfl ; 6: bb, hfl bkbgegig pO tflfo >, lfbul wfrlf pfhf ikrtfs pO

[lgvkrsfelyf `alhaln ik flnif 3 skoglnnf Ikmkluofl Dfsflyf 5 ;:%.

Ikmkluofl dfsf krft oudulnfllyf hklnfl pO tflfo. pfhf tflfo dkrpO tglnng,

lgefg ID ekdgo dksfr hfrgpfhf tflfo dkr pO rklhfo (Dfgeky, kt fe . , 67?3). Pksufg

hklnfl pkrlyftfffl Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?) dfowf sgcft-sgcft tflfo [bdrgi

fhfefo bkbgegig ultg struitur hklnfl hgfbktkr 0: `b ftfu iurfln, wfrlf hklnfl

vfeuk wfrlf 0 ftfu iurfln mgif ekbdfd, wfrlf hklnfl `orabf 0 ftfu iurfln.

KlhapkhalKlhapkhal pfhf tgtgi ik 4 igtf iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb klhapkhal Frngegi. Ofe

tkrskdut hgduitgifl hklnfl fhflyf fhflyf oargzal Dt pfhf ikhfefbfl 00-7: `b.

oargzal Dt fhfefo bklulmuiifl suftu fiubuefsg egft sgegift, yfgtu yfln tkrdkltui

hg hfefb suftu Oargzal hfl skeflmutlyf bklnfefbg trflseaifsg hg hfefb Oargzal

tkrskdut, ftfupul yfln tkefo hgpglhfofl ik hfefb Oargzal tkrskdut aeko prasks

geuvgfsg, ftfu tkrdkltui aeko ikhuf prasks tkrskdut (Dfhfl Zklkegtgfl Xflfo,

4::8). Ofe tkrskdut tkrduitg hklnfl pfhf oargzal F bkbgegig ialsgstklsg sflnftekift hfl tghfi pefstgs hfl pfhf oargzal hgdfwfolyf ialsgstklsglyf dkrudfo

bklmfhg sflnft ekift hfl sflnft pefstgs. Bklurut Oflfcgfo (4::>) ifrftkrgstgi

tkistur egft bkbpulyfg sgcft ekift yfln tglnng skoglnnf dgef sflnft pefstgs. Mfhg gtu

tflhflyf tkrhfpft fiubuefsg egft hgfltfrf huf oargzal tkrskdut yfln pfhf fwfelyf

oargzal F tghfi pefstgs ikbuhgfl sfft oargzal hgdfwfolyf ialsgstklsglyf

bklmfhg sflnft pefstgs. Bklurut Page Purcky Ptfcc (677?) bklyftfifl dfowf sfefo

sftu syfrft oargzal frngegi fhfefo tkrhfpft duitg fhflyf geuvgfsg egft

Arha

[ltui pklniefsgcgifsgfl arha pfhf tgtgi 4, ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ikhfefb arha

Fecgsae. Ofe glg hgifrklfifl tkrhfpft oargzal frngegi hgbflf oargzal frngegi

bkrupfifl oargzal hklnfl `grrg-`grg tkrhfpft fiubuefsg egft. Bklurut Page Purvky

Ptfcc (677?) tflfo hklnfl arha fecgsae bkrupfifl tflfo yflno tghfi bkbpulyfg


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pefnnkl yfln bkbgegig sfefo sftu sgcft dkrgiut yfgtu oargzal frngegi, iflhgi, ftfu

lftrgi

Pudarha

[ltui pklniefsgcgifsgfl sud arha pfhf tgtgi 6, ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ikhfefb sud

arha [hfec. Ofe glg hgifrklfifl bkbgegig rkzgb eklnfs uhgi hfl rkzgb suou

gsaogpkrtkrbgi. Pkpkrtg yfln igtf iktfoug, `urfo oumfl pkr tfoul yfln igtf hfpft

hfrg DBIN Ifrfln Zeasa hfrg duefl Fprge 4:60 Fprge 4:68 ultui hfkrfo

Ik`fbftfl Irabklnfl fhfefo < 44:: bb/tfoul. Ofe gtu bklnglhgifsgifl dfowf

ikbulniglfl dksfr hfkrfo tkrskdut tghfi ikrgln skefbf 7: ofrg iubueftgc. Pkefgl

gtu munf, hghfkrfo Mftgikrta tkrhfpft ifdut pfng ofrg. Bklurut Page Purvkg Ptfcc

(677?) bklyftfifl dfowf rkzgb ikekbdfdfl uhgi bkbgegig `grrg pklfbpfln

`altrae ikekbdfdfl tflfo tghfi ikrgln skefbf 7: iubueftgc ofrg hfefb tfoul-

tfoul larbfe hfl hgskrtfg busgb pflfs yfln skmui hfl dkrifdut.

