7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

1/17

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

2/17

itu sendiri. Saya cukup berharap agar tugasan ini dapt diterima seadanya. Disini saya mengambil

peluang untuk mengucapkan jutaan terima kasih kepda Penyarah saya iaitu En. Rosdi Bin omar atasdorongan beliau dan semua yang terlibat. Terim kasih.

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

3/17

PCK's report SCE 3110

Laporan Kandungan Pembelajaran Pedagogi

Aktiviti:Pembentukan Gunung Berapi

1.0 Pengenalan

Gunung berapi adalah bukaan, atau rekahan, pada permukaan atau kerak Bumi, yangmembenarkan gas, abu, dan batu cair yang panas bebas jauh di dalam bawah permukaan

bumi. Aktiviti gunung berapi membabitkan extrusion of rock yang cenderung membentuk gunung atau ciri-ciri berbentuk gunung melalui tempoh masa.Gunung berapi biasanya terdapat di mana plak tetonik berpisah atau bertembung. Rabungtengah laut, seperti Rabung Tengah Atlantik (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), adalah contoh plak tetonik

berpisah; Lingkaran Api Pasifik pula mempunyai contoh gunung berapi yang terhasil akibat pertembungan plak tetonik. Sebaliknya, gunung berapi biasanya tidak terhasil di mana dua plak tetonik bergesel sesama sendiri. Gunung berapi juga boleh terbentuk di kawasan di manaterdapat renggangan pada kerak Bumi dan di mana kerak Bumi menjadi nipis (di kenalisebagai gunung berapi antaraplat bukan titik panas), seperti di Lembah Rift Afrika (AfricanRift Valley), Rhine Graben Eropah dengan gunung berapi Eifelnya, Lapangan gunung berapiWells Gray-Clearwater dan Rio Grande Rift di Amerika Utara.Akhir sekali, gunung berapi boleh dihasilkan melalui pluma mantel (mantle plumes), yangdikenali sebagai titik panas; titik panas ini boleh berlaku jauh dari sempadan plak, sepertikepulauan Hawai. Amat menarik, gunung berapi titik panas juga didapati di tempat lain disistem suria, terutamanya pada bulan dan planet berbatu.

.

BAHAGIAN GUNUNG BERAPI:

1

Kamar magma besar

8Sisi

2Batu dasar

9Lapisan lava dari gunung berapi

3

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

4/17

Penyalur (Conduit)10Tengkuk

4

Asas11Kon parasit

5

Sill12Aliran lava

6

Paip cabang13Bukaan

7

Lapisan abu dari gunung berapi14Kawah

15

Kepulan abu

Gunung berapi terbentuk hasil daripada batu-batan cair yang terkumpul di bawah kerak bumi.Keadaan suhu yang sangat panas di bawah kerak bumi menyebabkan batu-batan menjadi cair.Batu-batan cair ini dikenali sebagai magma.

Kebanyakan magma terbentuk kira-kira 80km hingga 160km di bawah permukaan bumi.Magma yang panas akan naik ke permukaan bumi kerana tekanan dan kurang tumpatdaripada batu disekitarnya. Magma mengalir keluar ke permukaan bumi melalui rekahan ataulohong gunung berapi dikenali sebagai lava.

Aliran Lava

Kebanyakan gunung berapi terbentuk di kawasan sempadan plat. Ahli sains telahmengemukakan teori plat tektonik untuk menjelaskan proses pembentukan gunung berapi.

Gunung berapi boleh terbentuk apabila berlakunya pertembungan dua plat. Pertembungan ini

menyebebkan salah satu plat terjunam ke bawah plat yang lain. Zon terbenam ini akanmenjadi cair kerana suhu yang sangat panas di bawah kerak bumi. Bahagian cair ini

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

5/17

menambah magma di mantel dan seterusnya mengalir keluar ke permukaan bumi menjadigunung berapi.

Gunung berapi juga terdapat di zon permatang tengah lautan. Perebakan dasar laut berlakuapabila magma naik menolak litosfera ke arah yang bertentangan. Lava ini akan membentuk

dasar laut sebagai permatang tengah laut. Gunung berapi di Iceland merupakan jenis pembentukan ini.

