EmosiEmosi

�� Stimulus situasi yang menimbulkan reaksiStimulus situasi yang menimbulkan reaksi

�� Pengalaman positif/negatif yang menyertaiPengalaman positif/negatif yang menyertai

�� Keterbangkitan fisiologis (sistem saraf Keterbangkitan fisiologis (sistem saraf otonom dan kelenjar)otonom dan kelenjar)otonom dan kelenjar)otonom dan kelenjar)

�� Perilaku yang menyertaiPerilaku yang menyertai

Perkembangan teori emosiPerkembangan teori emosi

�� 1899 Charles Darwin1899 Charles Darwin

�� Evolusi emosi, melalui seleksi alam Evolusi emosi, melalui seleksi alam

�� Reaksi emosional terhadap stimuli yang berbahaya Reaksi emosional terhadap stimuli yang berbahaya

menghindarinyamenghindarinya

�� Reaksi emosional terhadap stimuli yang positifReaksi emosional terhadap stimuli yang positif

Mahluk yang

tidak

melakukan

ini akan

punah

mendekatinya: survival, reproduksi mendekatinya: survival, reproduksi

�� Reaksi emosi yang ada pada manusia, ditemukan Reaksi emosi yang ada pada manusia, ditemukan

juga pada hewan.juga pada hewan.

�� Emosi: Emosi:

�� Menyenangkan/pleasantMenyenangkan/pleasant

�� Tidak menyenangkan/unpleasant Tidak menyenangkan/unpleasant

�� David Watson dkk: beberapa pengalaman emosional David Watson dkk: beberapa pengalaman emosional

merupakan kombinasi dari emosi positif dan negatif yang merupakan kombinasi dari emosi positif dan negatif yang

sederhanasederhana

Positif

tinggiNegatif

tinggielatedsurprised

sad

fearful

angry

Positif

rendah

Negatif

rendah

sad

sluggish

relaxedhappy

JamesJames--Lange Theory of EmotionLange Theory of Emotion�� We have experiences, and as a result, our autonomic We have experiences, and as a result, our autonomic

nervous system creates physiological events such as nervous system creates physiological events such as

muscular tension, heart rate increases, perspiration, muscular tension, heart rate increases, perspiration,

dryness of the mouth, etc. dryness of the mouth, etc.

�� This theory proposes that emotions happen This theory proposes that emotions happen as a result as a result of of

these, rather than being the cause of them.these, rather than being the cause of them.these, rather than being the cause of them.these, rather than being the cause of them.

�� The bodily sensation prepares us for action, as in the The bodily sensation prepares us for action, as in the

FightFight--oror--Flight reactionFlight reaction. Emotions grab our attention and . Emotions grab our attention and

at least attenuate slower cognitive processingat least attenuate slower cognitive processing. .

�� ExampleExample

�� I see a bear. My muscles tense, my heart I see a bear. My muscles tense, my heart races. I feel afraid.races. I feel afraid.

�� Using itUsing it�� Using itUsing it

�� Watch people's physiological signals Watch people's physiological signals (facial color, etc.) and deduce what (facial color, etc.) and deduce what emotions will result.emotions will result.

CannonCannon--Bard theory of emotionBard theory of emotion

�� Kritik thd teori JamesKritik thd teori James--Lange Lange

�� We feel emotions first, and then feel We feel emotions first, and then feel

physiological changes, such as muscular physiological changes, such as muscular

tension, sweating, etc.tension, sweating, etc.tension, sweating, etc.tension, sweating, etc.

�� In neurobiological terms, the thalamus receives In neurobiological terms, the thalamus receives

a signal and relays this both to the amygdala, a signal and relays this both to the amygdala,

which is connected with emotion. The body then which is connected with emotion. The body then

gets signals via the autonomic nervous system gets signals via the autonomic nervous system

to tense muscles, etc.to tense muscles, etc.

�� ExampleExample

�� I see a bear. I feel afraid. I tense in I see a bear. I feel afraid. I tense in readiness to run away.readiness to run away.

�� So what?So what?�� So what?So what?

�� Using itUsing it

�� Watch for emotions as displayed in Watch for emotions as displayed in physiological signals.physiological signals.

Lazarus's cognitive theory of Lazarus's cognitive theory of

emotion emotion

�� Emotion merupakan hasil penilaian Emotion merupakan hasil penilaian

(appraisal) kognitif manusia (appraisal) kognitif manusia

terhadap makna pribadi dari suatu terhadap makna pribadi dari suatu

peristiwa atau pengalaman: peristiwa atau pengalaman:

�� Penilaian primer: interpretasi manusia Penilaian primer: interpretasi manusia

terhadap stimulus/peristiwa untuk terhadap stimulus/peristiwa untuk

menentukan apakah stimulus/peristiwa menentukan apakah stimulus/peristiwa

tsb positiftsb positif--negatif atau netral. negatif atau netral.

�� Penilaian sekunder: menilai pikiran Penilaian sekunder: menilai pikiran

dan emosi, dan menentukan apakah dan emosi, dan menentukan apakah

bisa mengatasinya dengan baik.bisa mengatasinya dengan baik.

Comparison of the JamesComparison of the James--Lange and CannonLange and Cannon--Bard Bard theories of theories of emotion. emotion.