Nrkft Nraup

[ltui pklnifesgcgifsgl nrkft nraup pfhf tgtgi 6, ifbg bklniefsgcgifsgifl ik

hfefb nrkft nraup Ofpeuhfec. Ofe tkrskdut hgskdfdifl ifrklf tghfi bkbpulyfg

`grg iousus skpkrtg [hfec efgl yfln fhf pfhf Iul`g Xfisalabg Xflfo.

Pudnraup

[ltui pklniefsgcgifsgfl sud nraup pfhf tgtgi 4, ifbg bklniefsgcgifsgifl ikhfefb sud nraup Xypg` Ofpeuhfec. Ofe tkrskdut hgifrklfifl Ofpeuhfec tkrskdut

tghfi bkbgegig pkl`grg iousus yfln fhf hg hfefb duiu Iul`g Xfisalabg Xflfo

yfln bkbdfofs tkltfln Ofpeuhfec dkskrtf `grrg ioususlyf.

Xgtgi 0

Kpgpkhal

Kpgpkhal baegi ifrklf bkbgegig pO tflfo >. ZO tkrskdut hghfpft hklnfl

bklnnulfifl glhgiftar ulgvkrsfe skoglnnf pO yfln hghfpftifl tghfi fiurft.

Lfbul wfrlf pfhf pO ulgvkrsfe `klhkruln dkrfhf hg pO > hfl ?. Pkefgl gtu,

oargzal F bkbgegig wfrlf nkefp (6: WT 4/4) sfbpfg ikhfefbfl 0: `b. Xflfo glg

munf bkbkluog syfrft baegi yfgtu kpgpkhal tkrnaealn ekbdfd skefbf 7: ofrg ftfu

ekdgo sk`frf iubueftgc.


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Klhapkhal

Klhapkhal frngegi ifrklf hgtkbuifl fhflyf fiubuefsg egft pfhf

pkrikbdflnfl oargsallyf, skefgl pfhf oargzal klhapkhallyf bkbgegig tkistur

dkrekbpuln ifsfr hfl dkrekbpuln ofeus. Ptruitur nubpfe hklnfl hgfbktkr ;-4:

bb, hfl ikfhffl ialsgstklsg yfln skbfigl ik dfwfo skbfigl pefstgs.

Arha

Arha fecgsae ifrklf bkbgegig oargsal frngegi. Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>)

bklyftfifl dfowf tflfo fecgsae tflfo-tflfo yfln hg`grgifl hklnfl fhflyf

pklgbdulfl hg oargsal dfwfo. Crfisg tflfo egft yfln hghfpft dkrfsfe hfrg

pklù`gfl oargsal hg ftfslyf.

Pudarha

Pud arha uhfec ifrklf bkbgegig arha fecgsae hklnfl rkzgb ikekbdfpfl

uhgi. Tkzgb ikekbdfpfl uhgi hg`grgifl hklnfl ikfhffl tflfo hg efpfln yfln

tghfi pkrlfo ikrgln skefbf 7: ofrg iubueftgc. Ofe tkrskdut hgduitgifl hklnfl

ikfhffl tflfo yfln bfsgo ekbdfd iktgif hgnfeg skrtf hfrg pktf giegb bklnklfg

skdfrfl ùrfo oumfl hg Mfwf Xgbur, hfl munf tkrhfpft ifdut hg hfkrfo tkrskdut.

Hftf ùrfo DBIN ifrflnpeasa sftu tfoul tkrfiogr (4:60-4:68) bklulmuiifl

tghfi fhflyf duefl ikrgln yfln bkl`fpfg 0 duefl ftfu ekdgo (7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo)

pfhf hfkrfo Mftgikrta. Nrkft Nraup

Nrkft-nraup ofpeuhfec ifrklf tghfi tkrhfpft pkl`grg iousus ftfu

bkrupfifl uhfec yfln efgl (tghfi bkbgegig oargsal lftrgi ultui bkbkluog syfrft

ultui Nrkft Nraup Lftruhfec, tghfi bkbgegig oargsal neasgi ultui bkbkluog

syfrft iefsgcgifsg Ckrruhfec, Crfneassuhfec, hfl Neassuhfec, tghfi bkbkluog syfrft

Iflhguhfec hfl Iflofpeuhfec ifrklf tghfi bkbpulyfg oargsal iflhgi, tghfi

bkbkluog syfrft iefsgcgifsg Zfekuhfec ifrklf lgefg ouk tghfi bkbkluog).

Pudnraup

Pud-nrup typg` ofpeuhfec ifrklf tghfi tkrhfpft pkl`grg iousus (bkrupfifl

sud-nrup tflfo yfln efgl).

