( I )

, 2008

,

3:

, . ( -), , , , . , , , , . , . - , . , , , , , y, , . . , ( ), , . , , . , , , . . , , . . ? , , , . (384-322 . . ) . , . . . , 3. 2. . . . , - , . . , , , () . ? ? . , . . . , , . . , , . , , . ,

4 . , , . 19. , , , . . , . , , . . , , , : , . 18. . ! , 18. , (1766-1834). 25 , . . , , , . 1 - ( ). , . - , , . 2 : . , , , . 2010, , , . , 90 , . , . , : .

1 , , 1971.2 Martine Padilla CIHEAM/IAM de Montpellier, UMR MOISA Jean-Louis Rastoin, cole nationale suprieure agronomique de Montpellier, Bndicte Oberti Montpellier.

5 . . , , .3 , , , . , , , , . (, , , , ). , , , , .4 , 19925, 1999 , .6 , . . . , . , . 450 , , 350 . . 2009 . 2007, / . , , , :- , , :

3 4 , 2007, 2% . 11. 640 . 10% 1999, 1,56 2005, 3,6% . : Agence franaise pour le dveloppement et la promotion de lagriculture biologique.5 Rglement n 2092/916 Rglement n 1804/1999

6- ( , , ) ; - ( , , , - .) ;- ; - ( ) ;- ( , . , -. 7 . -: , ; , . 8 : , , . , , , , . , , , : , 50%.9 - : . . - - - , .10 , .

7 , , .he second food regime, 1945. 1970. .8 , , , , .9 (Grenelle de lenvironement) , 2007. : Attac France.10 , 2007.

7 , . . , . - , -, - , .11 - , . , - , . , , . Smithfi eld Foods , 187 , 8 . , , .12 : 50 , . , . , , . , , 4 , . - , . , -. 0. 75 , , 12 18 , . - , , .13

11 : Maria Pelletier, Objectif Bio 2007, 02/07/2007.12 , . 11,4 2006. , 14 , 27 , 26% .13 : Farm Folk-City Folk.

8 - , . , 6 , . , , , . . . 80 . okopelli, , , France Inter, 2006, (sic!). . , , . , . , : . , . , , - , , 2 75.000 .14 31. 08. 2006 ( ) , , . 6 . , , . , . , . , , : ? ? ?

14 : www.kokopelli.asso.fr/actu/new_news.cgi

9 50% . . : , . : , , , , , . . , , . -. 150. 000 , . . , . . , 96% , 61% , . , , . . , . . . , , , . : , , . : , , . . ! ! 15

. . . , , Farm Folk- City Folk, . , , , , .

15 : http://www.kokopelli.asso.fr/actu/new_news.cgi

10

, , , . , . , , . , , , , , . , , . Farm Folk- City Folk, , 14% , . , , . : , , , , . , , , . , , , . ( ), . . . , , , . . . - , , : , . , . , , , . , . ,

11

. , 100 .16 , , , , (IPM). , , , , . , . , , , . . - . 2. 200 , , . 65% . 2% , 1% .17 , 98% . , , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , , , . , . , , ,

16 600 . 10 .17 . , , , , .

12

- . : , , e e , . 50 . , , , . . . : 5 , 2-3 . . . -. , , . , . , . , , , , , , , . , , : , , , , , . ! - , (CH4) (N2), 1/3 , . . - .18 . , 19 . -, , - . ,

18 : Terre Vivante. (Claude Aubert) .19 1 200!

13

? , . ? , . , . . , . , 0, 9%. .20 . , . .21 , . . , . , . , , . . . . ( , , ) . , . : , .

20 - 11 12. 2007 , .21 : Pour le maintien de la bio, sans produits chimiques et sans OGM, (Sauvons la bio, 11.06.2007.)

14

, , , .

? . 130,5 2 , , 49,6 . 34,6 , 15 : 13,7 2, , 1,3 2.

15

(commons) - , . 15. 19. .22 , - , . , , , .

, - - . , , .23 , , .

22 , 1843 , , .23 : Th e Ecologist, Whose Common Future: Reclaiming the Commons, Earthscan, London 1993.

, , , , , , . 1943 . 1944, , , , , Dupont, . 1954, , . 1970, , .

16

, , . 1865. , , . . , , 1920. 15 , . 1950. 20 , 70 , 130 .24 , , , , , , , . , , . , . , , . , , . . . - . , - (CLACSO), , . , . ( ), , 19. , , , 20. . . , , , . . , , ,

24 Philippe Ledieu, Plante agricole, coll. Explora, Cit des Sciences et de lIndustrie; , 100 , .50

17

. , , . , . , , .25 442, 3 2000. . je o 9% , 40. 7% .26 70% : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .27 , , (, , , ). , , 17% . , 2/3 , 80% . 6% , , , 90% , , , . , , 80% , , .28 , e e. , . . , 20% 1992. , 43% 1996. , 2. 2 , 40 . , : , . , . , , .

25 : : , Granma, 11. 05. 2007.26 : WTO International Trade Statistics 2001.27 : WTO International Trade Statistics 2001. IV.7 - .28 Ibid.

18

, 350 , , 3, 5 . , , . 1991, . . , , , , , . . 2005 . . - Gilead Science. , , , , , . , , . Hallyburton. , . , . , -, . - . , , Tyson, . , , , . , .29 . : , , , , , .30

29 - . , , .30 rewster Kneen, Farmageddon, Food and the Culture of Biotechnology,1999, . 222.

19

. 1 2, , , . , , . . , . , . , 10%, 20-30%. 2003. , : , , . , , . , , . . . 60% . , 5 , 150 , 1:30. 5 , , , 15. 000 . 1: 3. 000 (sic!). , - , . . . 1 1, 5 , - 1. 250 . 850 , 1. 000 , .31

1945: , , , . , . 1986: , , , . , , , , , . , Ordnance Survey map 1870, 1940. , , .

31 : Jean-Paul Charvet, Alimentation dans le monde: mieux nourrir la plante, Larousse, 2006.

20

, .32 , , . :1. , , ; 2. , , , , . . , . , , ; 3. , . . , . , . - , S24, S32. T - , , , ( ) , . . 97% , , .33 1984-1990 17. 500 93 .34 1945 30% , 65% , 50% , 50% (), 140.000 .35 ( ), : . .36 . 24 , ,

32 Oliver Rackham, Low Impact Development: Planning & People in a Sustainable Countryside, Simon Fairlie, 1996, p.13.33 : Focus on Meadows, RSNC, England, 1991.34 : C.Barr et al, Landscape Changes in Britain Huntingdon, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 1986.35 : Biodiversity and the British Isles, Do or Die , No. 4, p. 34.36 Arden-Clarke, Farming Systems Impact on Wildlife Habitat. In: Th e Environmental Eff ects of Conventional and Organic/Biological Farming Systems, Part IV, Oxford, 1988.