Sebahagian gunung berapi terbentuk di tengah plat, jauh dari sempadan plat sepertiKepulauan Hawaii. Ahli sains menjelaskan bahawa tonggak batuan mantel yang dipanaskandan naik secara perlahan ke permukaan bumi. Kenaikan magma ke permukaan bumidianggarkan 13 cm hingga 15 cm setahun. Apabila kepulan magma naik sampai ke

permukaan bumi, gunung berapi akan terbentuk. Proses pembentukan gunung berapi inidipanggil titik panas (hotspots). Rajah di bawah menunjukkan ketiga-tiga pembentukangunung berapi.

Contoh gambar pembentukan gunung berapi:

2.0 Objektif Aktiviti

Sebelum pelaksanaan aktiviti, saya telah menggariskan beberapa objektif yang menjadimatlamat daripada pelaksanaan aktiviti iaitu untuk:

2.1 Mendapatkan maklumat mengenai gunung berapi serta pembentukannya.2.2 Mengetahui konsep peletusan gunung berapi.2.3 Melakukan simulasi mengenai pembentukan gunung berapi.2.4 Melakukan kesimpulan daripada simulasi tersebut.

3.0 Alatan dan Bahan yang digunakan:

Antara alatan dan bahan yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan gunung berapi adalah:

Jenis Alatan

Bilangan/ Kuantiti

Pemanas Air

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

6/17

1 Buah

Botol Cuka

1 Botol

Silinder Penyukat

1 Buah

Sudu

1 Batang

Bikar

1 Buah

Jenis Bahan

Bilangan/ Kuantiti

Serbuk Penaik

1 Botol Kecil

Cuka

1 Botol Kecil

Tanah Liat

2 Buah

Tepung

1 Kampit

Minyak masak

1 Botol Kecil

Cecair detergent

1 Bekas kecil

Pewarna

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

7/17

1 Bekas kecil

4.0 Kaedah Pembuatan Gunung Berapi:

Sebelum pembuatan gunung berapi, kami telah mengekses internet dan melihat cara-cara

pembuatan gunung berapi yang efektif dan berkesan. Cara-caranya adalah:

1. Satu adunan garam telah dicipta dimana ia melibatkan pencampuran 6 bekas kecil tepung,2 bekas kecil garam, 4 sudu minyak masak, 2 bekas kecil air kedalam bekas besar bersama-sama. Kemudian, ia adunankan bersama-sama sehingga adunan tersebut menjadi lembut dankukuh. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang terbaik, sedikit pencampuran air diperlukan.2. Seterusnya, adunan tersebut disalutkan disekeliling botol cuka dan adunan tersebut telahdireka untuk menjadi sebuah gunung berapi. Adunan tersebut dipastikan tidak menutup muka

botol cuka atau tidak terjatuh di dalam botol tersebut3. Air dipanaskan selama 5 minit dan dimasukkan ke dalam botol cuka bersama-sama dengan

bahan pewarna (warna merah dipilih). Air dalam botol cuka tidak dibiarkan menyejuk.4. Kemudian, 6 titik cecair detergent dimasukkan ke dalam botol cuka tersebut.5. Seterusnya, 2 sudu serbuk penaik dimasukkan ke dalam botol cuka tersebut..6. Akhir sekali, cuka dituangkan segera secara perlahan-lahan ke dalam campuran.Kaedah Pemerhatian:

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

8/17

SCE 3110 Practical 1,2,3

Practical 1Clouds and Weather Introduction:Clouds are water. Water as a gas is called water vapor. Clouds form when water vapor turns

back into liquid water droplets. That is called condensation. It happens in one of two ways:when the air cools enough, or when enough water vapor is added to the air. Most clouds areassociated with weather. These clouds can be divided into groups mainly based on the heightof the cloud's base above the Earth's surface.Meteorologists name clouds by how high in the sky they form and by their appearance. Mostclouds have two parts to their name. Usually the first part of the name has to do with theheight and the second part refers to the appearance.If clouds for m at the highest levels, they get the prefix cirro as the first part of their name.Middle clouds get the prefix alto. Low clouds dont get a prefix.There are two cloud appearance types: cumulus and stratus, which are also the basic names of the low clouds. Sometimes they appear higher in the atmosphere and get a combination namewith a prefix. For example, middle cumulus clouds are called altocumulus and high stratusclouds are cirrostratus. If a cloud produces rain or snow it gets either nimbo at the

beginning or nimbus at the end.The identification of the first three groups is based on the height of the cloud base above theground:- High level clouds with a cloud base between 5 and 13 km above the ground- mid level clouds with a cloud base between 2 and 6 km above the ground- low level clouds with a cloud base from 0 to 2 km above the ground.