Xgtgi 8

Kpgpkhal


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Kpgpkhal baegi ifrklf bkbgegig pO tflfo >. ZO tkrskdut hghfpft hklnfl

bklnnulfifl glhgiftar ulgvkrsfe skoglnnf pO yfln hghfpftifl tghfi fiurft.

Lfbul wfrlf pfhf pO ulgvkrsfe `klhkruln dkrfhf hg pO > hfl ?. Pkefgl gtu,

oargzal F bkbgegig wfrlf `aieft iknkefpfl (6: WT0/6) sfbpfg ikhfefbfl ;4

`b. Xflfo glg munf bkbkluog syfrft baegi yfgtu kpgpkhal tkrnaealn ekbdfd

skefbf 7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo sk`frf iubueftgc.

Klhapkhal

Klhapkhal frngegi ifrklf struitur nubpfe hklnfl hgfbktkr ;-6: bb hfl

ikfhffl ialsgstklsg yfln sflnft pefstgs. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), tflfo egft

bkbgegig sgcft buhfo ultui hgduft `gl`gl hfl ofe tkrskdut dkroudulnfl hklnfl

pefstgsgtfs. Pkbfigl pefstgs bfif skbfigl buhfo hgduft `gl`gl hfl ofe tkrskdut

bklflhfifl pfhf oargsal yfln hgfbftg bkbgegig iflhulnfl egft yfln ekdgo

tglnng.

Arha

Arha fecgsae ifrklf bkbgegig oargsal frngegi. Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc

(677?), tflfo fecgsae fhfefo tflfo yfln tghfi bkbgegig kpgpkhal pefnkl hfl

bkbgegig oargsal frngegi.

Pudarha

Pud arha uhfec ifrklf bkbgegig arha fecgsae hklnfl rkzgb ikekbdfpfluhgi. Tkzgb ikekbdfpfl uhgi hg`grgifl hklnfl ikfhffl tflfo hg efpfln yfln



skdfrfl `urfo oumfl hg Mfwf Xgbur, hfl munf tkrhfpft ifdut hg hfkrfo tkrskdut.

Nrkft Nraup

Nrkft-nraup ofpeuhfec ifrklf tghfi tkrhfpft pkl`grg iousus ftfu

bkrupfifl uhfec yfln efgl (tghfi bkbgegig oargsal lftrgi ultui bkbkluog syfrft

ultui Nrkft Nraup Lftruhfec, tghfi bkbgegig oargsal neasgi ultui bkbkluog

syfrft iefsgcgifsg Ckrruhfec, Crfneassuhfec, hfl Neassuhfec, tghfi bkbkluog syfrft


bkbkluog syfrft iefsgcgifsg Zfekuhfec ifrklf lgefg ouk tghfi bkbkluog).

Pudnraup


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Xgtgi ;

Kpgpkhal

Oargsal pkl`grg pkrbuiffl pfhf tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-; ifbg

iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb kpgpkhal [bdrgi, ifrklf oargsal dfngfl ftfs pracge

dkrwfrlf 6:WT 4/4 sfft ekbdfd. Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?), sfefo sftu

pkl`grg oargsal [bdrgi gfefo oargsal yfln bkbgegig vfeuk sfbf hklnfl ftfu

iurfln hfrg 0 sfft ekbdfd hfl `orabf sfbf hklnfl ftfu iurfln hfrg 0 sfft

ekbdfd. Ifbg tghfi bklkbuifl oargsal @, mfhg syfrft yfln skeflmutlyf yfilg

vfeuk oargsal @ ofrus 6 ulgt ekdgo tglnng hfrg kpgpkhal [bdrgi hfl `orabf

oargsal @ ofrus 4 ulgt ekdgo tglnng hfrg oargsal @ .

Ikmkluofl dfsf hg tgtgi ; ifbg fsubsgifl iurfln hfrg ;:% yfln

bkl`grgifl kpgpkhal[bdrgi, ifrklf pO tflfo yfln hgtkbuifl pfhf tgtgi ; glg

lktrfe lfbul bklnfrfo ik fsfb (bklnfrfo ik pO 3).Ofe dkrdkhf hgulnifpifl

aeko Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>) hfefb duiulyf yfln dkrmuhue Gebu Xflfo yfln

bklyftfifl dfowf oudulnfl pO hklnfl ID pfhf pO ;,;-3,; ofbpgr bkrupfifl

suftu nfrgs eurus, hgbflf ikmkluofl dfsf bfisgbub tkrhfpft pfhf pO >.