21

, . 1976, 11 24 .37 , 25 - 8 .38 513 , .39 Th e Final Empire: , . . , , , . . , , , , , , , .40

. . . , . , . , , . , . , , , 10 .41 , , - . ,

37 Miloprojekt. Nr 102, Miljostyrelsen, 1988.38 Free Trade & Farm Fallacies, Th e Ecologist Magazine, vol 26, no.6, Nov/Dec 96.39 Korneck, D., Sukopp, H., Bonn, 1988.40 : William Kotke, Th e Final Empire, Arrow Point Press, USA, 1993.41 : Meeting the Expectations of the Land, eds. Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry & Bruce Coleman, North Point Press, San Francisco, 1983.

22

- ( 60% , ).42 , - , & . 80% -, . - . , .43 , , 1. 700 , , .44 , , . , - . 1000 . Industry Week, . , - . . ? \ . , . . , . , . , , . , .45

- 27. 5. 3 () GATT , : -, , , ,

42 Peter Bunyard, Industrial Agriculture-Driving Climate Change?, Th e Ecologist, Nov/Dec 1996.43 Peter Bunyard, Ibid.44 , , . , . 1884, , . , .45 Jean-Paul Dupuy, Llevage industriel, -.

23

- . , , sui generis , . ! , , Pfi zer, Bristol Myers Merck, , American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), , 60.000 , . , , , . . 4925663, , fi re ant, . ATCC , . , W 9208784, 2 . , GATT-, . -. . , , . , - - , . , , , . . . , .46 , Forest Department : . 1880 . :

46 ad nauseam, , , . , , !

24

. , . - 1956 1996, 1, 5 . . 20 , 300 (6 ) , , , , . , 1. 370 , 12 47 , , 2, 5 . 2000. , 150 . 2060. , . , , - , : , . ? 25 . , 76 , , . , 1 , 1 , . , , 18 , , . 5 .48 . , . , 36. 000 . . : , 150 , 75% ! , 500 2, 5 . 30. 000 . , 17 , 1 . . , . , , ? , .

47 .48 , 6 18 .

25

-, -. . : Fast-food, fast-destruction!

2030. ---, . , , . , , , , , . 1994 .49 , , . , , . .

: , , , , . , , , .

49 David. W Orr, Th e Greening of Education, Schumacher Lecture Series in Bristol, October 29, 1994.

. , , , . (), , , , , , . , (, , ). , , , , . , . , , , , - , . ( , , )

26

, !50

50 : Do or Die DTP/web team: doordtp@yahoo.co.uk

27

, , 9. 10. . 1315. , . . , , 19 . , , 18. , , 80% . , 1840. 1850. , , . 25 , 1. 5 , . 16. , , . . . 17. , : 1643, 1661-62, 1683, 1693. : . 18. , . . 18. , , . , , . 51 , , , , XIV. , -. 1788-89, , . 1789. , , . .

51 - (Antoine-Augustin Parmentier), . , . . .)

28

14. 1789. , . 1989. , . . . 5. , , , , , , , . . 19. 1791. : , , . . 1796. , , , , . 20. , . , . 1917. , , . , ! , . : , , , , . - , , . , .52 19. -. , . : , ? . , 1947-48. , , . . 10. 1949. , , . 53 . , . , ,

52 Les hivers noirs ( ), - (Leroy-Ladurie).53 Jose de Castro, .

29

. . 40 ! , ( , , ) . . , ( , .) -, -. , , , , . : 29 , .54 , , . Late Victorian Holocausts (2001), 1870, 12 29 . , , . 1876. , . , - , , , , , - . 1877. 1878, , 6, 4 . 55 , , , . (1877) , , . - - , . , .

54 George Monbiot, The Guardian, 08/01/2008.55 1 = 36,35.

30

1877, 94%. , - ( -sic! -. . .)- . , () , . - , - 1933- . , , , 1. 250.000 , , .

. , : 56, , . 19. . , , , . , . , . , , , , 19. . , 100 , .57 , , - . . , 19. . . . , - , .58

56 . Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Maos Secret Famine, 1999.57 1932, . , , .58 , , , , , .

31

, 1958, .59 . , (sic!). . , , , .60 , . , . - . . . , , , , , , . , 1959, . . , , , , , . , , , 24 .61 , 3. 92 , . , . 239. 280 75. 000 , 88. 392 . , , , : , 90 . .

59 : , , .60 , : ... . : , . 81.61 . Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Maos Secret Famine,.124.

32

.62 . , , 60. 000 , 10. 700 .63 . , , . , , . , , , , . , 1961, . 30. 000 , , . 275 , 50 , . , . , 8 1958, 1 4 . 1961. , .64 . , 1980. , 1989. , 8 1959 1962. , . o , . . , , , , , . 83. 000 335. 000 , 1959 1961. 1989. , 2. 37 , 33 , , 8 . , . , 1967. , .65 , . , , ! , . , , ,

62 : - .63 . Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Maos Secret Famine , . 116.64 . Becker, Ibid., .113.65 .

33

, . . , . , , , , . . -: . , , 1980. , , . , . 66, , , . 1980. . , , , . , . 30 40 . 20 , 1980. . 1876-79, 9 13 . , , .

A , (), . , . , , , : . , . , . . ,

66 . .

: : 25.000 . . 800 . .

34

. .67 . , , . : ) , , , , , , ; ) , , , .68 , . , . , , , , . , . . . 1989, , , 20 : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .69

, , , , , , . , , . , , . , . , . , , ,

67 Famine et guerre, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, no 791, 31. 10. 1991.68 Ibid.69 Famine et guerre, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, no 791, 31. 10. 1991.

35

. : . , . 2. 780 . , 842 . , 30 , 10 (800.000 ), 800 . , . , , , . 300 . . , . , . 10% . , , - . 3 . , , , - - , , 70 , 20. : 1930, , , . . 1996, - , , , , , . , . . . 200.000 . , , 2 , 4 . , , . , , . , . . , .

70 Relations, 2006.

36

, . 8 9 . . : - , . . , . , .71 . , . . 1995 2000, , , , . , , , . - . , , . . , , , . , , . , , - , - - . , , .72 . 1992. , , , , . , (, , ). , . . , .

71 Ibid.72 Ibid.

37

, . . , - , . , , , . . - , - - . , . . . . . , , . , .73 , . , . , , , , , , .74

, , . , , . - . , . , , , .

