diri, kel, dan identitas sosial

8/9/2019 Diri, Kel, Dan Identitas Sosial

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Diri, Kelompok, dan Identitas dalam

Sosial


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Siapakah Saya?


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Konsep Diri...

Sebuah konsep yang sangat penting

dalam psikologi sosial

Mempengaruhi perilaku seseorang,

dan.

Pembentukannya dipengaruhi oleh

orang lain dalam proses interaksi sosial


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Konsep Diri:

Identitas diri seseorang yang

merupakan sebuah skema yangberisi kumpulan belief dan

perasaan mengenai diri sendiri.


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Komponen Konsep Diri

interpersonal attributes

ascribed characteristics

interest & activities

existential aspects

self determination

internalized beliefs self-awareness

social differentiation


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Identitas Sosial

Definisi seseorang mengenai siapa ia;

di dalamnya termasuk atribusi personal

(self concept) yang sesuai dengan

keanggotaannya dalam berbagai

kelompok.


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Self Reference Effect

Suatu proses kognisi dimana informasi

yang berkaitan dengan diri diproses

lebih cepat dibanding informasi jenis

lainnya.


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Possible self

Representasi mental yang berisi

pemahaman mengenai gambaran diri

yang diinginkan pada masa yang akan

datang.


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Self Esteem

Suatu evaluasi diri yang dibuat oleh

setiap individu

Suatu sikap mengenai diri sendiri dalam

dimensi positif-negatif


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Self Focusing

Tingkah laku untuk sejauh mana

mengarahkan perhatian ke dalam diri

atau ke lingkungan luar diri


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Self Monitoring

Pengaturan tingkah laku individu

berdasarkan pada situasi eksternal dan

reaksi orang lain (high selfmonitoring)

atau berdasar pada faktor internal

seperti beliefs, sikap dan nilai (lowself

monitoring)


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Self Efficacy

Evaluasi seseorang mengenai

kemampuan atau kompetensinya dalam

menyelesaikan tugas, mencapai tujuan,atau mengatasi masalah.


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Self Efficacy dan Prestasi

Prestasi dalam bidang akademik

maupun dalam bidang fisik meningkat

seiring dengan tingginya self efficacyyang dimiliki individu.


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Self Efficacy dan Prestasi

Gould & Weiss (1981): individu yang

tinggi dalam self efficacy pada bidang

atletik dapat melakukan latihan lebihlama daripada yang memiliki self

efficacy rendah.

Reasoning: tubuh menghasilkanendogenous opioids-natural painkiller.


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Courneya & McAuley, 1993:

Self efficacy dalam bidang kemampuan

fisik juga menyebabkan individu mampu

mempersepsi kesuksesan dalamlatihannya serta memiliki personal

control terhadap tingkah lakunya.


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Sex versus Gender


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Sex vs Gender

Sex: mengacu pada perbedaan anatomi

dan fisiologi dari laki-laki dan

perempuan yang berdasar padamasalah genetika.

Gender: digunakan untuk menjelaskan

tingkah laku yang berasosiasi denganjenis kelamin yang diperoleh dari

harapan budaya atau kombinasi dari

faktor budaya & biologi


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Gender Identity

Jenis kelamin (laki-laki atau

perempuan) yang diidentifikasi

seseorang sebagai identitas dirinya,biasanya, walau tidak selalu, berkaitan

dengan jenis kelamin biologisnya.


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Bem Sex-Role Inventory

Suatu pengukuran psikologis untuk

melihat sejauh mana deskripsi diri

seseorang dikarakteristikkan olehmaskulinitas tradisional, feminitas

tradisional, gabungan keduanya

(androgyny), atau tidak keduanya(undifferentiated).


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Androgyny

Kecenderungan untuk memiliki

karakteristik baik maskulin maupun

feminin secara tradisional


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GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL :

THE COSEQUENCES OF BELONGINGGROUPS :

A collection of persons who are perceived to be bonded together in a

coherent unit to some degree.

Perceived ENTATIVITY : The extent to which a group is being

perceived as being coherent entity (Campbell, 1958).

Is important because it determined What Makes a group is (really) a

Group.

Exp: People line at a bank (score entativity = 2.40)

People who live in the same neighborhood (4.78)

Sport Team (8,27)

This rating is influenced by: to the degree to which group members

interacted with one another


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Type groups usually identified by

their members

Intimacy group (family, relatives)

Task oriented group (committee, workgroup)

Weak social relationship orAssociations

(RT/RW, Kelompok mancing, dsb).


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How Groups Function: Roles,

Status, Norms, Cohesiveness How precisely do groups affect their members ? through mechanism of : Group Roles, Status,Norms & Cohesiveness.

ROLES: Sets of behaviors that individualsoccupying specific positions within a group areexpected to perform.

STATUS : Position or rank within a group.

NORMS :R

ules within a group indicating how itsmembers should or should not behaves.

COHESIVENESS: All forces (factors) that causegroups members to remain in that groups.