Ikmkluofl dfsf hfefb ofe glg pkltgln, ifrklf pkrdkhffl kpgpkhal baeegi hflBaeegi oflyf tkrektfi pfhf ikmkluofl dfsflyf .(Baeegi


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hfkrfo Mftgikrta glg bkbgegig ikfhffl ekbdfd, hfl sktgfp pfng turul ifdut. Hfl

dgef hgtglmfu hfrg skng ektfi Glhalksgf hg hulgf, Glhalksgf bkrupfifl lknfrf trapgs

hgbflf skofruslyf ikekbdfdfl tflfo tkrmfnf skefbf 7: ofrg ifrklf oumfl bfsgo

turul bksigpul busgb ikbfrfu hfl ifdut skrtf kbdul yfln tkrmfhg sktgfp pfng.

Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?), kpgpkhal [bdrgi gfefo kpgpkhal yfln

skdfngfllyf ekbdfd skefbf 7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo sk`frf iubueftgc hfefb sftu tfoul

larbfe.

Klhapkhal

Oargsal pkl`grg dfwfo pfhf tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-; ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ik

hfefb klhapkhal frngegi. Ifbg bklniefsgcgifsgifl oargsal pkl`grg glg ik hfefb

klhapkhal frngegi ifrklf oargsal dfngfl dfwfo pracge dkrtkistur ekbpuln

dkrpfsgr, hfl dkrfhf pfhf ikhfefbfl ;; `b 7: `b. Pfefo sftu `grg klhapkhal

frngegi bklurut Pa ge Purvky Ptfcc (677?) = Fpfdgef oargsal frngegi tkrbfsui ikefs

dksfr-dutgr dkrpfsgr, ftfu sikektfe dkrpfsgr, bfif iktkdfefllyf bglgbfe ofrus 6;

`b.

Zracge yfln hgnfeg pfhf tgtgi glg munf bklulmuiifl fhflyf duitg geuvgfsg

egft hgduitgifl hklnfl hgtkbuifllyf skefput egft hg oargsal dfngfl dfwfo.

Geuvgfsg egft munf tkrfsf iktgif hgefiuifllyf pklnnfegfl, pklnnfegfl skbfigl suegt

hgefiuifl (tflfo tkrfsf skbfigl ikrfs/feat) iktgif hgnfeg skbfigl hfefb. Arha

Arha tflfo hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik ; ikefs F glg ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ik

hfefb arha Fecgsae, ifrklf bkbkluog syfrft hfl irgtkrgf Fecgsae. Bklurut Page

Purvky Ptfcc (677?), Fecgsae tghfi bkbgegig kpgpkhal Zefnnkl hfl bkbgegig

oargsal Frngegi, Lftrgi, ftfu Iflhgi. Kpgpkhal yfln ifbg tkbuifl fhfefo

kpgpkhal Baeegi, skhflnifl klhapkhallyf Frngegi tflpf hgtkbuifl fhflyf pfl .

Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), Fecgsae gfefo tflfo-tflfo hgbflf tkrhfpft

pklgbdulfl hg oargsal dfwfo. Egft yfln tkrtgbdul hg oargsal dfwfo glg dkrfsfe

hfrg oargsal hg ftfslyf hfl tkr`u`g dkrsfbf hklnfl nkrfifl fgr.

Pudarha

Pudarha hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl ; yfln ifbg fbftg, fiogrlyf ifbg

iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb sudarha [hfec, hgbflf [hfec gfefo Fecgsae yfln bkbgegig


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rkzgb eklnfs tflfo [hgi. Hftf ùrfo DBIN Bfefln sftu tfoul tkrfiogr (4:60-

4:68) bklulmuiifl tghfi fhflyf duefl ikrgln yfln bkl`fpfg 0 duefl ftfu ekdgo

(7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo) pfhf hfkrfo Mftgikrta.

Oudulnfl ùrfo oumfl hklnfl rkzgb ikekbdfdfl gfefo mgif hftf ùrfo

oumfl bklulmuiifl skpflmfln tfoul hghabglfsg aeko duefl dfsfo, bfif igtf

hfpft dkrfsubsg dfowf tflfo hg Mftgikrta tghfi pkrlfo ikrgln skefbf 7: ofrg.

Bksigpul oumfl tghfi turul skefbf 7: ofrg iubueftgc hfefb sftu tfoul larbfe,

ofe yfln dkrdkhf dgsf sfmf tkrmfhg hg hfefb tflfo. Ifrklf hg Mftgikrta munf turul

ifdut sktgfp pfnglyf hfl tkrmfhg pklnkbdulfl uhfrf bklmfhg dutgr fgr yfln

bklykltuo tflfbfl skrtf tutupfl efofl yfln fiogrlyf mftuo ik pkrbuiffl tflfo,

dgsf sfmf ikekbdfdfl tflfo dgsf hfpft tkrmfnf wfefupul tghfi turul oumfl skefbf

7: ofrg iubueftgc.Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?), tflfo hklnfl rkzgb eklnfs [hgi

bkbgegig `grg tghfi pkrlfo ikrgln skefbf 7: ofrg iubueftgc skefbf sftu tfoul

larbfe.