73 Ibid.74 Relations, 2006.

38

, , . . , . 1992. , . , , , , . . , , . , . , . 1943. , . , . , . 1942. . , . . , . , 1. 5 3 . , , , . , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , . . , , 2000. . .

39

. . . , XI . . . , . , , , , . , . , . 18. , , . , , 1900. 1943. , , , 20 . , . 1984. 1985. , . , , , - . . , . . , .

- ! . , , , . , . . , , .75 2008. -- : ! ( : !).

75 Freedom fr om Hunger ( ) - . , , .

40

. , , : , . , . . . , . , , . , . 1965-1967 -. , . , , . , 15 75% . , .76 , , . , , , : , , . . . , . 1996. , 2002. , 2015. , 22 . , 2030. 440 . 2002. , 25 , . ( ) .77

76 . , , . .77 : , , 2002.

41

, , . 50 . , 2002. 1 , .78 . , 27, 78 ( 2001), . 285 . 2025. 600 , .

1984. . (), , , : . , . , ? . , . . , -. , , . () , , . . 1958-1961, , , , , 30 . , , , , , , , , . , ( , ). . . , , . .

78 : Food Insecurity Atlas of Urban India, 2002.

360 . 2,3 .

42

. , - , ( ). , , , . , , . , : , ( ).79 , . , . , 38 , 70 24 . 7 , , , 5 . , , . .80 , , . 2 -, . ( , , , , .) - . - . 20 , . . 74 1990-92. , , , 3 , 96 ( 47 ).81 , . , , , . , . , ( ), .

79 , , 1952. , , .80 2003. .81 2002. .

43

(, , , , , ), 100 , . , . , , . . , . , 1974. . , ( ) 1887. , . . 1974. , . 350. 000 . , , , . , 840 , . , (), ( ). , ( ) , , ( ) . , , , . ? , . , , (), , . , ( ). . , , , , .82 , , : . , ,

82 (Gabriel Weissberg), , 2004, .

44

, . .83 , , , . , (, , , ) : , , , , (). . , 6 , 12 2100. . . , (: 1915, 1932-33, , , , ). , . , , (, ). : . , o . , . : , , . : , . , , . : , , . , ? ak, , , .84 , .

83 (Alain Bonassier), 2004, .84 1972, 1960. . - 1997. 2001, . , : . - : .

45

. , . , , . , .85 . (), 1962. . , . , . , , , , , 15 20 . ( ) , , 300 , .86 , . , , ( , 2, 9 ). . , , .87 , : , . , .88, , : , , . , . . ? , . , , : , , .

85 Partage International, 2005.86 35 , -. 300 2003. . 200 . o.87 Partage International, 2005.88 Ibid.

46

, , . . .89 : , , -- . . - . -. , . . , . , , . , . . : . , . , , . , . , . , , . . , , . , , . , , . , , 1998, .90

89 Sylvie Brunel, Les ONG et la mondialisation, Le Monde, 25. 06. 2003.90 : Le Monde, 13. 06. 2002.

47

, : . , . , , . , 24 , a 2015.91 30 , 67 . 52 1970 1997. 4, 3 , 330 . , . . 24 .92

91 2002.92 , , .

. , , . , . , : ( , 6.000 . . . ; ( e , , . 18. . ( , , . 19. , . .); ( , -. , , ). , . , , .) , , , . 10.000 8.000 . . . , , . , , . , 12.000 . . . , 8.000 . . . , , , .

48

, 6.000 . . . , , , . . . , . , 8.000 . . . , , , , . (, ), , . , , , . . (, , , , , ), . . - , 150 , 50 100 . , , . 50.000 2050. . 20 , . 1.000 10.000 . , - 20% 270.000 2050. 12 , 2 . , , . 100.000 2 . - . . , , . , . : . 1.750.000 . , 41.415 , (). ( , 2007)

49

, , . , , , , , : , ! , , , , , - , - . , . . , 2005 . 27 , . . . : 2004 10 , 2001. , 2005 . (1950-1953), . , . , . 1990, . : , . , .93 1990 - , (, , ), 1996, 1997, 2000. 1991. , . , , -.

93 Humanitarian Appeal,20032, Special Report FAO-WFP, 22. 11. 2004.

50

, . .94 . , . . . , , , . . , , . , , , 27 .95 , , , . , , , . , , , , . , . , International Rice Research Institute, : . .96 , , . , 430 . . - ( -. . .) , .97 2007. , . , , , , , ,

94 1.600 , 2.000 , .95 Mason, Frances and Kathryn Ogden, Th e Tragedy of Kosovo, 2001.96 Th e Times, 07. 03. 2008.97 : ?, , 2003.

51

, , . . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . . ( ), , . .98 2007. 2. 000 4. 800 , . , . . , , , 50% . , , , . , 115% . . 40 , , , . 2008. , 40% 2008. , , , , 2007. , . 2007. , , 48%. . , , . Worldwatch 1994. ?. . .

98 : , Courrier International, 30.08.2007.

52

, . . , . , , , . . , .99

: , . , , , . , , .100 - : , , ? ? . , , .101

, , , . . - : , . , , , , 2003.102 , . . , . . , 5 , , .

99 .100 S. Smith, Ngrologies, 2006.101 : ?. , 2003.102 : ?. , 2003.

: . -, =%, , , . , , .

53

, , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , ( , ), . , . , , , . , , . , , . . , . , ? . . , . , , , . . , . . , , . . 70 .103 , , , . , , . 20-30 . , . ? . , . , . , , .

103 (Yves Lacoste), : ? , 2003.

54

, . .104

, . . 35% . , , . 35. 800 , 13% . , . , , . . , , . . 2002. , , , - . , . 200 , . , , - . , . , , , . 11-12% , , . , , . . , , 40%, , 10. 000 , . , . 10 , , , , .

104 (Sylvie Brunel) : ? , 2003.

55

, , . , . . , , , . 2000. , . , : 4. 500 , , 11 , 16 , . . , , , . , , , , . - , 1980, . . , . . . , , ( ), . . , . .105 , , , . Daily Telegraph

105 : Groupe local des Landes. Guerre la paysannerie! 17. 08. 2002.

56

2002. . Th e Guardian, , : . , , . 4. 500 , , . , 70% . , , . , .106 , , , . . , , , bile i . 40.000 . , . . . , . , , -, : , . , , .107 . 20 . , . . , , . , , . , : , . , . 1999, .

