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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

LIFE CYCLE AND OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF ASIAN PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Bactrocera papayae DREW &

HANCOCK) FOR GUAVA (Psidium guajava, L.)

MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR

ITA 2011 1

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LIFE CYCLE AND OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF

ASIAN PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Bactrocera papayae DREW & HANCOCK) FOR

GUAVA (Psidium guajava, L.)

By

MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master Science

March 2011

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DEDICATION

This Master Research Thesis is dedicated to:

My beloved parents, Mr. Mohd Noor bin Mohaidin and Mrs. Siti Fatimah bte. Boseri

as well as to my siblings, Mohd Amir Fansuri bin Mohd Noor, Nadia Nor Aiman bte

Mohd Noor and Mohd Amir Hakim bin Mohd Noor.

Supportive supervisor and co-supervisor, Dr. Nur Azura binti Adam and

Prof. Dr. Rita Muhamad Awang.

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of

the requirement for the degree of Master Science

LIFE CYCLE AND OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF

ASIAN PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Bactrocera papayae DREW & HANCOCK) FOR

GUAVA (Psidium guajava, L.)

By

MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR

March 2011

Chair person: Nur Azura binti Adam, PhD

Institute: Institute Tropical of Agriculture

Asian papaya fruit fly Bactrocera papayae is one of the insects’ pest that is very

destructive and causing severe damage to guava, Psidium guajava, Linn. Details

on B. papayae are still lacking compared to the other species such as B. carambolae

and B. cucurbitae. This study was conducted to determine the number of larval

instars, the life cycle and ovipositional preference of the B. papayae on guava.

Result showed that the B. papayae underwent three larval instars which can be

determined by morphometric characters of the length and width of the larvae’s

bodies. The body length for the first, second and third instars were 1.27 ± 0.03,

4.33 ± 0.05 and 7.84 ± 0.07 mm respectively, whilst the width for the body were

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0.23 ± 0.01, 1.04 ± 0.01 and 1.85 ± 0.03 mm respectively. Moulting took one day for

each larval instar.

In the life cycle study, the percentage of individuals survived decreased as

the stages changed from egg until adult. Findings showed that the eggs

hatched after 1.16 days. Larvae underwent three instars and survived for

12.02 ± 0.13 days before entering the pupal stage. Pupae collected emerged as the

adults after 7.03 ± 0.08 days. It was observed that the longevity of the adult

male B. papayae was not significantly (P>0.05) different compared to the female adult.

The ovipositional preference could be determined by investigating the number of

larvae laid by single female per guava. Bactrocera papayae female was

observed preferred to oviposit on the mature guavas in both choice and

no-choice experiments. There was no significantly different between the numbers

of ovipositional punctures made and larvae laid on guavas in the choice and

no-choice experiments.

There was a significantly different (P<0.05) in the number of larvae obtained

at different maturity stages in both choice and no-choice experiments. In the

choice and no-choice experiments, the numbers of larvae observed were

comparatively higher in more ripened guavas than less ripened ones. This indicated

that mature guavas provide more needs and nutrients required by the larvae to grow.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai

memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains

KITARAN HIDUP DAN KEGEMARAN OVIPOSISI

LALAT BUAH ASIAN PAPAYA, (Bactrocera papayae DREW & HANCOCK)

TERHADAP BUAH JAMBU BATU (Psidium guajava, L.)

Oleh

MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR

Mac 2011

Pengerusi: Nur Azura binti Adam, PhD

Institut: Institut Pertanian Tropika

Lalat buah Asian Papaya, Bactrocera papayae merupakan salah satu serangga

perosak yang menyebabkan kerosakan yang teruk pada buah jambu batu,

Psidium guajava, Linn. Maklumat-maklumat terperinci berhubung spesies ini

masih berkurangan jika dibandingkan dengan spesies-spesies lain seperti

B. carambolae dan B. cucurbitae. Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti

bilangan instar larva, kitaran hidup dan kecenderungan beroviposisi B. papayae ke atas

buah jambu batu.

Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa B. papayae melalaui tiga peringkat instar larva

dan ianya boleh ditentukan berpandu kepada ciri-ciri morfometrik iaitu panjang

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dan lebar badan larva. Panjang badan bagi instar pertama, kedua dan ketiga

masing-masing ialah 1.27 ± 0.03, 4.33 ± 0.05 dan 7.84 ± 0.07 mm, manakala

lebar badan masing-masing pula ialah 0.23 ± 0.01, 1.04 ± 0.01 dan 1.85 ± 0.03 mm.

Proses salin kulit bagi setiap peringkat larva mengambil masa sehari.

Dalam kajian kitar hidup, peratusan individu-individu yang hidup berkurang

dengan perubahan peringkat dari telur sehingga peringkat dewasa. Keputusan

menunjukkan telur-telur menetas selepas 1.16 hari. Larva melalui tiga peringkat

instar serta hidup selama 12.02 ± 0.13 hari sebelum memasuki peringkat pupa.

Pupa bertukar menjadi lalat dewasa selepas 7.03 ± 0.08 hari. Pemerhatian

mendapati bahawa kemandirian lalat jantan dewasa B. papayae didapati

tidak bererti (P>0.05) dengan kemandirian lalat betina dewasa.

Kecenderungan untuk mengoviposit boleh ditentukan dengan mengkaji bilangan

larva yang dihasilkan oleh seekor betina pada sebiji buah jambu batu. Lalat

betina B. papayae lebih cenderung secara bererti (P<0.05) untuk mengoviposit

telur pada buah jambu batu berumur yang lebih matang hari dalam kedua-dua

eksprimen pilihan dan tanpa pilihan yang telah dijalankan. Tiada perbezaan

bererti didapati pada bilangan cucukan oviposisi mahupun bilangan larva pada

jambu batu dalam eksperimen pilihan mahupun tanpa pilihan.

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Keputusan menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang bererti (P<0.05) bagi bilangan

larva yang diperolehi bagi peringkat kematangan yang berbeza bagi kedua-dua

ujikaji. Dalam ujikaji dengan pilihan dan tanpa pilihan, bilangan larva-larva

secara perbandingan adalah lebih banyak pada buah jambu batu yan lebih

matang. Ini menunjukkan bahawa buah jambu matang menyediakan lebih keperluan

dan nutrien yang diperlukan oleh larva-larva untuk tumbesaran.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah thanks to the Almighty God, Allah S.W.T for his blessing, mercy

and compassion, this study was accomplished within the time periods given

successfully. He gives me the strength to pursue my studies at the higher level.

In this limited page, I would like to address my special regards to the persons

and parties those help me with kindhearted and open handed sincerely.

First of all, millions of thanks directly to lecturers from Department of Plant

Protection, Dr. Nur Azura binti Adam and Prof. Dr. Rita Muhamad Awang. Both

with kind hearted willingly took me as their mentee in the committee for this

master research project. With passions, experiences and knowledge, they supervised,

advised, guided, provided the amenities, spent their precious times and even

lent some of their money helping me out along the journey of my study.

Secondly, this appreciation would be addressed to Prof. Dr. Sariah binti Meon, the

Director of Institute of Tropical Agriculture (ITA) and her managerial staffs

for their supportive and understanding. The institute provided good services

and gave opportunities to enhance knowledge via seminars it organized.

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I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainal Abidin bin Mior Ahmad, the

Head Departmant of Plant Protection and his managerial staffs, staffs of

Laboratory of Entomology, Toxicology and Pathology. Their contributions and

moral supports were appreciated and may God bless them.

Sincere thanks to all undergraduate and postgraduate students those from

Department of Plant Protection who accompanied me within these three years of

study, I would like to express my special thank for your kindhearted of sharing

knowledge and experiences, willingness to guide and support, as well as the

beneficial advices.