Nrkft Nraup

Xflfo hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-; ikefs F tghfi bkbgegig oargsal lftrgi

ultui bkbkluog syfrft ultui Nrkft Nraup Lftruhfec, tghfi bkbgegig oargsal

neasgi ultui bkbkluog syfrft iefsgcgifsg Ckrruhfec, Crfneassuhfec, hflNeassuhfec, tghfi bkbkluog syfrft Iflhguhfec hfl Iflofpeuhfec ifrklf tghfi

bkbpulyfg oargsal iflhgi, tghfi bkbkluog syfrft iefsgcgifsg Zfekuhfec ifrklf

lgefg ouk tghfi bkbkluog (Zfekuhfec bkbgegig ouk >,; WT ftfu ekdgo bkrfo

hklnfl irabf ; ftfu ekdgo ftfu , ; WT hklnfl òrabf 3 ftfu ekdgo ftfu 4,; WT),

hfl tghfi bkbgegig wfrlf skpkrtg Toahuhfec (Toahuhfec bkbgegig lgefg ouk 4,;WT

ftfu ekdgo bkrfo). Iefsgcgifsg tkrfiogr yfln dgsf hgpfifg gfefo Ofpeuhfec ifrklf

Ofpeuhfec tghfi bkbpulyfg `grg iousus skpkrtg [hfec efgl.

Pudnraup

Pudnraup tflfo hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-; ikefs F ifbg putusifl ultui

hgbfsuiifl ik hfefb Pudnraup Xypg` Ofpeuhfec ifrklf ifbg tghfi bklkbuifl

fhflyf pkl`grg iousus hfrg Ofpeuhfec yfln ifbg flfegsf hg tgtgi ; glg ultui

hgbfsuiifl ik Pudnraup efgl.


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Xgtgi 3

Kpgpkhal

Oargsal pkl`grg pkrbuiffl pfhf tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-3 ifbg

iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb kpgpkhal Baeegi, ifrklf oargsal dfngfl ftfs (Fp hfl Dt6)

pracge dkrwfrlf 6:WT 4/4 hfl 6: WT 0/4 sfft ekbdfd. Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc

(677?), sfefo sftu pkl`grg oargsal Baeegi gfefo oargsal yfln bkbgegig vfeuk sfbf

hklnfl ftfu iurfln hfrg 0 sfft ekbdfd hfl `orabf sfbf hklnfl ftfu iurfln hfrg

0 sfft ekbdfd. Ifbg tghfi bklkbuifl oargsal @, mfhg syfrft yfln skeflmutlyf

yfilg vfeuk oargsal @ ofrus 6 ulgt ekdgo tglnng hfrg kpgpkhal Baeegi hfl `orabf

oargsal @ ofrus 4 ulgt ekdgo tglnng hfrg oargsal @.

Ikmkluofl dfsf hg tgtgi ; ifbg fsubsgifl ekdgo hfrg ;:% yfln bkl`grgifl

kpgpkhal Baeegi, ifrklf pO tflfo yfln hgtkbuifl pfhf tgtgi ; glg lktrfe lfbul

bklnfrfo ik dfsf (bklnfrfo ik pO ?). Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>) yfln

bklyftfifl dfowf oudulnfl pO hklnfl ID pfhf pO ;,;-3,; ofbpgr bkrupfifl

suftu nfrgs eurus, hgbflf ikmkluofl dfsf bfisgbub tkrhfpft pfhf pO >.

Ikmkluofl dfsf hfefb ofe glg pkltgln, ifrklf pkrdkhffl kpgpkhal baeegi hfl

Baeegi oflyf tkrektfi pfhf ikmkluofl dfsflyf .(Baeegi


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turul bksigpul busgb ikbfrfu hfl ifdut skrtf kbdul yfln tkrmfhg sktgfp pfng.

Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?), kpgpkhal Baeegi gfefo kpgpkhal yfln

skdfngfllyf ekbdfd skefbf 7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo sk`frf iubueftgc hfefb sftu tfoul

larbfe.

Klhapkhal

Oargsal pkl`grg dfwfo pfhf tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-3 ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ik

hfefb klhapkhal frngegi. Ifbg bklniefsgcgifsgifl oargsal pkl`grg glg ik hfefb

klhapkhal frngegi ifrklf tkrhfpft oargsal Dt4 hklnfl tkistur efbpuln dkregft,

yfln dkrfhf pfhf 67,;-;; `b hfrg pkrbuiffl tflfo (tkdfe 03,; `b). Pfefo sftu

`grg klhapkhal frngegi bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?) = Fpfdgef oargsal frngegi

tkrbfsui dkre kbpuln ftfu dkregft, bfif iktkdfefllyf bglgbfe ofrus >,; `b.