106 Georges Monbiot, Th e Guardian, 13. 08. 2002.107 : Georges Monbiot, Th e Guardian, 13. 08. 2002.

57

. 2001. , , . . , . , , , . , . , . , . , 1980, , . . , .108

20% , 5%. , 90% , (WFP) . ( , ). 1967, Food Aid Convention (FAC) , Consultative Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal (CSSD). , . , , , .109 CSSD , , . (FAC), , (International Grains Council), , . , 22

108 , - , .109 : Food Aid or Food Sovereignty? Ending World Hunger In Our Time, Oakland Institute, 2005.

58

. (WFP) , , .110 , , World Vision, CARE, Catholic Relief Service (CRS). 80% 8 .111 . in-kind aid, , . Relief, Emergency Food Aid, , , , . , . , . , , . Project Food Aid , , , . . WFP, - -, . , . , . , . . , , : 1. , ( , , ); 2. ; 3. . 1985 (Farm Bill) 75% . , 84%

, , 386 2003, WFP 3,3 . 99% , , . 2004. , 89 .111 CARE 2009, .

59

, . . , , 100% .112 e . (LDC - Least Developed Countries], , . , . PL480, . (. , ) o . , , - . , , . , , a .113

, , . , , , , . ? - . 2.000. , 5, 3 . 2005, 4 . 2007. , 2, 4 . , . , . 2002, 102 . 2006, 70 .114

112 : F. Mousseau, Food Aid or Food Sovereignty? Ending World Hunger In Our Time.113 : Celia W. Dugger, As Prices Soar, U.S. Food Aid Buys Less, he New York Times, September 29, 2007.114 : Sarah Johnson, Let them eat pie, Th e Stanford Daily, October 30, 2007.

. 70% , 10%. 100 , .

60

61

, ,

, 21. . .115 : . , , , . , , . -, - , - . - . - , , - . . , . , , - .116 , - . , . ,

115 ,. -.116 Peter Oosterveer, Globalisation and regulation of food risks. A theoretical overview. Paper for the Conference in Chiang Mai . Changing environmental governance in Asia. Globalization industrial transformation and new state-society relations. 11-12 October 2003 .

62

, .117 , , , . e , via , . - - .118 , , . , , , .119 -, , , , . -, , : , , . , , , .120 - . , . , , . - , .

117 Robinson, 2001, : Peter Oosterveer, Globalisation and regulation of food risks. A theoretical overview.118 In: Peter Oosterveer, Op. cit.119 Bonnano et al., : Peter Oosterveer, Globalisation and regulation of food risks. A theoretical overview.120 McMichael, 2000, : Peter Oosterveer, Globalisation and regulation of food risks. A theoretical overview.

63

-, , . , , , . , , - . , - , .121

, : (). , . , .122 . , . . , , , , . . : e . , , , , , .123 , - . , , , - . - . , , . , , . - , . , . . ,

121 : Mol, 2001, Franklin, 2000, in: Peter Oosterveer, op.cit.).122 (Bernhard Charleru de la Masselire), e , , 2005.123 : Peter Atkins & Ian Bowler, Economy, Culture, Geography, 2001, London.

64

. , . , . , , , , - . 1880. , , , , . (. wage-foods), , . , .124 19. , , , 1876, 1879-1891, 1896-1902. . .125 , - , 309 , . 1800, 1900, 21 . , , , . 19. .126 . 1945, ,127 , 1947 . . , ,

124 , , . , (, , , , ) (, ) .125 IX .126 : Mike Davis, Gnocides tropicaux. Catastrophes naturelles et famines coloniales, Ed. laDcouverte, Paris, 2003.127 / .

65

. , . . , , .128 , .129 , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , .130 . , . . - , . , , . , . , , , , , , , Trans national agro-corporations. 1975, , . , , 1985. -, (1986- 93), , . 1992. , . .131

128 , , .129 , , , , .130 - 21. .131 , , .

66

. , , , . , , : , , , , , . - ( -), . , , . . , -, , - . , - , . , . - , (. , , ). - (, , ). . , , . - , , , . , - . - . .132 - - . , .

132 , .

67

- , . , - , , . - , . . , , .133 .134 , . , (, , - , .) : (, , , .), (, ), (/ ). , . 21. , , , . . , .135 , . , . , . , , , , . , 1947. 1974 , . , . 1880. ,

133 : David Goodman and E. Melaine Du Puis, Rural Sociology , 42/1-2002, pp.11-12.134 , - 5 . , , .135 Amartya Kumar Sen (1933-), , 1998. , .

68

-, . . , . , , , 20 , 1959 1961, . ? .136 . - - , , . , . , . , . . , , 71, 5 1996 2000. . , - . - , General Foods. - , . , . , , , . , , , , , , , . 20% , . General Foods . 44 , 560. 000 , . ,

136 18 (8 ), 228 , 681 , 104 .

69

, General Foods .137

137 Stephen Lendman, : sjlendman.blogspot.com : www.globalresearch.ca

. . . 1 , 750.000 . , . , World Food Program, , , . 2. 4 2007, 2000. 5,3 . 35% 2006 2007. 35%. CARE 2009, .

70

71

, , -

- 1960, , . , . : 85 2007. - 2007. , 2008. 4% , . . , , . , , . . , , . 2007. , 90 , 583 . , , , . : .138

: , , , . , , . 2006. -. , 2006 AWB, . , . , , , . , 11 , , , . AWB

138 : Le Monde Diplomatique, mai 2008.

2007. , , . (, , ) . : . , 2/3 5/6 .

72

. , 220 , . (Wheat Board), , 2006. . . , , , , -. - , . , . , , 4 2006. , 20 2005. .139 . 2007. , , , 200$ 400% .140 , 2007 - 300 . 2008, , . (27), 13 , . , 130% , , .141 , 2007. , , ( ) . , , 10% . , , (IFPRI) , 2020. 25%, 72%.

139 : AWB , AFP, RFI, 2006.140 2007. , , , .141 , , , Le Monde Diplomatique, i 2008.

73

2008. , , , , . 2007. 81 , 2008. 110 . , . , . . . , , .142 (CIC) 2005-6, 8, 3 . 2006-7, 7, 4 , 2008 6 .143 - , . . . 1914. . , , , 70 , . . , , . 2/3 . , , . . . , . . , , , , . 2008, , , 9%. (70% 2007), , , ,

142 . , , , , , in: Le Monde Diplomatique, 2008.143 CIC . , . , .

74

. .144

: ? , -. 200 , 50 , , . , . 5 6% , . , . . , , 250 , 150 , 90 100 , .145

, . , , . 50 , . 90-95% 50%, . , , , . - , - , . , . 1995 , 1 . 1996, . , . 658. 000 , 50% , 20% , 20% , 10% . 2010 .146

144 , , , .145 : - ( Jean-Paul Charvier), , , , , 2003.146 (Philippe Pelletier), , , 2003.