Procedures:1. Information about clouds gathered from textbooks or internet.2. A suitable location was identified and the types of clouds were observed for a period of weeks. The observation done at a fixed time every day.3. The observations were recorded including any climatic changes (including weather it rainsor not)4. The data obtained were analyzed and interpreted.5. The report was written included photographs, tables, charts, references etc. to support thediscussion.6. The findings were presented using the power point presentation.7. The implications of the findings were explained.

Data:

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

9/17

Place: IPGM Kampus Pendidikan Teknik, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Date Time Clouds Weather/climate

24 February 20103.00pm Clear sky

25 February 20103.00pm Rain at evening around 6pm

26 February 20103.00pm Rain at evening around 5.30pm to 7pm

27 February 20103.00pm Clear sky

28 February 20103.00pm Clear sky

1 March 20103.00pm Cloudy

2 March 20103.00pm CloudyRain at the evening(around 5.30pm)

Data analysis:Clouds Characteristics Type of cloud High level clouds lack in contrast between the top and base Cirrus Dark base Low level cloud Cumulus Dark base Low level clouds Cumulus High level clouds

lack in contrast between the top and base Cirrus High level clouds lack in contrast between the top and base Cirrus low level cloud Cumulus form f rom cumulus clouds vertically grows Cumulonimbus

Clouds can occur at any level of the atmosphere wherever there is sufficient moisture toallow condensation to take place. The layer of the atmosphere where almost all cloud exists isthe troposphere.As a result from my analysis, I could see that most of the time the clouds are cumulus types.

During the day that I observed the clouds, there was rain at the evening time around 5.30pmto 7.00pm. Although the weather was very hot at the time I observed, at 3.00pm. The weather

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

10/17

seems likely to change rapidly at those times.From what I could observe, there were clouds that have dark based and bigger than others.Some were appear smaller size such as on 28 February 2008. The bigger clouds and havedark base is classified in cumulus types. It has dark base because the sunlight cannot movesthrough the clouds since the cloud is big and have thicker structure.

Cumulonimbus clouds, which are normally associated with thunderstorms, consist of acombination from some or all of the cloud groups. Altostratus clouds create a uniform whiteto grayish sheet covering the sky with the Sun or Moon visible as bright spot. In frequentlight snow or drizzle may accompany this cloud. Low cloud there is members in the family of low clouds stratus, stratocumulus and nimbostratus. Stratus are uniform foglike of layer of clouds that frequently cover much of sky. When the stratus clouds develop a scalloped

bottom that appears as long parallel rolls or broken globular patches, they are calledstratocumulus clouds.The weather can be determined by observing the clouds. For example, on 2 March 2010, thecumulonimbus cloud was appearing at the sky, at that evening, rain was falling down. Most

probably, cumulus and cumulonimbus will be the sign of rain will be falling down at that day.

Implications:Clouds can be use to determine the weather on that day, so, it is very useful to us to plan our schedule and activities, especially for outdoor activities. The cumulonimbus and cumulusclouds shows a sign that rain might be fall at that day.It is very important to certain people with certain work, for example, fisherman should beaware with the weather. They should be able to predict the weather before go to the sea. Their life could be in dangerous if they go to the sea in rainy day.

Conclusion:Clouds are different from each other. They are determined by height and their appearance.

Cumulonimbus is a towering cloud, it can be at lower attitude to high attitude, it brings rainsand thunderstorm. High clouds which are above 6000meter contain cirrocumulus, cirrostratusand cirrus. Middle clouds at 4000m to 6000m contain altocumulus, and altostratus. Lowclouds at 2000m to 4000m contain nimbostratus, stratus stratocumulus, and cumulus.

References:Book Lutgen and Tarbuck, (2008). Foundations Of Earth Science , Pearson prentice hall.

Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud

http://www.australiasevereweather.com/techniques/moreadv/class.htmwww.carlwozniak.com/clouds/

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

11/17

www.wxdude.com/page9.html

Practical 2

Identifying RocksIntroductions:Geologists classify rocks in three groups, according to the major Earth processes that formedthem. The three rock groups are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.Igneous rocks are crystalline solids which form directly from the cooling of magma. This isan exothermic process (it loses heat) and involves a phase change from the liquid to the solidstate.In most places on the surface, the igneous rocks which make up the majority of the crust arecovered by a thin veneer of loose sediment, and the rock which is made as layers of thisdebris get compacted and cemented together. Sedimentary rocks are called secondary,

because they are often the result of the accumulation of small pieces broken off of pre-existing rocks.The metamorphic get their name from "meta" (change) and "morph" (form). Any rock can

become a metamorphic rock. All that is required is for the rock to be moved into anenvironment in which the minerals which make up the rock become unstable and out of equilibrium with the new environmental conditions. In most cases, this involves burial whichleads to a rise in temperature and pressure. The metamorphic changes in the minerals alwaysmove in a direction designed to restore equilibrium. Common metamorphic rocks includeslate, schist, gneiss, and marble.Apparatus :1. Weighing2. Beaker 3. Measuring cylinder 4. Nail5. Coin6. dropper