Zracge yfln hgnfeg pfhf tgtgi glg munf bklulmuiifl fhflyf duitg geuvgfsg

egft hgduitgifl hklnfl hgtkbuifllyf skefput egft hg oargsal dfngfl dfwfo pfhf

oargsal Dt4.

Arha

Arha tflfo hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik 3 ikefs F glg ifbg iefsgcgifsgifl ik

hfefb arha Fecgsae, ifrklf bkbkluog syfrft hfl irgtkrgf Fecgsae. Bklurut Page

Purvky Ptfcc (677?), Fecgsae tghfi bkbgegig kpgpkhal Zefnnkl hfl bkbgegig

oargsal Frngegi, Lftrgi, ftfu Iflhgi. Kpgpkhal yfln ifbg tkbuifl fhfefokpgpkhal Baeegi, skhflnifl klhapkhallyf Frngegi tflpf hgtkbuifl fhflyf pfl .

Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>), Fecgsae gfefo tflfo-tflfo hgbflf tkrhfpft

pklgbdulfl hg oargsal dfwfo. Egft yfln tkrtgbdul hg oargsal dfwfo glg dkrfsfe

hfrg oargsal hg ftfslyf hfl tkrù`g dkrsfbf hklnfl nkrfifl fgr.

Pudarha

Pudarha hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl 3 yfln ifbg fbftg, fiogrlyf ifbg

iefsgcgifsgifl ik hfefb sudarha [hfec, hgbflf [hfec gfefo Fecgsae yfln bkbgegig

rkzgb eklnfs tflfo [hgi. Hftf ùrfo DBIN Bfefln sftu tfoul tkrfiogr (4:60-

4:68) bklulmuiifl tghfi fhflyf duefl ikrgln yfln bkl`fpfg 0 duefl ftfu ekdgo

(7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo) pfhf hfkrfo Mftgikrta.

Oudulnfl ùrfo oumfl hklnfl rkzgb ikekbdfdfl gfefo mgif hftf ùrfo

oumfl bklulmuiifl skpflmfln tfoul hghabglfsg aeko duefl dfsfo, bfif igtf


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hfpft dkrfsubsg dfowf tflfo hg Mftgikrta tghfi pkrlfo ikrgln skefbf 7: ofrg.

Bksigpul oumfl tghfi turul skefbf 7: ofrg iubueftgc hfefb sftu tfoul larbfe,

ofe yfln dkrdkhf dgsf sfmf tkrmfhg hg hfefb tflfo. Ifrklf hg Mftgikrta munf turul

ifdut sktgfp pfnglyf hfl tkrmfhg pklnkbdulfl uhfrf bklmfhg dutgr fgr yfln

bklykltuo tflfbfl skrtf tutupfl efofl yfln fiogrlyf mftuo ik pkrbuiffl tflfo,

dgsf sfmf ikekbdfdfl tflfo dgsf hfpft tkrmfnf wfefupul tghfi turul oumfl skefbf

7: ofrg iubueftgc.

Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc (677?), tflfo hklnfl rkzgb eklnfs [hgi

bkbgegig `grg tghfi pkrlfo ikrgln skefbf 7: ofrg iubueftgc skefbf sftu tfoul

larbfe.

Nrkft Nraup

Xflfo hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-3 ikefs F tghfi bkbgegig oargsal lftrgi

ultui bkbkluog syfrft ultui Nrkft Nraup Lftruhfec, tghfi bkbgegig oargsal

neasgi ultui bkbkluog syfrft iefsgcgifsg Ckrruhfec, Crfneassuhfec, hfl

Neassuhfec, tghfi bkbkluog syfrft Iflhguhfec hfl Iflofpeuhfec ifrklf tghfi

bkbpulyfg oargsal iflhgi, tghfi bkbkluog syfrft iefsgcgifsg Zfekuhfec ifrklf

lgefg ouk tghfi bkbkluog (Zfekuhfec bkbgegig ouk >,; WT ftfu ekdgo bkrfo

hklnfl irabf ; ftfu ekdgo ftfu , ; WT hklnfl `orabf 3 ftfu ekdgo ftfu 4,; WT),

hfl tghfi bkbgegig wfrlf skpkrtg Toahuhfec (Toahuhfec bkbgegig lgefg ouk 4,;WTftfu ekdgo bkrfo). Iefsgcgifsg tkrfiogr yfln dgsf hgpfifg gfefo Ofpeuhfec ifrklf

Ofpeuhfec tghfi bkbpulyfg `grg iousus skpkrtg [hfec efgl.