, , , . 2005. 1980. , 1 3 , 1 -6 .

75

. , , 2003. , . , . 1992 2002 , : , . , , , . , , .147

147 (Th ierry Sangian), , , 2003.

76

10

2002 (*)

2002

1980

1961 12,6 1 1 1 7,8 2 2 6 7,4 3 3 3 6,0 4 4 21- 4,2 5 9 28 4,0 6 10 11 3,8 7 5 7 3,7 8 8 5 3,7 9 16 23 3,5 10 6 2

(*) % , , . 441 2002. (: FAOSTAT, 2004.)

77

50% . 70% . 60% , . , . , 43% 58%, 1980 2001. , , , 70%, 40% ( 20 .) , . . , , , , . . : , . , , . . .148 , . , , .149 , . : . 1. 750 000 . , 41. 415 , 2007. . , . , , . , . , , . , , , . , . , .

148 : Mon Caf , Gopolitique de la faim.149 2007.

78

. . , , 300 400 , . . , , . , , . .150 . (, - ) . , , , , . , . - - . , , , . . , . . , . , , . . . . , 1970 1990. , , 30 . ,

150 Jason CLAY, Commodities and Sustainable development: Th e Main Public Policy Concerns Associated With Commodity Production and Trade. World Wildlife Fund-US. : www.ictsd.org/dlogue/2004-07-14/Clay.pdf

79

. , , . ( 5% 15%) , , ( 50% ) . . . 8%, , , , , . . . . , , . ( ) , . . , , . . ( , , ) . , . . , . . -, 20 50 , . (30 50, ) ( ) . . , . . . 50% . ,

80

. , . ? , , , , . . , , , , , , . , , . , , , .151 . 25 50 . . -, . , , , .152

- , , . 19. , 20. , , . (, , ). , , . . (1961-2002), (2 4 ), (1 3 ).

151 Earth University , , , , , .152 Jason CLAY, Commodities and Sustainable development : Th e Main Public Policy Concerns Associated With Commodity Production and Trade. : www.ictsd.org/dlogue/2004-07-14/Clay. pdf

81

. . 1700. , 300 100 , 2000. 2 . , , . . , , : . , 2006, . 3. 000 , . , , ( 4. 000 - ), ( ).153 , , , 2008. , , , . , , , , . 2. 500 , International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD). , , - . 400 . , 800 . 40 , . , , , . , , , , 6, 7 , 9, 2 2050.154 , IAASTD , , : . . , .

153 : Millefeuille Presse / TV Agri154 : Th e Guardian, 16 aril 2008

82

. , 50 . .155 , . haves and have-nots . . , .156 , .157 , , - , Third World Network, Practical Action, Greenpeace Friends of the Earth, : . .158 , -, , : , . .159 - - , - , . 3 : 1. ; 2. 3. . , ( 10.000 , , ), . , , . , . . 18. 19. (, , ) , ( ,

155 Ibid.156 Th e Guardian, 16 aril 2008157 -, , , , , .158 Th e Guardian, 16 aril 2008.159 Ibid.

83

). , , , , , (, , , ). , , . , - , .160 - - .161 , -, , , . , , : , , 10%, k , , , . o 20%. , 30$, , . , , , .

, . , , 50% , 20% 10 .162 815 , 28 , 9 .163 - : , , , , . , , 2 , , , . , 1 20 .

160 . .161 Colloque SFER, Les institutions du dveloppement durable des agricultures du Sud. Montpellier, 7-9 novembre 2005.162 : Euromonitor.163 2000-2002, 2008.

1 1,5/, 1000. 1. 5 , 1.250 . 850 .

84

150. 000 . 800. 000 . .164 - , . 8. 000 , (. food Miles). 7, 4 , 30 . - . - - , . , , , . . , . - , , , ( , , , ). , . , - . , , 2050. 9 . , . , . - . . , , . , , . , , , - , - . , , 80 , 70 . -

164 30. 000 , 120 , 9 75% . 3 (, , ) 60%.

85

125 , 100 . 10 . , , , . (small is beautiful), , 5 - , - :1. -- ( , , );2. ( );3. ( );4. ;5. . 5 100 . : - , . , . - - . -, , . , , ( ), , , . . , . , , , , , , . - , . , ,

86

. , . , , , . : . , : (R&D), , . . , . . ( , ), ( -). , . , . . , . . , , 2. 000 . 1. . . . , , - , , (Padilla et al, 2005). , . . (1885-1977): , , . .165

32 , 32. , , , .

165 , 4 : , , (North, 2005).

87

, , 32.166 . , , . , 32 : 2 . , 32 , . , , , 32 , , , . 32 . , . , . , . 30 , , je per capita- 1. 300 32 . 10 , 320 . 32. , . , 1, 3 , . , .167 : , ( ) , , . 106%, 94%. , . , 11 . 72 ( ).168 : , . : . ,

166 Jared Diamond, Whats Your Consumption Factor ? , h New York Times, 02. 01. 2008.167 . per capita 11 .168 Jared Diamond, Whats Your Consumption Factor ?, NYT, 02. 01. 2008.

88

, , , . . , per capita , , , , , , , , . .169 , , - . , , , - ( ) 15 2 , 35 2 . , . , ( , , .) , Scientifi c American- 66 . , . . .170 , .171 , , . . , , .172

169 Ibid.; . Collapse, Guns, Germs and Steel.170 , . , , .171 .172 , . . , .

89

, , , . , , , , , .173

173 Reuters, 26. 07. 2008.

90

, (ROPPA): . 1960, , 85 . , , . 2000, 65 , , , . , 40 . , , . , , . , , . , , 70 80 . , :1) 10%, 5% . . , ; 2) . 3 4 . (, , ) . , , . ; 3) . : ' '. , , . . 1960,15 , 70 , . ? , , , , , , ''. , 10%. 10% ? , , 10%, . , - . . : . 30 , . . ? ? ? 60 80 , . : , . 300.000 , , . : ' . '. , , 300.000 , , ? ? , . . , ?( , 28. 11.2002, .)

91

. . , . , - . , , . , . , . . , .174 , , . , . . . 1977, , , -, . : . , , , , , , .175 : , , . ( ). , . , .

174 , . .175 14 II 1977.

92

, . , , , .

( ), , , . . , , . , , . , .

, , . , . , . . , . , , , . . , . , , . , . , . , , ( , , ), . , , . , . , (, , , .) , . - . , , . , , . , , .