Comparison of the JamesComparison of the James--Lange Lange and Cannonand Cannon--Bard theories on Bard theories on emotions. According to the emotions. According to the JamesJames--Lange theory (red Lange theory (red arrows), the arrows), the man perceives the frightening man perceives the frightening animal and reacts with physical animal and reacts with physical (neurovegetative) (neurovegetative) manifestations. As a manifestations. As a manifestations. As a manifestations. As a consequence of such consequence of such unpleasant physical reaction, unpleasant physical reaction, he develops fear. In the he develops fear. In the CannonCannon--Bard theory Bard theory (blue arrows), the frightening (blue arrows), the frightening stimulus leads, first, to the stimulus leads, first, to the feeling of fear which, then, feeling of fear which, then, brings about the physical brings about the physical response.response.

sympathetic

nervous

system�� physiological changesphysiological changes

�� sweating sweating

�� Increased heart rate Increased heart rate

�� Focused attention Focused attention

menakutkan

nor-epinephrine

(adrenaline)

�� Focused attention Focused attention

�� Greater skin conductance Greater skin conductance

�� Particular response may Particular response may

depend on what particular depend on what particular

emotions one is experiencingemotions one is experiencing

Polygraphy

Mendeteksi perasaan anxiety yang menyertai “deception”

lie detectorlie detector

Learning, culture & emotionsLearning, culture & emotions

�� Basic emotion: dibawa sejak lahirBasic emotion: dibawa sejak lahir

�� Emosi dipengaruhi budayaEmosi dipengaruhi budaya

�� mengekspresikan emosi mengekspresikan emosi

�� mendukung mendukung free emotional expressionfree emotional expression�� mendukung mendukung free emotional expressionfree emotional expression�� tidak mengumbar emosi di publiktidak mengumbar emosi di publik

�� menginterpretasi situasi yang membangkitkan menginterpretasi situasi yang membangkitkan

reaksi emosireaksi emosi

TheoristTheorist Basic EmotionsBasic Emotions

PlutchikPlutchikAcceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, Acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise sadness, surprise

ArnoldArnoldAnger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, Anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate, hope, love, sadness fear, hate, hope, love, sadness

Ekman, Friesen, and Ekman, Friesen, and EllsworthEllsworth

Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise

FrijdaFrijdaDesire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, Desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow sorrow

GrayGray Rage and terror, anxiety, joy Rage and terror, anxiety, joy

IzardIzardAnger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, Anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise interest, joy, shame, surprise

IzardIzardinterest, joy, shame, surprise interest, joy, shame, surprise

JamesJames Fear, grief, love, rage Fear, grief, love, rage

McDougallMcDougallAnger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tenderAnger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender--emotion, wonder emotion, wonder

MowrerMowrer Pain, pleasure Pain, pleasure

Oatley and JohnsonOatley and Johnson--LairdLaird Anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness Anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness

PankseppPanksepp Expectancy, fear, rage, panic Expectancy, fear, rage, panic

TomkinsTomkinsAnger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, Anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise joy, shame, surprise

WatsonWatson Fear, love, rage Fear, love, rage

Weiner and GrahamWeiner and Graham Happiness, sadness Happiness, sadness

HappinessHappiness

�� Budaya beda, happiness beda Budaya beda, happiness beda

�� Pada budaya kolektivisme (Jepang dsb): Pada budaya kolektivisme (Jepang dsb):

kebahagiaan individu tidak diutamakan kebahagiaan individu tidak diutamakan

�� Faktor ypenyebab kebahagiaan berbeda:Faktor ypenyebab kebahagiaan berbeda:�� Faktor ypenyebab kebahagiaan berbeda:Faktor ypenyebab kebahagiaan berbeda:

�� Asian American : bahagia bila melakukan sesuatu yang Asian American : bahagia bila melakukan sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan tujuan untuk masa depan berkaitan dengan tujuan untuk masa depan

�� European American : kurang bahagia mengerjakan European American : kurang bahagia mengerjakan tugastugas--tugas sekolah ataupun tugas serius lainnyatugas sekolah ataupun tugas serius lainnya

��

�� Box 1: The seven Box 1: The seven emotions universally emotions universally expressed on the faceexpressed on the face

SadnessSadnessAngerAngerSurpriseSurpriseSurpriseSurpriseFearFearEnjoymentEnjoymentDisgustDisgustContemptContempt

Agresi

TeoriTeori--teori Agresiteori Agresi

�� Instinct theory of aggressionInstinct theory of aggressionInstinct theory of aggressionInstinct theory of aggressionInstinct theory of aggressionInstinct theory of aggressionInstinct theory of aggressionInstinct theory of aggression (Freud, Psikoanalisa: (Freud, Psikoanalisa:

�� Agresi : insting yang dibawa sejak lahir Agresi : insting yang dibawa sejak lahir

Insting

Persaingan bisnis

Persaingan sport

Di”puaskan”

Insting

agresi drive Tindakan agresif Persaingan sport

Melihat sport agresif

Membaca buku kriminal

�� FrustrationFrustrationFrustrationFrustrationFrustrationFrustrationFrustrationFrustration--------aggression theoryaggression theoryaggression theoryaggression theoryaggression theoryaggression theoryaggression theoryaggression theory (Berkowitz) (Berkowitz)

�� Apabila manusia mempersepsi bahwa dirinya Apabila manusia mempersepsi bahwa dirinya

dihambat untuk mencapai tujuan, frustrasinya dihambat untuk mencapai tujuan, frustrasinya

akan berubah menjadi agresi akan berubah menjadi agresi

••Social learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theory••Social learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theory

�� Agresi merupakan perilaku sosial yang Agresi merupakan perilaku sosial yang dipelajari melalui:dipelajari melalui:

�� asosiasi dengan isyaratasosiasi dengan isyarat--isyarat perilaku agresifisyarat perilaku agresif

�� reinforcement: perilaku agresif yang diberi reward reinforcement: perilaku agresif yang diberi reward

�� modeling, observation, vicarious reinforcement modeling, observation, vicarious reinforcement

�� pengaruh media: televisi yang memupuk perilaku pengaruh media: televisi yang memupuk perilaku

agresif agresif