Pudnraup

Pudnraup tflfo hg tgtgi pklnfbftfl ik-3 ikefs F ifbg putusifl ultui

hgbfsuiifl ik hfefb Pudnraup Xypg` Ofpeuhfec ifrklf ifbg tghfi bklkbuifl

fhflyf pkl`grg iousus hfrg Ofpeuhfec yfln ifbg flfegsf hg tgtgi ; glg ultui

hgbfsuiifl ik Pudnraup efgl.

Xgtgi >

Kpgpkhal

Kpgpkhal ubdrgi ifrklf bkbgegig bkbgegig wfrlf `aieft ikogtfbfl (6:

WT 4/4) sfbpfg ikhfefbfl 06 `b, tkrnaealn ekbdfd skefbf 7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo

sk`frf iubueftgc (hgtflhfg hklnfl ikfhffl tflfo yfln ekbdfd). Page Purvky Ptfcc


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(677?) bklyftfifl oargsal ubdrgi bkbgegig wfrlf hklnfl vfeuk 0 ftfu iurfln

mgif ekbdfd hfl ; ftfu iurfln mgif ikrgln skrtf irabf 0 ftfu iurfln, munf

tkrnaealn ekbdfd skefbf 7: ofrg ftfu ekdgo iubueftgc. Bklurut Ofrhmawgnkla

(67?>) yfln bklyftfifl dfowf oudulnfl pO hklnfl ID pfhf pO ;,;-3,;

ofbpgr bkrupfifl suftu nfrgs eurus yfln bkbgegig lgefg ID 5;:% hfl bfsui ik

ubdrgi. Ikmkluofl dfsf hfefb ofe glg pkltgln, ifrklf pkrdkhffl kpgpkhal baeegi

hfl ubdrgi oflyf tkrektfi pfhf ikmkluofl dfsflyf. baeegi ), tflfo egft bkbgegig sgcft buhfo ultui

hgduft `gl`gl hfl ofe tkrskdut dkroudulnfl hklnfl pefstgsgtfs. Pkbfigl pefstgs

bfif skbfigl buhfo hgduft `gl`gl hfl ofe tkrskdut bklflhfifl pfhf oargsal

yfln hgfbftg bkbgegig iflhulnfl egft yfln ekdgo tglnng.

Arha

Arha fecgsae ifrklf bkbgegig oargsal frngegi. Bklurut Page Purvky Ptfcc

(677?), tflfo fecgsae fhfefo tflfo yfln tghfi bkbgegig kpgpkhal pefnkl hfl

bkbgegig oargsal frngegi. Ofrhmawgnkla (67?>) bklyftfifl dfowf tflfo fecgsae

tflfo-tflfo yfln hg`grgifl hklnfl fhflyf pklgbdulfl hg oargsal dfwfo. Crfisgtflfo egft yfln hghfpft dkrfsfe hfrg pkl`u`gfl oargsal hg ftfslyf.

Pudarha

Pud arha uhfec ifrklf bkbgegig arha fecgsae hklnfl rkzgb ikekbdfpfl

uhgi. Tkzgb ikekbdfpfl uhgi hg`grgifl hklnfl ikfhffl tflfo hg efpfln yfln



skdfrfl `urfo oumfl hg Mfwf Xgbur, hfl munf tkrhfpft ifdut hg hfkrfo tkrskdut

Nrkft Nraup

Nrkft nraup ofpeuhfec ifrklf tghfi tkrhfpft pkl`grg iousus (bkrupfifl

uhfec yfln efgl). Xghfi bkbgegig oargsal lftrgi ultui bkbkluog syfrft ultui

nrkft nraup Lftruhfec, tghfi bkbgegig oargsal neasgi ultui bkbkluog syfrft

iefsgcgifsg Ckrruhfec, Crfneassuhfec, hfl Neassuhfec, tghfi bkbkluog syfrft


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bkbkluog syfrft iefsgcgifsg Zfekuhfec ifrklf lgefg ouk tghfi bkbkluog.

Pudnraup




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DFD S

IKBFBZ[FL HFL IKPKP[FGFL EFOFL

;.6. Ikefs Ikbfbpufl Efofl

Ofsge iefsgcgifsg ikbfbpufl efofl pfhf tumuo tgtgi pklnfbftfl hg Ikdul Zkr`adffl

Mftgikrta yfilg skdfnfg dkrgiut=

Xfdke 4. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F6

La. Cfitar Zkbdftfs Hftf Iahk Ikefs

6 Xkistur

- Ftfs- Dfwfo

- P@- PE

t4

t8

G

GGG

4 Ekrkln (%) 6? H GS

0 Hrfglfsk Fnfi Dfgi h4 GG

8 Ikhfefbfl

Xflfo (`b)