This study would not run smoothly without the helps and supports from Golden

Hope Food and Beverages Sdn. Bhd. The company, lead by Mr. Roslan bin

Zulkifly, together with his staffs from field and research departments provided

place for me to live in and research materials (rotten guava fruits) for fruit fly

rearing. I would like to thank to Mrs. Suhana Yusof, MARDI research officer

and Miss Farah Huda Sjafni Suherman who did the practical at MARDI. Special

thank to Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) for funding this project.

Last but no least, to my beloved parents, Mr. Mohd Noor bin Mohaidin and

Mrs. Siti Fatimah bte Boseri who sacrifice a lot, patiently nurturing and educating,

sincerely praying for this child to becoming better human in this world and

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hereafter. To my siblings, Mohd Amir Fansuri, Nadia Nor Aiman and Mohd Amir

Hakim thanks for supporting your eldest brother in his jouney until now.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on the 4th

July 2011 to conduct

the final examination of Mohd Amir Zunnasri bin Mohd Noor on his thesis entitled

“Life Cycle and Ovipositional Preference of Asian Papaya Fruit Fly, Bactrocera

papayae (Drew & Hancock) Diptera:Tephritidae on Guava, Psidium guajava, L.)”

in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the

Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March1998. The

Committee recommends that the student be awarded the degree of Master Science.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Lau Wei Hong, PhD

Lecturer

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman of Examination Committee)

Dzolkhifli bin Omar, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal examiner)

Hafidzi Mohd Noor, PhD

Lecturer

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal examiner)

Idris Abdul Ghani, PhD Professor

Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

(External examiner)

.............................................

BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The

members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Nur Azura binti Adam, PhD

Lecturer

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Rita Muhamad Awang, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Member)

............................................................

HASANAH MOHD GHAZALI, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

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DECLARATION

I declared that this thesis is my original worked exclude for the quotations and citations,

which have been duly acknowledged. I also declared that my worked has not been

previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra

Malaysia or in other institutions.

……………………………………………………

MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHDNOOR

Date: 4th

March 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii

APPROVAL xi

DECLARATION xiii

LIST OF TABLES xvi

LIST OF FIGURES xvii

LIST OF PLATES xviii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix

CHAPTERS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURES 4

2.1 Guava in general 4

2.2 Guava in Malaysia 5

2.3 Fruit flies 9

2.4 Bactrocera spp 10

2.5 Determination of guava fruit’s maturity 14

2.6 Rearing techniques 15

2.7 Life cycle of Bactrocera spp 18

2.7.1 Egg 19

2.7.2 Larva 20

2.7.3 Pupa 21

2.7.4 Adult 21

2.8 Ovipositional preferences 21

3.0 GENERAL METHODOLOGIES 24

3.1 Mass rearing and establishing B. papayae colony 24

3.2 Artificial-egging-device 26

4.0 DETERMINATION OF LARVAL INSTAR OF

Bactrocera papayae BASED ON LENGTH AND WIDTH

27

4.1 Introduction 27

4.2 Materials and methods 28

4.3 Results and discussions 30

4.4 Conclusion

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5.0 GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND SEX RATIO OF

Bactrocera papayae FEEDING ON GUAVA FRUITS

38

5.1 Introduction 38

5.2 Materials and method 39

5.2.1 Growth and development of B. papayae 39

5.2.2 Statistical analysis 41

5.3 Results and discussions 41

5.3.1 Egg 42

5.3.2 Larva 44

5.3.3 Pupa 45

5.3.4 Adult 46

5.4 Conclusion 50

6.0 OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF ADULT FEMALE

Bactrocera papayae ON DIFFERENT GUAVA FRUITS’

MATURITY STAGES

52

6.1 Introduction 52

6.2 Materials and methods 53

6.2.1 Guava fruits sampling 53

6.2.2 Parameters for determination of ovipositional

preference

54

6.2.3 Ovipositional preference experiments 58

6.2.4 Data Analysis 59

6.3 Result and discussions 60

6.4 Conclusion 68

7.0 GENERAL DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK SUMMARY

70

REFERENCES 74

BIODATA OF STUDENT 84

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 86