Materials:1. Different type of rocks2. Water 3. Sulphuric acid

Procedures:1. Rocks sample was bring from neighborhood.2. The different in the rocks was discussed by using content in the table.3. The densities of the rocks were find using the mass/ volume relationship.4. From the data collected the name of rocks was defined.5. The other technique was used to classify or name the rocks.6. The rocks were tested with sulphuric acid by using the dropper. The surface of the rockstested with sulphuric acid was observed.7. The hardness of the rocks was tested using finger nail, common nail and concrete nailaccording to the scale of hardness of the rocks.8. The volume was measured using measuring cylinder and the weight was measured using

weighing.

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

12/17

Data:

Rock A

Rock B

Rock CRock D

Rock E

Data analysis:In this experiment, 5 samples of rock had best tested. The rocks were collected from different

places.Rocks Place takenA HillB Near the roadC River D RoadE At field

The rocks had been observed in order to classify them according to their characteristics. Therocks are classified into three groups, which are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.Each of the rocks has their own characteristics. So, some laboratory tests were taken place.Chemical and physical tests were used to test the rocks.As the results, Rock A is only one sample we can classify for the igneous rock because of thecharacteristics. The density of this rock is 2.32 x 10-3. Rock A is white in colour, sparkling,very hard because by using the scale tested with concrete nail(7.5), it has no layer, the texture

is extrusive, no pattern of this rocks and was tested with acid sulphuric show the reactionoccur because present of carbonate. The presence of bubble on the surface of the stone showsthe carbonate is formed.For Rock B and Rock D, both are classified as sedimentary rock. Both have rough surfaceand not react with an acid to form carbonate. No bubbles were formed. Both have more thanone colour, which is black and white. The Rock B and Rock D are hard because I could notscratch with finger or knife. Rock B has density about 2.075 x 10-3 kg cm-3, while thedensity of rock D is 2.628 kg cm-3.Rock C is an example of metamorphic rock. Due to it characteristic, Rock C has black andwhite pattern. It is hard rock because it could not be stretch by the finger. It shows no reactionwhen react with acid sulphuric. No bubbles were formed. Rock C has layer and the density of

Rock C is 2.736 kg cm-3Rock E is another igneous rock. It is white in colour. No reaction occur when react with acid

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

13/17

sulphuric. It is a shin y rock. There is no pattern on this rock. The rocks density is 1.926 kgcm-3

Conclusion:Rocks are classified by studying their characteristic, such as pattern, hardness, reaction withacid, density, layer and it texture. Rocks are classified into three types, which are igneous,metamorphic and sedimentary rock.Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Rock A

Rock E

Rock B

Rock DRock C

References:Book

Lutgen and Tarbuck, (2008). Foundations Of Earth Science , Pearson prentice hall.Internethttp://www.hf.uio.no/iakh/forskning/sarc/iakh/lithic/rocks.htmlhttp://www.rocks-rock.com/rock-types.htmlhttp://www.zephyrus.co.uk/rocktypes.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry13.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/20035/newpage8.htm

Practical 3The rising of the sun

Introduction:The average distance from the Sun to the Earth is 1.496 x 1011metres (149 million kilometres

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

14/17

or 92.58 million miles).The minimum distance from the sun to the earth is 146 million km (or 91 million miles), andthe maximum distance from the sun to the earth is 152 million kilometres (or 94.5 millionmiles. )The sun is a neighborly 93 million miles away. That is the common average figure. Because

of the earth's elliptical orbit around the sun, the distance changes over the course of a year.We are closest at perihelion (91 million miles) during northern hemisphere winters, andfarthest at aphelion, during northern hemisphere summers. Light from the sun takes roughly 8minutes to reach the earth. From the frame of reference of the photons making the trip, arrivalis instantaneous.93 million miles is the distance from the Earth to the Sun (on average), or 8 minutes, 20seconds at the speed of light.Sunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in theeast. The apparent westward revolution of Sun around the earth after rising out of the horizonis due to the Earth's eastward rotation, a counter-clockwise revolution when viewed fromabove the North Pole.

