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Lab Activity 23

Cardiac Anatomy

Institut Pendidikan Guru MalaysiaPJM3106


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Cardiac Muscle Histology

Branching cells

Intercalated disc: contains

many gap junctions

connecting the adjacent cell

cytoplasm, creates a

functional syncytium

Once central nucleus


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External View


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Position in Thorax

Base: Where

the Great

Vessels enter

and exit

Apex: pointsinferiorly,

anteriorly and

to the left


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Position of HeartHint: Nipples are at the4th intercostal space

Apex at 5thintercostal space

during ventricular

systole (contraction)

Point of Maximum Impulse: PMI is the apex on surface anatomy


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Heart Wall


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Vessels

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Coronary Sinus

Pulmonary trunk

Left

Pulmonary

Artery

Right Pulmonary

Artery (branches)


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Vessels: Posterior View

Right

Atrium

Superior Vena Cava

Coronary Sinus

Inferior Vena Cava

LeftPulmonary

Artery

RightPulmonary

Artery


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Vessels

Ascending Aorta

Aortic Arch

Left Pulmonary Vein

(Right not visible)

Descending Aorta


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Vessels: Posterior View

Left

Atrium

Aortic ArchLeft Pulmonary Veins

Right Pulmonary Vein


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Valves

Right Side of Heart

Tricuspid: Between

Right Atrium and

Right Ventricle Pulmonary: Between

Right Ventricle and

Pulmonary Trunk

Left Side of Heart Mitral: Between

Left Atrium and

Left Ventricle Aortic Valve:

Between LeftVentricle and Aorta

Chordae Tendineae are only on the Tricuspid and

Mitral Valves (valves between atrium and ventricle)


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Valves

Tricuspid

Pulmonary

Mitral

Aortic (behind

the pulmonary

trunk)

Chordae tendineae

Consist of 2-3 flaps of connectivetissue covered by endothelium


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When the ventricles are relaxed (diastole), the valvesbetween the atria and ventricles are Open: Mitral and

Tricuspid

The valves leading out of the heart are

Closed: Pulmonary and Aortic valves


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When the ventricles are contracted (systole), the valvesbetween the atria and ventricles are Closed: Mitral and

Tricuspid

The valves leading out of the heart are

Open: Pulmonary and Aortic valves

C


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Fetal Circulation

Remnants

Fossa Ovalis


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C d ti


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Conduction

System

I l


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Step 1SA node activity and

atrial activation begins

Time= 0

Step 2

Stimulus spreadsacross the atrial

surfaces and reaches

the AV node

Time= 50 msec

Impulse

Conduction

I l


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Impulse

Conduction

Step 3

There is a 100-msec

delay at the AV node.Atrial contraction

begins

Time= 150 msec

I l


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Impulse

Conduction

Step 4

The impulse travels along the

interventricular septum withinthe AV bundle and the bundle

branches to the Purkinje

fibers to the papillary muscles

of the right ventricle

Time= 175 msec

I l


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Impulse

Conduction

Step 5

The impulse is distributed by

Purkinje fibers and relayedthroughout the ventricular

myocardium. Atrial

contraction is completed, and

ventricular contraction begins

Time= 225 msec


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Terminology

Systole: The contraction of the heart

muscle, especially the ventricle

Diastole: The relaxation of the heartmuscle.

Cardiac Cycle: A complete heartbeat

consisting of systole and diastole of both

atria plus systole and diastole of both

ventricles.


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Heart Sounds

One heart beat is described as lubb-dupp

S1 lubb: This is the closing of the AV

valves: Mitral and Tricuspid Marks the beginning of ventricular contraction

(beginning of systole)

S2 dupp: This is the closing of the

Pulmonary and Aortic valves

Occurs at the beginning of ventricular filling

(end of systole)


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Auscultation

The sound of the valve closing radiates in

the direction the blood is flowing.

The actual location of the valve is not thebest place to listen for it.


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