93

. . 1987. , , , . , 1996 . . FIAN ( ), VANAHR ( ) . 4. . : , , , , . . . . , . 40% . 40% , .176 2000, .177 , , , , , , , . , , : , ,

176 1997-98, , - (Georgia Citizens Coalition on Hunger) , , 5,1 . 3,25 . - , .177 Resolution No 2000/10 of 17 April 2000, 52nd meeting of the UN Commission on Human Rights, Geneva, 2000.

94

.178 , , , , . .179 1993 , . , 1948. , , , : , , , . , . . 180 , () 1996, . , , , , , , , , . , , , . . , , -, . , , , Global Compact . , 31. 1999. 1. 000 .

178 : Moises Naim, Fads and Fashions in Economic Reforms: Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?, .179 , . , , , , , .180 General comment 12 on Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN document HRI/GEN/1/Rev 5, 26 April 2001.

95

1000 ( ), , , 1 . () 9 .181 , . .182 , , , .183 , , . , i o . , , 500 . , , , . , o je, , . , , .184 , . , . , , . 1991-92, . . . , . .

181 . . , , , -.182 , . .183 Serge Halimi, FMI et la faim, Le Monde Diplomatique, 4/ 2008.184 (Ren Dumont) (1904-2001), , . . . : . : , , , . , 1974.

96

. , . , 1. 500 , . , . 21 , . . FIAN, , , . FIAN . FIAN: . . , . . . , . , , . , , ( , ), , , . , , , , , . - . .185 . , , - , . ,

185 : Rolf Kunneman.

97

, . , , . , , , : , ?; , , ?; ?; , , ?186

186 : Ellen Messer, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy .

98

99

, e . , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , . ? , , . , , , , . , . , . e, , , , . - North American Army, .187 , , . , : - ; , , ; ; . , , , , . , , , , , . , . .

187 NAA . , .

100

, , , , . , , , (: ). , , , , , (, ).188Via Campesina189, (ROPPA), : , , . , , , .190 , , , : 1) , ; 2) , , ; 3) , ; 4) ( ) . , . , . , . , - . , , , 35 40 , 50, 60 . , . , . , !191 2007. . . : ,

188 Catherine Gaudard, Comit catholique contre la faim et pour le dveloppement, CCFD.189 , 190 : Attac France191 - ( Jean-Claude CHARVET), , 2006.

101

. , , , . . , , , , . , . , . . , -. , , .192 , , , , , , . .

, , 2007. , . , , -, , , , - , . , . , , , ,

192 : 30 , 300 , 1 , , , , .

, 80% . : , , , , , , , , , , . , ( , ).

102

, , . - - . . , , , , .193 -. . , , , . . . , . . . 800.000 , . 9 , , , . . , , . . , , . , . , , . . . , , . , , , , . . , , , ,

193 (ARAUJO), , 23. 03. 2007, ttac, France

103

, . -, -, , , . .194 80% . , 2008 10%, . , . , : . , . , , , .195 , . , . , 170.000 , 1997. .196 , . , - , -, .197 - , 1995 , , , , , , , . 1. 1996, . , . : (, ); ; , ;

194 37 , 40% 2007. .195 : SOTT, Signs of Th e Times , 04. 06. 2008.196 : Signs of Th e Times, 6/2008.197 - : , , , , . , , .

104

, . .198 (IPC)199 - . Group of Four QUAD : , , . 134 .200 , , - ROPPA, , , . . . , , . . . , ROPPA. . . . . . .201 30. 2008, , 8 , (Doha round). 153 , , , , , , , . , . 20 , , 19. . , , .

198 : Stephen Lendman, Reviewing F. William Engdahls Seeds of Destruction - Part III. Th e Steve Lendman News and Information Hour on Th eMicroEff ect.com, 04.01. 2008.199 Th e International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council lobby (IPC)200 j : Cargill, Monsanto, ADM, DuPont , Nestle Unilever . -, Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights-TRIP201 : Dfi s-Sud, 11/2002.

105

- . , .202 , , , , , , , . . , - 2008 , , .203 , : ; - , ; - , ; - .204 : , , , , , , - , . , , , . , , , , -. , , , . , . , 1, 4 1998. , 320 .205 , , ,

202 ALENA 1,8 1994. . , 30 , 90$ , 134$ .203 , 30. 07. 2008; . , , 31. 07. 2008.204 : Attack France, 205 Business India, 03/1998, : Vandana Shiva, Le terrorisme alimentaire,.27.

106

. 75%, . , 2008 .206

? -, . . . , , . , , , . , , , (National Endowment for Democracy), . , . , , , . . , , : , . , . , , 58 . , . . , , . , .

206 , . , .

107

. Blair House-, , 31. 2003. , . , . .207 : , . , ( , ) 29 - 370 . , 50 . , . .208 , , . - , : . , , .209 . , . , . 1996 .210 , : : 55 , 35 15 ,

207 : Devinder Sharma, Food as Political Weapon, Acres U.S.A, 03. 03. 2004.208 Jorge Enrique Robledo Castillo, , Universidad Nacional de Colombia, , 6-7 2001.209 Joo Pedro Stdile, Un pueblo sin soberana alimentaria es un pueblo esclavo, dependiente, Movimiento de los Trabajadores Sin Tierra(MST). Pgina Abierta, n 141, 2003.210 , , 500.000 , 1990, . 15% .

108

, 45. 000 1990. 2003, . ( 38 ) , 6 ( ), 4, 5 . , , 70 , 56 , . 3.500 . , . , , , in situ , Monsanto, Dupont , . , , , . 34, 5 (50% ), 14 (54% ). 99% , , , , . , , .211 , . . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , .212 ( .) , , , , ,

211 : Alberto Jorge Lapolla, Argentina: del granero del mundo al hambre generalizado, de la mano del monocultivo de soja transgnica , Rebelin, 31. 03. 2004.212 : RISAL - Rseau dinformation et de solidarit avec lAmrique latine, http://risal.collectifs.net/, 25. 04. 2004.

109

, , , , . , , . , . . , , , , , trade-in-your-sovereignty , . . 213 , , 2002. : , , , . , . . , - , , , . , , . 2003, , . , . . , , , . , - . , . - . , . , , . . , - ,

213 : RISAL-Rseau dinformation et de solidarit avec lAmrique latine, http://risal.collectifs.net/, 25. 04. 2004.

110

, . , , - , . , 1973. , , . , , , , , . 40% 15%, 100% , . , . . , 81, : , . 20 . , , , . , , , . . (sic!). 10.000 e e , - .214 , , - . . 8 . - , - . , - . , . , , 81, 26 , . ,

214 : William ENGDAHL, Seeds of Destruction: Th e Hidden Agenda of Genetic Manipulation (2006)

111

. , , .215

- . , , 5-6 , : , 4 . , . , , . 95% 73% . , 63% , 100% . . -, , , .

