PSZ 19:16 (Pind.1/97)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

JUDUL : STABILITY OF SHEET PILING SYSTEM

SESI PENGAJIAN : 2003 / 2004 II

Saya ZAA’BA BIN ISMAIL

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat – syarat kegunaan seperti berikut :

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan

pengajian sahaja.3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi.4. ** Sila tandakan ()

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

____________________________ ___________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)Alamat tetap :

No.26 Jalan 4/5L, PROF. MADYA MOHD ZAIN HJ. YUSOF

Seksyen 4, Nama Penyelia

43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor.

Tarikh : ___________________ Tarikh : ___________________

Catatan: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan,

atau disertai bagi pengajian secara kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).

“Saya / Kami* akui bahawa saya telah membaca karya ini dan pada pandangan

saya / kami* karya ini adalah memadai dari segi skop dan kualiti untuk tujuan

penganugerahan ijazah Sarjana Muda / Sarjana / Doktor Falsafah

Kejuruteraan Awam”.

Tandatangan :

Nama Penyelia : Prof. Madya Mohd Zain Hj. Yusof

Tarikh :

* Potong yang mana tidak berkenaan.

STABILITY OF SHEET PILING SYSTEM

ZAA’BA BIN ISMAIL

Laporan projek ini dikemukakan

sebagai memenuhi sebahagian daripada syarat

penganugerahan ijazah

Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Awam

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

FEBRUARI, 2004

STABILITY OF SHEET PILING SYSTEM

ZAA’BA BIN ISMAIL

Project report is submitted as a partial requirement for the award of the

Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

FEBRUARY, 2004

“Saya akui karya ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan dan ringkasan

yang tiap – tiap satunya telah saya jelaskan sumbernya”.

Tandatangan :

Nama Penulis : Zaa’ba bin Ismail

Tarikh :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely wish to thank you all parties which has given me encouragement,

help and permission to collect details and data in preparing this project directly or

indirectly. Especially to Associate Professor Ir. Mohd Zain Hj. Yusof, lecturer of

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai who act as a supervisor giving a lot of

guidance and view. Great appreciation to Datin Hjh. Aznom Hussien, Managing

Director of Ligamas Sdn. Bhd, for the opportunity and encouragements. Also to all

the others for their uncountable advise, views, guidance and co-operations. I wish to

express my sincere appreciation and thank you to my family for their sacrifice, help

and moral support toward me in achieving a success in this course.

Zaa’ba bin Ismail

February, 2004

ABSTRAK

Cerucuk keping menjadi pilihan yang penting di dalam pembinaan

struktur penahan tanah, samada ianya struktur sementara mahupun sebagai struktur

yang kekal. Terutamanya di dalam keadaan di mana faktor kawasan dan masa yang

terhad. Rekabentuk dan pembinaan dinding cerucuk keping adalah gantung kepada

jenis dan lokasi cadangan ataupun keperluan projek yang memerlukan perhatian

yang teliti. Kajian keseluruhan cadangan projek, sehingga kepada menentukan

kesannya terhadap kemudahan sedia ada , alam sekitar dan yang lebih penting ialah

keperluan dan keberkesanan projek tersebut. Penjajaran dinding yang diputuskan

mestilah memenuhi keperluan dalam memberikan perbandingan dari sudut ekonomi

dan kesan terhadap alam sekitar. Analisis kestabilan sistem cerucuk keping di dalam

laporan ini adalah berdasarkan kepada dua jenis dinding cerucuk keping yang biasa

digunakan iaitu dinding julur dan dinding tertambat. Cerucuk keping dinding julur

kebanyakannya digunakan sabagai struktur penahan tanah sementara dan

kestabilannya bergantung kepada rintangan pasif di bahagian cerucuk yang tertanam.