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HOWGROUPS AFFECT INDIVIDUAL

PERFORMANCE:

FromSOCIAL FACILITATIONtoSOCIAL LOAFING

Social facilitation: Effects upon

performance resulting from the

presence of others.

Drive theory of social facilitation:

ATheory suggesting that the mere

presence of others is arousing andincreases the tendency to perform

dominant responses.


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Performance is

enhanced

Performance is

enhanced

If dominant respon-

ses are correct in

The present situation

If dominant respon-

ses are incorrect in

The present situation

Enhanced tendency toperform dominant

responses

Presence of others

(either as an audience or as co

actors

HeightenedArousal


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From Drive to Attentional focus: How does

the presence of others influence task

performance ?

Evaluation Apprehension: Concern over being

evaluated by others. Such concern can increase

arousal and so contribute to social facilitation Distraction-conflict theory: A theory

suggesting that social facilitation stems from the

conflict produced when individuals attempt,

simultaneously, to pay attention to other personsand to the task being performed.


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Social Loafing: Letting Others Do

the Work When Part of a Group Additive Task: Task for which the group product is the

sum or combination of the efforts of individual members.

Social Loafing: Reduction in motivation and effort whenindividuals work collectively in a group compared towhen the work individually or as independent coactors

Collective effort Model:A

n explanation of social loafingsuggesting that perceived links between individuals effortand their outcomes are weaker when they work togetherwith others in a group. This, in turn, produces tendenciestoward social loafing.


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Cooperation & Competition

(Conflict)

Cooperation: Behavior in which groups

work together to attain shared goals

Conflict : A process in which individuals

or groups perceive that others have takenor will soon take actions incompatible with

their own interest


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Social Dilemmas:

Situation on which each person can

increase his or her individuals gains by

acting in one way, but if all (or most)

persons do the same thing, the outcomesexperienced by all are reduced


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Factors influencing cooperations;

Reciprocity, Personal Orientations &

Communication Reciprocity :

A basic rule of social life suggesting that individuals tendto treat others as these persons have treated them. r

ecipr

ocal altr

uism. Personal orientation : orientation of person toward

situation: cooperative, individualistic or competitiveorientation ?

Communication; Individuals can use communication to

discuss the situation, try to seek best alternative solutionthrough communication.


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The Discontinuity Effect :Why Groups are

more competitive than Individuals

There is a tendecy that gorup arecompetitive than individuals, because:

1) People tend to distrust other groups morethan other persons. 2) Easy to convincepeople that it is appropriate if a groupswas selfish than individuals 3) in

Individuals setting the are easilyidentifiable, than if they are in group(anonimity)


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Conflict: Its Nature, Causes and

Effects

Conflict

Opposing interest

Between the

two sides

Belief by each side that otherwill or has already taken

Actions contrary to their

interest

Recogniton of these

opposing interest

Actions that interfere

With others sides

interest


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MajorCauses ofConflict:

Faulty attribution : errors consering the

causes behind others behavior

Faulty communication with anger

Bias ofIdeology:

our won gorup are right the other are

wrong.

Personality traits or characteristic: Type

A : very competitive


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Bargaining (negotiation):

A process in which opposing side

exchange offers, counteroffers, and

concession, either directly or through

representative

Superordinate Goals: Create common

goals, Goals that are both sides to a

conflict seek and that tie teir intersettogether rather than drive them apart.


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Culture & Conflict :

Focus on relation or Outcomes ?:

Research finding indicate that indiviodualstend to focus more on relational factors in

conflicts within their own cultural or ethnic

group, but more on outcomes in conflict that

occurs accros cultural or ethnic boundaries.

These finding have important implication for

efforts to resolve social conflicts.


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Perceived Fairness in Groups

Distributive justice (equity):

refers to individuals judgement about wether they are receivinga fair share of available reawards a share proportionate to theircontributions to the groups ( or to any social relationship)

Procedural Justice :

The fairness of the procedures used to distribute availablereawards among group members.

Interactional (interpersonal) justice:

The extent to which persons who distribute reawards explain orjustify their decisions and show considerateness and courtesy tothose who receive the rawards.


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Conflict is LowCouples focus little attention

On perceived unfairness

Conflict is High

Couples focus more attention

On perceived unfairness

Conflict is

Intensified


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Decission Making in Group

Decission making:

Processes involved in combing andintegrating available information in order tochoose one of several possible courses ofaction,

Social Decision Schemes:

Rules relating the initial distribution of

members views to final group decisions. Group Polarization:

The tendency of agroup members, as aresults of group discussion, to shift toward

more extreme positions than those theyinitiall held


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Groupthink:

The tendency of the members of highly cohesive

groups to assume that their decisions cant be

wrong, that all members must support the

groups decision strongly, and that informationcontrary to it should be ignored.

Devils advocate technique:

A technique for improving the quality of group

decision in which one group member is assignedthe task of disagreeing with and criticizing

whatever plan or decision is under consideration


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Authentic dissent:

A technique for improving the quality ofgroup decisions in which one or more

group members actively disgree with the

groups initial preference without beingassigned this role.

diri, kel, dan identitas sosial

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