vi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii

PRAKATA ............................................................................................................. iv

DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xii

INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xiii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang .................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................ 4

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................. 4

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ......................................................................... 4

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ........................................................................ 4

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................ 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .......................................................................... 6

2.1 Astigmatisma .................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 Pengertian Astigmatisma ........................................................ 6

2.1.2 Epidemiologi Astigmatisma .................................................... 7

2.1.3 Penyebab Astigmatisma .......................................................... 7

2.1.4 Pembagian Astigmatisma ........................................................ 8

2.1.5 Patofisiologi Astigmatisma ...................................................10

2.1.6 Tanda dan Gejala Astigmatisma ...........................................10

2.1.7 Pemeriksaan Astigmatisma ...................................................11

2.1.8 Penatalaksanaan Astigmatisma .............................................11

2.2 Katarak ...........................................................................................12

vii

2.2.1 Pengertian Katarak ................................................................12

2.2.2 Epidemiologi katarak ............................................................13

2.2.3 Klasifikasi katarak .................................................................13

2.2.4 Gejala dan Tanda Katarak .....................................................15

2.3 Fakoemulsifikasi .............................................................................16

2.3.1 Pengertian Fakoemulsifikasi .................................................16

2.3.2 Cara Kerja Fakoemulsifikasi .................................................17

2.3.4 Keterbatasan Fakoemulsifikasi .............................................19

2.3.5 Komplikasi Pembuatan Insisi pada Fakoemulsifikasi ..........19

2.4 Insisi dan Arsitektur luka ................................................................22

2.5 Perbedaan Besar Astigmatisma Pasca Fakoemulsifikasi pada

Penderita Katarak Senilis antara Insisi Lebar dan Kecil ................25

2.6 Kerangka Teori ...............................................................................27

2.7 Kerangka Konsep ...........................................................................28

2.8 Hipotesis .........................................................................................28

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ...................................................................... 29

3.1 Jenis Penelitian ...............................................................................29

3.2 Variabel dan Definisi Operasional .................................................29

3.2.1 Variabel .................................................................................29

3.2.2 Definisi Operasional .............................................................29

3.3. Populasi dan Sampel .......................................................................30

3.3.1. Populasi .................................................................................30

3.3.2. Sampel ...................................................................................30

3.4. Instrumen Penelitian .......................................................................32

3.5. Cara Penelitian ................................................................................32

3.5.1. Studi pendahuluan .................................................................32

3.5.2. Pelaksanaan Penelitian ..........................................................33

3.5.4. Pengolahan Data ...................................................................34

3.6. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................35

viii

3.6.1. Tempat penelitian ..................................................................35

3.6.2. Waktu penelitian ...................................................................35

3.7. Analisis Hasil ..................................................................................35

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ..................................... 36

4.1. Hasil Penelitian ...............................................................................36

4.2. Pembahasan ....................................................................................39

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................. 45

5.1. Kesimpulan .....................................................................................45

5.2. Saran ...............................................................................................45

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 47

LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 51

ix

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

DM : Diabetes Mellitus

IOL : Intra Ocular Lens

LRI : Limbal Relaxing Incision

MSICS : Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery

OR : Odd Ratio

RSI : Rumah Sakit Islam

SEC : Sultan Agung Eye Center

SIA : Surgically Induced Astigmatism

x

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 4. 1 Rata-rata besar astigmatisma pada penderita katarak senilis 1

dan 3 minggu pasca fakoemulsifikasi ............................................. 37

xi

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2. 1 Perbandingan penyulit yang timbul pada insisi yang terlalu longgar

atau yang terlalu sempit....................................................................... 21

Tabel 4. 1 Karakteristik penderita katarak senilis di Semarang Eye Center RSI

Sultan Agung ....................................................................................... 37

Tabel 4. 2 Normalitas data besar astigmatisma penderita katarak senilis pasca

fakoemulsifikasi .................................................................................. 38

Tabel 4. 3 Perbedaan besar astigmatisma (dioptri) pada penderita katarak

senilis berdasarkan metode insisi ........................................................ 38

xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran1. Data Penelitian ................................................................................. 51

Lampiran 2. Deskripsi statistik karakteristik sampel penelitian ........................... 56

Lampiran 3. Hasil Uji Deskriptif Statistik, Normalitas Data dan Homogenitas

Varian Besar Astigmatisma .............................................................. 57

Lampiran 4 Dokumentasi Penelitian ................................................................... 60

Lampiran 5 Form Kegiatan ................................................................................. 61

Lampiran 6 Surat Keterangan Penelitian ............................................................. 62

Lampiran 7 Surat Jawaban Penelitian ................................................................ 63

Lampiran 8 Ethical Clearance ............................................................................ 64