Manakala dinding cerucuk keping tertambat pula kebanyakannya digunakan sebagai

struktur penahan tanah yang kekal. Di mana bahagian atas cerucuk keping tersebut

ditambat kepada blok penambat menggunakan rod. Penyediaan penambat akan

memberikan pengurangan terhadap kedalaman penusukan dan keluasan keratan

cerucuk keping tersebut.

ABSTRACT

Sheet piling became an important option in construction of retaining structure

either its temporary or permanent, especially where space and time factor are

constrained. The design and construction of a sheet pile wall is dependent on the type

and location of the proposed or desire project which deserve careful consideration.

Overall reviews of the proposed project with the extents of determining its effect on

existing facilities, environment and more important the function are clearly essential.

The final alignment must meet the general requirements of providing the most viable

compromise between the scale of economy and environmental impact. The stability

analyses of sheet piling system in this report are base on two types of sheet pile

commonly used which are Cantilever wall and Anchored wall. Cantilever sheet pile

wall are mainly used as temporary retaining structures and depend for their stability

on the passive resistance mobilized on the embedded portion. On the other hand

Anchored sheet pile wall are mainly used as permanent retaining structures. The

upper end of the sheet piling is attached to anchor block through a tie rod. Such a

provision of anchors reduces the depth of penetration and the cross-section area of

the sheet pile

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

PENGESAHAN PENYELIA

PENGESAHAN FAKULTI

JUDUL

PENGAKUAN ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRAK iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENT vi

LIST OF TABLE x

LIST OF FIGURE xi

LIST OF SYMBOL xiii

LIST OF APPENDIX xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objective 2

1.3 Scope Of Study 3

1.4 Methodology 3

1.4.1 Primary Source 4

1.4.1.1 Site Inspection 4

1.4.2 Secondary Source 4

1.4.2.1 Literature Review 4

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview 6

2.2 Sheet Piling System 8

2.2.1 Cantilever walls. 8

2.2.2 Anchored walls. 9

2.3 Sheet pile walls materials. 11

2.3.1 Timber Piles. 11

2.3.2 Reinforce Concrete Piles. 12

2.3.3 Light-gauge aluminum. 13

2.3.4 Heavy-gauge steel. 13

2.3.5 Light-gauge steel. 14

2.3.6 Other materials. 15

2.4 Installation of sheet pile. 16

2.4.1 Setting 16

2.4.2 Driving 20

2.4.3 Skewing 26

2.4.4 Limited Headroom 27

2.4.5 Alignment of Sheet Piles 28

2.4.6 Driving Equipment 28

2.4.7 Vibratory Drivers 30

2.4.8 Drivability of Vibratory Hammer 32

2.4.9 Impact Hammers 33

2.4.10 Drivability of Impact Hammer 35

2.4.11 Extraction of Sheet Piling 35

2.4.12 Vibration and Noise Control 36

2.5 Pressures on the wall 37

2.5.1 Rankine Active Earth Pressure 39

2.5.2 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure 42

2.5.3 Coulomb’s Active Earth Pressure 44

2.5.4 Coulomb’s Passive Earth Pressure 45

CHAPTER III STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SHEET PILE WALLS.

3.1 Analysis of Cantilever Wall 46

3.2 Analysis of Anchored Sheet Pile Wall 48

3.2.1 Free-earth support method. 48

3.2.2 Fixed-earth support method. 50

3.3 Anchorage System Sheet Pile Walls 51

3.3.1 Tie Rods 51

3.3.2 Wales. 52

3.3.3 Anchors 55

3.4 Modes of Failure 57

3.4.1 Deep-seated failure. 57

3.4.2 Rotational failure due to inadequate pile 58

penetration.