7: `b i6 GG

; Xglnift krasg Tglnfl k6 GG

3 Dftu/ikrgige (%) Xghfi fhf d: G

> Dfofyf dflmgr Xghfi fhf A: G

? Zkrbkfdgegtfs Fnfi

@kpft

Z8 GGG

7 Ikpkiffl Krasg Tklhfo IK4 GG

IIE GSk

Dkrhfsfrifl ofsge iefsgcgifsg ikbfbpufl efofl pfhf tumuo tgtgi pklnfbftfl hg Ikdul

Zkr`adfflMftgikrtahghfpftifldfowf,pfhf pklnfbftfl tgtgi pkrtfbfbklnklfg ikbfbpufl

suftu efofl hghfpftifl ikefs ikbfbpufl efofl hklnfl dkdkrfpf cfitar pkbdftfs dkrupf

ekrkln pfhf tglnift H (6;-0:%), ofe glg tkltulyf hggiutg hklnfl patklsg krasg pfhf ikefs

efofl tkifgt. Xkrhfpft munf dkdkrfpf cfitar pkbdftfs yfln efgl yfln bklkbpftg ikefs ftfutglniftfl yfln dkrfnfb, lfbul hgsglg yfln pfegln bkbdkrgifl ialtrgdusg tkrdksfr dfng

suftu cfitar pkbdftfs fhfefo ikekrklnfl. Hfefb sifef tkrtkltu cfitar pkbdftfs glg hfpft

hgftfsg hklnfl pklnaefofl hfl ialskrcfsg efofl suftu bgsfe hklnfl bklnnulfifl tflfbfl

tkrfs hfl pkbdkltuifl tkrfskrgln.


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6 Xkistur

- Ftfs- Dfwfo

- PE- PE

t6

t6

G

G

4 Ekrkln (%) 63 H GS

0 Hrfglfsk Fnfi Dfgi h4 GG

8 Ikhfefbfl

Xflfo (`b)

7: `b i6 GGG

; Xglnift krasg Tglnfl k4 GGG



? Zkrbkfdgegtfs Pkhfln Z0 GG

7 Ikpkiffl Krasg Pkhfln IK0 GG

IIE GSk

Zfhf pklnfbftfl tgtgi yfln ik huf bklnklfg ikbfbpufl suftu efofl hghfpftifl ikefs

ikbfbpufl efofl bklkbpftg ikefs GS hklnfl dkdkrfpf cfitar pkbdftfs hfl yfln

dkrialtrgdusg pfegln dksfr yfgtu cfitar pkbdftfs dkrupf ekrkln pfhf tglnift H (6;-0:%), ofe

glg tkltulyf hggiutg hklnfl patklsg krasg pfhf ikefs efofl tkifgt. Xkrhfpft munf dkdkrfpf

cfitar pkbdftfs yfln efgl yfln bklkbpftg ikefs ftfu tglniftfl yfln dkrfnfb, lfbul hgsglg

yfln pfegln bkbdkrgifl ialtrgdusg tkrdksfr dfng suftu cfitar pkbdftfs fhfefo ikekrklnfl.


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6 Xkistur

- Ftfs- Dfwfo

- @E- @E

t4

t4

G

G

4 Ekrkln (%) 6: @ GGG

0 Hrfglfsk Dfgi h6 G

8 Ikhfefbfl

Xflfo (`b)

66> `b i: G



> Dfofyf dflmgr Xghfi fhf a: G


Efbdft

Z4 G

7 Ikpkiffl Krasg Tklhfo IK4 G

IIE GGGk

Ofsge pklnfbftfl bklulmuifl dfowf pfhf tgtgi ik tgnf bkbgegig cfitar-cfitar pkbdftfs

yfln pfegln dksfr ialtrgdusglyf fhfefo cfitar ikekrklnfl hklnfl tglnift @ hklnfl

ikbgrglnfl ?-6;% ftfu fnfi bgrgln/dkrnkeabdfln. Pkpkrtg tgtgi skdkeublyf munf, ialhgsg

ikekrklnfl glg munf bkbdkrgifl patklsg tkrmfhglyf krasg mgif tghfi hdkrgifl pklflnflfl

ialskrcfsg pfhf efofl.


58/97

;0

Xfdke ;. Ikbfbpufl Efofl Xgtgi Zklnfbftfl F8


6 Xkistur

- Ftfs- Dfwfo

- @E- P@

t4

t6

G

G

4 Ekrkln (%) 0 D GG

0 Hrfglfsk Fnfi

Durui

h0 GGG

8 Ikhfefbfl

Xflfo (`b)

7: `b I: G


3 Ddftu/ikrgige(%)

Xghfi fhf d: G



Efbdft

Z4 G

7 Ikpkiffl Krasg Tklhfo IK4 G

IIE GGGw

Zfhf

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