Kajian kualitatif

Want to take in-depth look at a certain fenomena. Misalnya pengkaji ingin mengetahui bagaimana things are done, bagaimana orang react kepada satu-satu situasi dan sbg. Misalnya dia nak tahu mengenai apa yang berlaku dalam bilik darjah. Misalnya kita nak kaji mengenai penerapan nilai murni dalam pengajaran.

Kita nak tahu apa sebenarnya yg sedang dilakukan oleh guru semasa pengajaran. Kita mungkin memfokuskan kajian kita kepada satu kelompok kecil sahaja misalnya satu bilik darjah. penyelidik akan membuat cerapan sekerap mungkin dan cuba menceritakan dengan detail mengenai even yang berlaku semasa pengajaran dalam bilik darjah berkenaan. You are interested in the quality of the activties rathe than how frequent it occurs.> guna kaeadh lain yang dikategorikan kaedah kualitatif

Ciri kajian kualitatif:

1. Sumber data ialah keadaan sebenar dan penyelidik ialah orang utama dalam proses pemungutan data.

Apa penyedilik buat?

1. data kualititaif dikumpul dalam bentuk tulisan atau gambaran bukannya dalam bentuk nomborjenis data yang dikutip termasuklah interview transcript, field notes, foto, audio recording, video, diaries, personal comments, memos, official records, textbook passage. Nothing is ignored that might lend insight into situationApa sahaja yang terdapat misalnya dalam classroom di pakai(jokes, decoration). To them everything mempunyai kepentingan

2. concerned with process as well as productwant to know how things occur. So they they observe misalnya interaksi, bagaimana soalan dijawab, makna yang diberikan untuk sesuatu perkataan, gesture then they translate

3. analisis data secara induktifno formulation of hypothesiscollect data then decide what important question to considerof course u should have some general questions which will then be narrowed down data collection and analysis take place simultaneouslydo reflection and confirm the reflection in subsequent interview etc.

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4. How people make sense out of their lives is a major concern of qualitative researchThey want to know what the participants are thinking and why they think that wayAndaian, goals, motives, reason may dominate the researches’ question

5. Establish trustworthinessCheck the credibility of data. How? Prolonged engagement and persistent observation to provide sufficient scope and depthUse of triangulation – multiple methods of data gatheringPeriodic debriefing with peers and members checkTo enhance dependability (reliability: Ary and Jacobs)-do auditing about the proses. Semua kena simpan (maklumat yang dikumpul)Third party auditor will examine the study to attest the procedure employed and examine the confirm ability of the findings

Penyelidik mungkin menunjukkan kepada participant notes yang diambil to check the accuracy of interpretasi penyelidik. Nak report as accurate as possible

Reporting

Heavily narrative .often present the anecdote of participants

Three common forms of qualitative research

1. Participant observation2. Nonparticipants observation3. ethnographic

Participants observation

Secara overt > boleh diketahui, then what will be the behavior of the participantsCovert > you are one of the participants in a group. Or you are one of the teacher in a school. Tiada siapa yang tahu yang anda sedang menajalankan kajian. More likely to produce valid results

What is the best procedure? Overt or covert? Try to relate with establishing trustworthiness

Non-participants observation

Do no participate in the activityJust sit and watch

How do they collect data?

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Naturalistic observationObserve in the natural setting. No manipulation of variables or control activities of the subjects. Observe and record

SimulationCreate a situation and asked the participants to act out-tell what to do but not how to do.Ask to teach but no how to teachKelemahan: keadaan tiruan. Jadi mungkin apa yang dilihat hanyalah apa yang dikehendaki oleh penyelidik bukan apa yang sebenarnya berlaku dalam dunia nyata

Kajian kes

Hanya satu kes saja> misalnya ada pelajar memang bijak dalam mathematic. Observe him or her on regular basis. Get as much information as possible (study style, attitudes towards mathematics, aspiration etc.). You can talk with anybody related to him or her (parents, friends, teachers, counselors). An in-depth study of a particular case of interest

Content analysis

Penganalisisan kandungan dokumenKandungan > words, makna, pictures, symbols, ideas, themes

What you need to do is kenalpasti apa yang nak dianalisis. Misalnya visuals dalam teks (saiznya, kesesuaian dengan teks, warnanya, jenis visual dan lain-lain)Apa yang nak lihat. Identify cirinya develop pertinent categories dan kemudian bandingkan kategori ini dengan beberapa buah buku lain.