3.4.3 Other failure modes 58

CHAPTER IV CASE STUDY

4.1 Project Brief 60

4.2 Geotechnical Analysis 61

4.2.1 Standards 62

4.2.2 Soil Conditions and Topographic Profile 62

4.2.3 Design of sheet piling wall 63

4.2.4 Result from finite element analysis. 67

4.3 Retaining Wall Design. 68

4.3.1 Standards 69

4.3.2 Main Wall Design 69

4.3.3 Ground Anchor Design 71

4.3.4 Geotechnical capacity calculation 72

4.3.5 Ground Anchor Design Calculation 73

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion 74

5.2 Conclusion 75

REFERENCES 76

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Sheeting Configuration for Drivability. 29

4.1 Representative Soil Parameters. 63

4.2 Design Soil Parameters. 67

4.3 PLAXIS Analysis Result (Serviceability). 68

4.4 Main Wall Sheet Pile Properties. 69

4.5 Summary of Main Wall Structural Performance. 71

4.6 Summarises the performance of the Ground Anchor System. 72

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Methodology of study. 5

2.1 Typical cantilever wall. 8

2.2 Anchored Walls (continued). 9

Anchored Walls (concluded). 10

2.3 Typical timber section. 11

2.4 Typical concrete section. 12

2.5 Typical aluminum sheet pile. 13

2.6 Typical cross section of heavy-gauge steel pile. 14

2.7 Typical light-gauge steel pile. 15

2.8 Operation of Pile Treader. 18

2.9 Correction for wall length. 19

2.10 On-site treading in process. 20

2.11 Panel method of driving. 22

2.12 The work progress of sheet piling at a typical 23

site in the study.

2.13 Staggered driving method. 24

2.14 Obstructions in Sheet Pile Driving. 25

2.15 Correction of longitudinal lean. 26

2.16 Pitching in panel with limited headroom. 27

2.17 Electric Vibratory Hammer Driving Sheet Pile. 30

2.18 Vibratory Hammer attached to an excavator. 31

2.19 Diesel Hammer Driving Sheet Piling. 34

2.20 Shear strength parameters. 38

2.21 Definition of passive earth pressures. 39

2.22 Rankine Active Earth Pressures. 41

2.23 Rankine Passive Earth Pressures. 42

2.24 Coulomb’s Active Earth Pressures 44

2.25 Coulomb’s Passive Earth Pressures 45

3.1(a) Cantilever sheet pile wall. 48

3.1(b) Theoretical pressure distribution. 48

3.1(c) Simplified pressure distribution. 48

3.2 Anchored sheet piling: free-earth method. 49

3.3 Anchored sheet piling: fixed-earth method. 50

3.4 Typical wale and anchor rod detail. 53

3.5 Types of anchorage system. 55

3.6 Effects of anchor location relative 56

3.7 Deep seated failure. 57

3.8 Rotational failure due to inadequate penetration. 58

3.9 Flexural failure of sheet piling. 59

3.10 Anchorage failure. 59

LIST OF SYMBOL

Aw - Section area of web.

c - Undrained shear strength

d - Depth of embedment.

ds - Design embedment depth.

H - Height of the wall.

fy - Yield strength.

Fd - Factor of safety on embedment.

FS - Factor of safety.

K - Earth pressure coefficient.

Ka - Active lateral earth pressure coefficient

Ko - Lateral earth pressure at rest

Kp - Passive lateral earth pressure coefficient

Mc - Ultimate moment capacity.

N - Normal force.

PA - Active pressure.

PP - Passive pressure.

R - Passive resistance.

S - Section modulus of wales.

T - Force in anchor tie or prop.

Vc - Ultimate design shear capacity.

Z - Section modulus.

- Slope angle.

- Generic friction angle.

’ - Effective generic friction angle.

- Bulk unit weight.

’ - Effective unit weight.

w - Unit weight of water.

- Angle of wall friction.

- Angle for backfill with sloping.

n - Normal stress.

LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A(i) Project Progress Photographs 77

A(ii) Project Progress Photographs 78

B(i) Borehole Log 79

B(ii) Borehole Log 80

C Sheet Piling Layout 81

D Sheet Piling Cross Section A-A 82

E Sheet Piling Cross Section B-B 83

F Construction Sequence 84

G Sheet Pile Profiles B8/FO 85