. 2. 600 , 1. 000-1. 500 1993. . .216 , , . , . , : , . , , . 200 - 200 , 800 . , , - . , , .

215 -, (William Engdahl) , . 30 . Centre for Research on Globalization. , : A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order(2004), Seeds of Destruction: Th e Hidden Agenda of Genetic Manipulation(2006)216 Andrew Buncomb, , Th e Independent, 08. 08. 2007.

, 0,25 . 0,15 2050. .

112

. . , . . , - . , , , . , , - - . , . .217 . , , , , . . , , , : , . , . , , .218 7. 000 , organoponicos, 30. 000 . , . . 200 90% . Vivero Organoponico Alamar, , 0. 7, 25 . . Nacional mojitos, .219 , , 50:50. , . , , , , , . , , , .

217 : Andrew Buncomb, Th e Green Revolution of Cuba, Th e Independent, 08. 08.2007.218 Ibid.219 Ibid.

113

, , : , . 170 , 3. 000 9. 300 . , , . , . 2. 600 , 1990 1993, 3 2000-2002. , , 77 , .220 . () , , , , (organoponikos): , , . . , , . . . , : , . , , .221

220 : Th e Independent, 08. 08. 2007.221 : Th e Independent, 08. 08. 2007.

114

115

-

- - a- .222 , , . . , . , -.223 , . , .224 , excess of democracy. . 1973. , 300 , , .225 , - . - , , . , , , . 1973. , , .

222 : William Engdahls Seeds of Destruction, Global Research, January 7- February 22, 2008.223 a paradigm shift .224 , , Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller Brothers Trust. , Council on Foreign Relations. .225 , , , , , , - , , 2007. .

116

, . , . , , - . , . , . . , Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Continental Grain. , . . . , , , . . , . . . , - -, . .226 , , , , . . (debt slavery). , , .227

, , NSSM 200, , . :

226 1971 .227 , DuPont: Better things for betterliving through chemistry.

117

13 . , , , , , . .228 , , 1948. , . .229 - , - Pax Americana. . (CFR), . Rockefeller Foundation. .230 . , , , . , . , prime movers. , , . .231 1954, PL480, Food for Peace,

228 , , , . 500 2000. , 10 20 .229 20 . 44 , 14 55 , . International Planned Parenthood Federation and Family Health International. - USAID.230 : William Engdahls Seeds of Destruction, Global Research, January 7- February 22, 2008.231 . . , , .

118

.232 - .233 1947. , International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC).234 Cargill. . , , .

- - - . , . . - . . .235 - . . 4 -5 , . -, , (Factory Farms). : Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Smithfi eld Foods ConAgra.236

232 , . . - . , , , . , USAID CIA .233 , 1952 1979, , : , , .234 .235 .236 600.000 157.000, 1979 1998. .

119

, , , . , , . - , , , . , , . UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) , . 2007. , , . 2007. 40% , 9% 2006. . 25% . : , , , ( ), . : , .237 - , , . , 2004, 84% - Tyson, Cargill, Swift National Beef Packing. 64% : Smithfi eld Foods, Tyson, Swift Hormel. 71% : Cargill, ADM Bunge. 63% , 90% . 89% : Kellogg, General Mills, Kraft Foods Quaker Oats. Cargill 1998. 40% . - 75% , 60% , : Monsanto, Novartis, Dow Chemical, DuPont. Monsanto DuPont 60% - .

237 , 20 , 6 , 2 , 850 . , : , , , . , , .

120

. 649 2002, 30 .238 , . , . , , .239 , , Agent Orange , , , . , . , , , . , , , . - 1989. , . , , -. , -. , , , (rBGH), Posilac. 1993 , . , 30% . , , , , , . , , , . -

238 : Stephen Lendman, http://www.sjlendman.blogspot.com/; : News and Information Hour on Th e MicroEff ect.com239 , .

121

, . , . 1999. 300 British Royal Society, . , , , .240 , , . . , , , , , . , Th e Lancet. , , .241 , - . , . . , Grainseed, . Observer . . , . , , . , .

: , . 400 . , . , ,

240 , (Dr. Arpad Pusztai), , Rowett Research Institute .241 . - .

122

.242 . , , , - , . -. - . . (agri-ceutical system). () , , , - . ()

() . , . . -. , . , . ? , . Syngenta BT 10 . 4 BT 10 BT11 ().243 . , , . , . , , . , . , , . Biosafety Protocol, 2000 , , , , ,

242 (National Defense University) , 2003. : Agribusiness (now) is to the United States what oil is to the Middle East.243 BT11 BT11. .

123

, . 135 , , . , (). . . . -.244 , , , . . , , . .245 : , . , , . .246 ex ante , . , . . . . , . 2000. , 40. 000 . , .

244 : smlockwo@uwaterloo.ca245 ! , .246 , , , . , , , , , , - , . , .

124

, , () , . . , . , , , . , , . , , , ttac France, . : . , , . . .247

- - 2007. . , Biogemma, , Limagrain. . , , . ttac France . , , : , , , , : . , , , ., , j , , , - , - .

247 : ? , 03/01/2008, Montreuil, : Attac France.

125

. .248 - . - , . - , , , , . , , .249 , , , . , , . , , - . - 1998, .250 , . . , , , , . , , . . , - , .

248 - , Terre Vivante ( ), , UMR, MOISA, 2006.249 Alain Jupp ( ), , (-..), , : , .250 98/95 CR. , , , .

126

, . - . . -, - , .251 2007. 19. 815 . 30.000 50.000 , . , . , 31. 2007, - , , , MON 810. 2008. , , . N 810 nsanto.252 , . , , , . : - - . , , -. , N 810, , ,

251 : Attac France : Aurlien Bernier, OGM, romantisme et stratgie, 23/07/2007.252 , 2006, 44 . J 2007, ( Jos Bov) , .

127

.253 -, Attac, , 2008. . , , , .254 , . , - , - ( ). , . - 45 . - , Attac. . , , , 2007. . , ? , , . , . , , - , . - .255 , . ( , , , ) . , , , .

253 , . , , , - .254 Attac . , . - . , .255 : OGM: une importante victoire !, 15/01/2008, Attac France Montreuil.

128

: , : , .256 , 22. 2000, . , , . , . , , 2008. - , , -. , , . . , , , . , , , . , , 2000. 2006 (, , !), ( 2005, 2006) Monsanto, Pioneer Dow Agrosciences, . Greenpeace (Sagarpa), . .257

- : : , , , , . , . , , .