The intense red and orange hues of the sky at sunrise and sunset are mainly caused byscattering of sunlight by dust particles, soot particles, other solid aerosols, and liquid aerosolsin the Earth's atmosphere.As one travels farther from the equator, the times of sunrise and sunset change throughout theyear. Even on the equator, sunrise and sunset shift several minutes back and forth through theyear, along with solar noon.

Data:Date Time Azimuth,o Altitude,o

24 February 2010 0630 259 130645 259 90700 260 5

25 February 2010 0630 259 130645 260 90700 260 5

26 February 2010 0630 260 130645 260 9

0700 260 3

27 February 2010 0630 260 130645 260 90700 261 5

28 February 2010 0630 261 130645 261 90700 261 5

01 March 2010 0630 261 13

0645 261 90700 262 5

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

15/17

02 March 2010 0630 261 130645 262 90700 262 5

03 March 2010 0630 262 130645 262 90700 262 5

04 March 2010 0630 262 130645 262 90700 263 5

05 March 2010 0630 263 130645 263 90700 263 5

06 March 2010 0630 263 130645 264 90700 264 5

07 March 2010 0630 263 130645 264 90700 264 5

08 March 2010 0630 264 130645 264 90700 264 5

09 March 2010 0630 264 130645 264 90700 265 5

Data analysis:

The sun is rise from the East and set to the West.Because of the elliptical na ture of the earths orbit and constant changes in the earths rate of spin because of the previously mentioned phenomena, the sun, as seen from earth, is moving

at a non-uniform rate. This makes it difficult to use the real position of the sun as a referencefor time keeping. For these purposes, a point which moves at a constant rate around the earth

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

16/17

is used instead of the real position of the sun. This point is called the mean sun and is the basis for mean solar time.From the data, we can see that, the Sun is rising earlier as the day increases. The data shows alittle different in azimuth increasing everyday.To find out the position azimuth = 60, elevation = 30, for example, imagine standing at the

center of the diagram heading to the true north. To find the azimuth angle 60, you must turn60 degrees to the right. Now the altitude angle 30 can be located by raising your head 30degrees from the horizon.1. Azimuth angle2. Elevation angle3. Sun's path today4. Sun's path on the 21st June5. Sun's path on the 21st December 6. Sun's path during the equinox7. Sunrise8. Sunset9. HorizonIt can be seen from the diagram (3. "Sun's path today") that the sun rises from the North-East(azimuth = 60) in Tampere at 05:37. Sunset happens at 21:20 when the sun is in the North-West (azimuth = 300). On that day the elevation angle is approximately 50 degrees at noon.

Conclusion:The altitude of the Sun is decrease, while the azimuth of the sun is increase as the Sun seteveryday. This phenomenon due to the annu al change in the relative position of the Earthsaxis in the relationship to the Sun causes the height of the altitude to vary in the sky.

Data interpretation:Time Azimuth,o Altitude,o0630 259 130645 259 90700 260 5Table 1

Graph: The movement of the SunAccording to the graph, the Sun is move 4o every 15 minutes. As the azimuth increases, thealtitude is decreases.The azimuth increases about 1o, while the altitude decrease about 4o.Based on the data collected, the Sun rise earlier everyday. Tha ts mean the Sun is at upper

position everyday at the same time.

Sun height declines with latitude as we move away from the Equator. For each degree of latitude traveled maximum Sun height decreases by the same amount. At equinox, we canalso calculate the noon angle by subtracting the location's latitude from 90.

The Sun goes through a seasonal variation, once a year. In December and January, the Sun isin the far south of the sky. It rises in the south-east; it spends only a few hours above the

7/27/2019 sce3110 amali

17/17

horizon (for northern-hemisphere observers), crossing the sky quite low down; and it sets inthe south-west.In June and July, the Sun is in the far north of the sky. It rises in the north-east ; it spendsmany hours above the horizon (for northern-hemisphere observers), crossing the sky quitehigh up; and it sets in the north-west.

the sun appears to move across the sky it means that the shadows also move. The shadowsReferences

Book Michael A. Seeds. (2008). Foundation of Astronomy Tenth Edition. Thomas Higher Education. USA

Internethttp://library.thinkquest.org/29033/begin/earthsunmoon.htmlhttp://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/features/planets/earth/earth.htmlhttp://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/the_universe/uts/earth3.html