ispa
DESCRIPTION
epidimiologiTRANSCRIPT
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INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT (ISPA)
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SISTEM RESPIRASI
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ANATOMI TENGGOROKAN (THROAT ANATOMY)
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PARU-PARU
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Types of Respiratory InfectionsInfluenzae (Flu)PharyngitisOtitis ExternaOtitis MediaSinusitisLaryngitis
BronchitisBronchiliolitisPneumonia (infection in alveoli)
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup disease)
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Gejala & TandaDemamSakit kepalaNyeri tenggorokanHidung buntu, pilekBatukNafas cepat & dalam
Suhu tubuh meningkatRetraksi intercostalGambaran paru abnormalPemeriksaan darah abnormal
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Agent BiologiVirus : virus Influenza, viris Parainfluenza, Respiratory Synsitial Virus (RSV), virus Corona Cytomegalo virus (CMV).Bakteri: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus.JamurParasit
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Acute Bronchitis
(associated with a cough)
Primarily viral
Viral damage can, however,
predispose to bacterial invasion of the airways,
leading to purulent bronchitis.
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Pulmonary Infections
Diagnosis
Areas of involvement
Chest X-ray
Bronchitis
Airways only
Lungs are clear
Pneumonia
Includes alveoli
Consolidation in lung(s)
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Pathogens Causing
Community Acquired Pneumonia
Extracellular
Intracellular
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumonia
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pneumocystis carinii*
Viruses
Legionella pneumophilia
Toxoplasma gondii**
Yersinia pestis
Histoplasma capsulatum*
* Fungal
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**Protozoal
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S. pneumoniae([email protected])
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(S. pneumoniae)([email protected])
Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Infection
1. Infants and Young Children
2. Elderly (>75 years)
3. Immunodeficient
a. Asplenia and Sickle Cell Disease
b. AIDS
c. Cancer
d. Inherited Immunodeficiency (agammaglobulinemia)
e. Transplant Patients (induced immunodeficiency)
4. Other Risk Factors
a. Smoking cigarettes
b. Alcohol
c. Crowded Living Spaces
e. Smoke from Cooking and Heating
f. Malnutrition (including vitamin A and Zinc deficiency)
g. Viral Infection (colds, flu, RSV, measles, etc.)
h. Surgery
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Risk Factors for Nosocomial Pneumonia
(20 - 50% of infection related deaths hospitals)
Immunodeficiency
Advanced age
Sever underlying disease
Intubation
Respiratory equipment
Nasogastric tubes
Surgery
Previous use of Antibiotics
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Common Etiologies of Nosocomial Pneumonia
(20 - 50% of infection-related deaths in hospitals)
% of cases
Etiologic Agent
60
Gram-negative rods
Klebisella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Serratia marcescens
Enterobacter
Enterobacteriacae
Pseudomonas
17
Staphylococcus aureus
6
Streptococcus pneumoniae
5
Anaerobic bacteria
5-10
Viral (RSV, influenzae, parainfluenzae, etc.)
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PNEUMONIA
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Lobar Pneumonia ([email protected])