How to conduct content analysis

Formulate question

Apabila kita melibatkan pembolehubah dalam bentuk kat-kata atau simbol, kaedah ini adalah sesuai sekali

Katakan anda ingin mengakaji liputan akhbar mengenai pilihanraya di ******construct saya ialah coverage (liputan) yang merangkumi misalnya: the amount of liputan, prominence of coverage, whether it favors one candidate over another

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Unit of analysis:

Kenalpasti unit analisisnya samada setiap naskah, Melayu ke BI

Sampling

Define the population: could be all words, pictures, sentences or all articles over a specified period of time. Misalnya saya nak tahu bagaimana kempen pilihanraya di jalankan. My population may include all reports related to political parties published by major newspaper in malaysia within specified time frame.

Kira berapa banyak related reports and it becomes the sampling frame.Then decide on sampel size and design.Then draw a random sampel

Inter coder reliabilityCheck on the reliability of coding by many codersCheck on stability reliability if the coding stretches over a few months period

Inference

Content analysis only describe what is in the textCannot reveal the intention of those who created the text nor can it determine the effect of the message upon those who read the text. To make an inference we have to do a separate research project probably experiment.

Sampling in obeservational studies

Apa yang kita lihat ianya sampel of classes atau masa.Umumnya kita akan mengambil sampel bermatlamat. Kita pilih sampel yang memungkinkan kita memperolehi hasil yang kita kehendaki.Persoalaannya ialah: sejauhmana situasi yang dicerap mewakili keseluruhan situasi?

Adalah kelas yang kita cerap mewakili kesemua kelas berkaitan?

Adakah kita cerap tingkahlaku pelajar menggunakan representative sampel?Penting supaya kita tidak memperolhi gambaran yang tidak tepat mengenai hasil kajian kita.

Ethnography

A combination of participants observation and the nonparticipants observations in an attempt to obtain a holistic picture of …..

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hasilnya ialah documenting pengalaman seharian dengan cerapan dan temubual serta menggunakan lain-lain dokumen

It is an in-depth interviewing and continual and on-going participants observation of the situationTry to capture as much of what is going on “whole picture”Here we may have a general research question. Observe, then make initial conclusion that may suggest you to gather more data that may lead you to revise the initial conclusionExample: what is life like in an inner-city school’So you kaji setiap aspek (experience of students, teachers, administrators)The goal is to produce a detail picture of certain thing (a classroom, an inner-city school.

Limitation

Generalizability no samplingResearcher biasThe variables investigated remain unclear since no specific hypothesis formulated The good thing: A comprehensive perspective.. a get a much deeper and richer understandingGood when there are things that cannot be quantified or difficult to quantifyGood when the particular behavior can best be understood by observing in natural setting

Validity and reliability of ethnographic research

Use a variety of instrument or procedure (triangulation)Check for data discrepancies (compare notes of the same things but described by diff. Subjects)Learn to understand the group and speak their languageWrite down the questions askedRecord your own thought while observing or interviewingDocument the source of remarksDocument the bases of inference they makeDescribe the context in which questions are asked and situations are observedUse audio-video tapesDraw conclusion based on your understandingInterview the person more than once. Look for inconsistencies

Look at your filed notes; the quality of the notes bantu dari segi validity and reliability of your observation

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Two types of field notes

Descriptive and reflectiveDescriptive:Portrait of the subjectsReconstruction of dialogDescription of physical settingDescription of observer behavior

ReflectionOn analysis: Methods;Attitudes of the researcher:

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