Dr Suryani SKp MHScDr Suryani SKp MHSc

Aspek – aspek penting dalam kualitatif research

a. Brackettingsetting aside one’s biases and personal views on a topic.-Catat semua praduga, pengetahuan, pengalaman, opini tentang topic yg sedang diteliti--- di buang/ditinggalkan sementara sewaktu melakukan pengumpulan data dan analisa data.

-Tidak mudah perlu pemahaman tentang philosophy dari methodology yg digunakan, komitmen dan latihan

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b. Informant

People being studied are viewed as participant or informant, not subjek penelitian (sample)Mereka adalak aktif participants (expert)Mereka adalah sumber informasi

Peneliti mencari pemahaman tentang participants’ cultural knowledgePeneliti perlu menggalinya atau

mendiskusikannya bersama participants sepanjang perjalanan penelitian

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C. Selection of Participants “purposive sampling”

Participants must have first-hand experience with the research topic and be able to talk about it

Peneliti harus mempunyai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yg jelas

Tujuan penelitian bukan untuk mengeneralisasi tapi mendapatkan gambaran yang kaya tentang pengalaman participants

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D. Setting for Data Collection “Informant-driven” rather than “theory-driven”

Peneliti dianggap tidak mengetahui tentang culture or experience yg sedang diteliti

Informant mengajarkan/memberitahu peneliti Data dikumpulkan dilapangan – the natural world

where people live and experience lifePeneliti tidak boleh mengintervensi dan harus

berada untuk jangka waktu panjang di lapangan: Some researchers used multiple methods: in dept

interview, observasi, diary

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Methods dlm kualitatif research

Perbandingan dalam Penelitian kualitatif

Metode Fokus penelitian Fokus analisa Disiplin

Ethnography culture/cultural group

describe a culture/cultural group

Cultural Anthropology

Grounded Theory

cultural groups generate theory about a basic social process

Sociology/ Symbolic Interaction/ Criminology

Phenomenology individual experience

the essence of the lived experience

Philosophy/ Psychology/ Sociology

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Data Collection Methods in Qualitative Studies

Three data collection strategies introduced:1. Participant observation

2. In-depth interviews

3. Focus group interviews

Qualitative researchers may combine more than one method

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Data Collection Methods:

1. Participant Observation

Intensif, biasanya jangka panjang, pengkajian sebuah kelompok sosial, organisasi, dll

Peneliti menjadi peserta dalam kehidupan anggota kelompokObserves their behaviour and learns meaning

systems (which are tied to language)Awalnya peneliti tidak boleh dikenal oleh

participants tapi sekarang dibolehkan Ethnography : berkembang dari antropologi

klasik Sekarang digunakan dalam berbagai displin

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Langkah – langkah dalam Observasi

A. Gaining (mendapatkan cara) entry into the group

B. Mengembangkan dan memelihara hubungan

C. Mengembangkan metode untuk mengambil catatan lapangan

D. Mengintegrasikan pengumpulan data dan analisis data

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Langkah – langkah dalam Observasi:A. Gaining Entry into the Group

Pertimbangkan tipe kelompokformal organizations require formal entry;

involves letter writing, permission requests, etc.Informal groups – different strategy needed

Akses mungkin bisa diperoleh dari a gatekeeper (an individual with special status)

key informants (those who are most knowledgeable about the group)

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B. Mengembangkan dan memelihara hubungan

Peneliti harus bekerja keras untuk mengembangkan dan mempertahankan hubungan baik di lapangan

E.g., be sure not to become associated with one fraction in a

group or organization Peneliti bisa disalahkan untuk masalah

yang timbul dalam in the setting (pengaturan)

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C. Mengembangkan metode untuk mengambil catatan lapangan

Field notes (catatan lapangan) merupakan bagian integral dari observasi

Include descriptions and interpretations of individuals, interactions, and eventsDistinguish descriptions from interpretations

Record time and location of observations, as well as key information (weather, events happening and their significance)

Keep theoretical memos – yang merupakan interpretasi tentatif yg muncul dan yg sedang dinilai utk pengumpulan data lebih lanjut