256 Reuters, 6. 2006.257 : exico: h Green Light for GMO, Th e Guardian, 31 . 03. 2008

129

, . , , , , - - . , - - . . Pew 29 , 87 , . . 2003. IRT , . , , . IRT , , -. , - : , . , , , .258 , , -, , : , , , . , - . , ? , - , .

258 : lendmanstephen@sbcglobal.net

130

. 21. .259 2007. , : 260 (US Food and Drug Administration, FDA) . , . , , : , . , . , , , , , , . : , , . , nsanto , . - , , . , , . B-. , . , . . -. , , , , , , .261 nsanto . , . ,

259 : lendmanstephen@sbcglobal.net260 : G. Smith, Genetic Roulette: Th e Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods, 2007.261 : lendmanstephen@sbcglobal.net

131

, , . , , - : Monsanto, DuPont, Dow Agrisciences, Syngenta. , Novartis AstraZeneca. . Ag biotech, - : Bayer CropScience AG, Bayer AG. -, . - , .262 : , . , .263 : m oa . , m .264 , .265 , . , , , . . B176 , . : , , .266

30 , , . 21.

262 : G. Smith, Genetic Roulette: Th e Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods, 2007.263 Ibid.264 Ibid.265 Ibid.266 : lendmanstephen@sbcglobal.net

132

. , : , , , , . . , , . : , , . , , - (Sirad), , 1999 . . , , , . 90% , 80%, . radona. , . , Round-up, , , ! , . - , , . , , , , . 1996, 1, 5 , 60 2003, 100 2006. . , . , .267 . . , , ! . ( ) .

267 , , 20. 2008, , .

133

, , - (Monsanto, Novartis, DuPont, Zeneca, Aventis). , , , . . (, , ) , , , , . McCormick, International Harvester, . , , -. , ( , ), - . . , , . - . , , . , . , . . , . , , Attac. , . , . erminator ( - onsanto) , , , .268 , . () ( ).

268 (, . ) : ( ), ( ) ( - ).

134

, , . . , - INRA. , , - - . , , , , , , . Terminator -. . Monsanto, , . , , , . , , , Monsanto , -. . , Monsanto -, , . , , , , , , . - , .269 , -, ( ). , 270, - . , .271

e .

269 Monsanto .270 .271 : Attac, Conseil scientifi que, 26/06/1999 .

135

. . () , . , .272 , ( ) . ( ) . . , . 1980. ( ). . , .273 (), (, , , , . ( , ). , , . ( , ) , . . , ( ).274 . , . . .275

272 .273 , , ( - ) . (, .), ( - . ( ).274 , , . (, ) ( , , .). , , , .275 .

136

, , . : , , , , , , . , . , , . -,

: - - , , , . , , -, -, - , . , . , , . , , , 1995. .276 , , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, , . . . 15 20 .277 BNP . , , . 2000. : .

276 (Paul Krutzen) , , .277 , Pergame Finances, : , , , .

137

. : , , 16, 5 , ! , 6 . , 4 . . , 5.000 . .278 , -. nsanto Lockheed Martin. Syngenta, -, 3272. . , ? starlink. , , . - . British Petrol DuPont de Nemours, . DuPont 1999 , Pioneer HiBred.279DuPont Synchrony. t BP , . Volkswagen ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company). Royal Dutch Shell - . Cargill, - , . .280 , , , , , , , .

278 (Emmanuelle Groundman) , (Ces Forts qui tuent). Les Amis de la Terre .279 20. Du Pont . Du Pont , - 280 A lore de lor vert ( ), - .

138

- : , , , . , . . , , . , , . : Monsanto, Bayer, Singenta, DuPont, . - , , . 40 , , , , , (sic !). , : - , - .281 , - . , , , - .282

, , - 2005. . , . , . , . . Centro para la Tecnologa de la Caa 2007, , . 15% . -. -, 2010. . . , Monsanto, . , . - (CIAA), ,

281 : , 500 - 2,5 . 2.420 , . , 10.000 , .282 (Pierre Rabhi), 2007 , . 36.000 , . 36.000 12 2001. : pelli, 24. 03. 2007.

139

. , 2.020, . , . 2007. 98% , , 2. 022. . 2. 002. , 5 , 2032. , . , . , , .283 , (CLACSO), , , . , , , . - , , , . , : , -.284 : : 1, 36 , 0, 67 , 80 . O - . . 0, 44 , 0, 18 . , , , . 109 ( 84 ), 187, 5 , 600 , 1. 016 , 1. 325 , 1. 709

283 Delft Hydraulics , 33 -, . 10 . , 10 .284 : , Granma, 11.05.2007.

140

. , , , -, .285 - , 2006. . , 20 2005, 14 , 6 . . , , 800 .286 , , . , .287 , , . -, . , , , . . , . , , , , , . . - , , . - , , , , , , . , . - . . ,

285 Ibid.286 : Lester Brown, Th e Globalist Perspective, 2006.287 Foreign Aff airs, 2006, : - .

141

, , , . .288 . , . , , . . .289 , : - , , . - , , , - , . . , . , , . . .290

, , , . . 1970, 2006. 1970 1970. . , , , . , . , . , . , , , .

288 : , ,Granma, 11.05.2007.)289 , , aja 2007, .290 , ,Granma,11.05.2007.

142

, , , , . , , . . . , . , , , , . . , , 291 ? : ; ; ; . , , , , .292

- , . . 300 360 , . , . . : , , . 2000. , . , . , 400 !

291 : http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-lecture.html.292 : X. Rochel / Univ. Nancy 2 - Cours Agriculture dans lespays du Sud, 2007.

143

. 3 , , . , , . , , 1/10 . , - . , . , , . , . , . 2005, , . , , . . . . . , , , , . , . . . - , . , . . , .

144

, . , , 1952. 1953. 1958. , , 1905, , . , , .293 , 1956 1970/1990, . 115 . 2. 000 USAID. , , . , , , . . 1966. , . . , . , .294 , , . . , 1984. Union Carbides , 3. 000 1984.295 : --, . , , . , ,

293 . - , , , , , , , - : , . , Monsanto - , , e , e .294 , , -, 2007, : y295 30.000 .

145

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146

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299 60 1980-81, 440 1997-98, 240 .300 .. 1969.301 5.000 1960-61, 1,3 1998-99.302 1 3 75% . , 2.3502 , 1999. .

147

. .

. , , , , , . . , 40 . , , , , . , . , . , . , , , - , . - , . , . , , . , , , , , . , .303

303 : Documents d Informations techniques FAO

148

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. . , .304 . , , . . . . , .

304 1945, , - . , , , .

149

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305