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Field Notes

Tidak mungkin atau tidak dianjurkan untuk membuat catatan saat di lapanganPenting : harus dilakukan segera setelah

observasi lapangan

Note-taking is time-consuming because it is integral to guiding the data collection and continuing the analysisE.g., field notes for “When Prophecy Failed”

were well over 1,000 typed pages

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Data Collection Methods: 2. In-depth Interviews Beberapa studi tidak dapat menggunakan

metode observasi E.g. Peran perawat emergency dalam

pengambilan keputusan In-depth interviews allow participants to

describe their experiences and the meaning of events taking place in their livesVerbatim quotes menangkap bahasa dan makna

yang diungkapkan oleh peserta Wawancara bisa fleksibel dan

memungkinkan untuk probing (menyelidiki)Interview method is quite diverse, adaptive

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D. Mengintegrasikan pengumpulan data dan analisis data

Organizing field notes into different types of files facilitates data analysisMaster field file – complete journal of field notes; number pages and include entry datesBackground, history file – subfile organizing background materialKey character files – subfiles on key players in the group or organizationAnalytic files – subfiles for different types of observations or relationships

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Data Collection Methods:3. Focus Group Interviews Interview format, but in a group setting

6-12 participants with common experience 1940s – used to assess effectiveness of

morale-boosting radio shows1970s onward – used by market researchers1980s onward – used by academics

Transcript of discussion is the dataPlus accompanying notesUse content analysis or grounded theory

approach to analyze the data

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3. Focus Group Interviews (lanjutan) Strengths:

Open-ended question○ Spontaneously deal with issues as they arise

Cost-effective method of collecting dataLess time-consuming

Weaknesses:One or two participants may dominateNot done in a natural setting, so little

“observation” to help understand the experience of the participants

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E. Analisa data• Peneliti harus memahami secara mendalam maksud

dari pernyataan informan , Peneliti harus benar2 mengerti what the data are saying. Baca berulang kali

• Process seperti lingkaran – data collection occurs simultaneously with data analysis• Analysis begins when data collection begins• Reading, rereading, intuiting, analyzing, synthesizing,

and reporting on data • Kadang disebut juga dgn theoretical sampling

(mengumpulkan data sampai saturasi dicapai)

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E. Analisa data (lanjutan)

Trascribe interview di kembalikan kepada informan untuk klarifikasi dan elaborasi

Look for meaning in the data as it is gathered

Data similar in meaning are clustered together into preliminary categories

Analisa data butuh banyak waktu

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F. Saturasi

• Refers to a situation in data analysis where participants’ descriptions become repetitive and confirm previously collected data

• Merupakan indikasi bahwa data sudah komplit

• Saatnya utk menghentikan pengumpulan data

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Rigour and trusworthiness

Dependability refers to the stability and trackability of the changes in data over time and conditions

Want to determine the extent to which another researcher with similar training and rapport with participants would make the same observations

This is determined by an audit trailInvolves auditing research process,

documenting all the raw data generated, and assessing method of data analysis

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Rigour and trusworthinessConfirmability refers to the objectivity of the

data Would another researcher agree about the

meanings emerging from the data Confirmability can be established by

ensuring accuracy, relevance and meaningfulness of the findings (Williamson, 2009). In achieving this, saturation in collecting data was reached and all activities in the research process were recorded for the audit trail (Williamson, 2009; Polit et al., 2007).

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Rigour and trusworthiness

Transferability refers to the generalizability of the study findings to other settings, populations, and contexts

Report must provide sufficient detail so that readers can assess this

Lack of transferability is viewed as a weakness of qualitative methods

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Suggested reading Cresswell, J.(988). Qualitative inquary in research design. Thousand Oaks,

CA. Sage Publication

Denzin, NK & Lincoln, YS (2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publication

Knopblauch, H. (2005). Focused Ethnography, Forum: Qualitative social research 6(3) Art 44. from http://www. Qualitative-research.net/fos/

Liamputtong, P. R. & Ezzy, D. (2005). Qualitative Research Methods. 2nd eds.

United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Streubert, H., & Carpenter D. (2007). Qualitative Research in Nursing: Advancing

the Humanistic Imperative. Philadelphia: Lippincott William and Wilkins.

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