SESI 2016-2017

BUKU PANDUAN

PROGRAM SISWAZAH

FISIOLOGI

KEMASKINI 2017

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KAKITANGAN AKADEMIK

Ketua Jabatan: PROF. MADYA DR. SITI FATIMAH IBRAHIM

Penyelaras Program: DR. JAYAKUMAR A/L MURTHY

Pensyarah: PROF. DATO’ DR. RUSZYMAH BTE HJ IDRUS

PROF. DR. NORFILZA MOHD. MOKHTAR

DR. NORHAZLINA ABDUL WAHAB

DR. MOHD. HEIKAL MOHD. YUNUS

PROF. MADYA DR. CHUA KIEN HUI

DR. AZIZAH UGUSMAN

DR. AMILIA AMINUDDIN

DR. MOHD HELMY MOKHTAR

PUAN FARAH HANAN FATHIHAH BINTI JAFFAR

PUAN NOOR WAHIDAH MOHD. NASRI

Cuti Belajar (2013 - 2017)

PUAN ADILA A. HAMID

Cuti Belajar (2014-2017) Disediakan oleh: Bahagian Siswazah, Jabatan Fisiologi, Tingkat 18, Blok Praklinikal, Pusat Perubatan UKM, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur. Tel.: +603 9145 8611 Fax: +603 9145 8606 Email: jayakumar@ukm.edu.my

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PENGENALAN KEPADA PROGRAM SISWAZAH FISIOLOGI Falsafah UKM Paduan antara iman kepada Allah dengan ilmu yang bermanfaat serta gabungan antara teori dan amal adalah dasar utama bagi perkembangan ilmu, proses pembinaan masyarakat terpelajar dan pembangunan universiti. Visi UKM UKM bertekad menjadi universiti terkehadapan yang mendahului langkah masyarakat dan zamannya bagi membentuk masyarakat dinamis, berilmu dan berakhlak mulia. Misi UKM Menjadi pusat ilmu terpilih yang memartabatkan Bahasa Melayu serta mensejagatkan ilmu beracuan budaya kebangsaan. Berdasarkan kenyataan visi dan misi UKM, matlamat umum pendidikan adalah seperti berikut: “Melahirkan siswazah yang berkeyakinan, berkepimpinan dan berjati diri kebangsaan dipersada antarabangsa” Matlamat pendidikan di UKM merupakan kerangka matlamat pendidikan semua fakulti, institut dan pusat dan mengandungi tiga ciri – keyakinan, kepimpinan dan mendokong cita-cita kebangsaan

Matlamat Pendidikan UKM

Melahirkan graduan yang berkeyakinan, berkepimpinan dan berjati diri kebangsaan di persada

antarabangsa.

Visi Fakulti Perubatan

Untuk menjadi hab akademik perubatan yang terkehadapan dan berdaya saing berteraskan ilmu,

inovasi dan pasukan profesional perubatan yang berdedikasi dalam membentuk masyarakat yang

sihat dan bermaklumat.

Misi Fakulti Perubatan Untuk memberi pendidikan berkualiti dan penyediaan profesional perubatan dan perkhidmatan bermutu tinggi berteraskan penyelidikan dalil perubatan, inovasi, dan kepekaan sosial. Matlamat Pendidikan Fakulti Perubatan

memperkukuhkan pendidikan perubatan dari peringkat prasiswazah

memperkembangkan pendidikan perubatan pascasiswazah

meningkatkan Program Sains Perubatan dalam bidang tujahan

memperkembangkan pendidikan perubatan berterusan

meningkatkan kualiti penyelidikan in bidang tujahan

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memperkuatkan dan mengembangkan perkhidmatan kepakaran

memastikan suasana kerja yang kondusif dan budaya kerja yang sihat Visi Jabatan Fisiologi Menjadi Jabatan yang mengembangkan bidang Fisiologi Perubatan dalam meningkatkan kualiti kesihatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Misi Jabatan Fisiologi Menyokong hasrat UKM untuk menjadi Universiti terunggul dalam bidang pengajaran, penyelidikan, penerbitan dan pembangunan sahsiah secara syumul. Matlamat Jabatan Fisiologi Berhasrat untuk melahirkan graduan yang beraspirasi kebangsaan, berdaya saing, innovatif dan professional.

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SARJANA SAINS PEUBATAN (KERJA KURSUS DAN DISERTASI)

OBJEKTIF PROGRAM (OP)

OP 1: Untuk memperkembangkan pemahaman yang mendalam dan menyeluruh dalam bidang

Fisiologi sesuai dengan perkembangan semasa.

OP 2: Untuk melahirkan graduan yang berkeupayaan melaksanakan penyelidikan dalam bidang

tujuan mereka.

OP 3: Untuk melahirkan graduan dengan kemahiran mengajar dan interpersonal dalam bidang

pengajian Fisiologi.

HASIL PEMBELAJARAN PROGRAM (HPP)

HPP 1: Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan menunjukkan keupayaan untuk membangunkan atau

menggunakan idea dalam bidang pengajian.

HPP 2: Mengintegrasikan pengetahuan dan kefahaman bagi menyelesaikan masalah yang

berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian baru, kompleks, dan konteks pelbagai disiplin.

HPP 3: Menilai dan membuat keputusan dalam situasi yang mempunyai maklumat yang terhad

dengan mengambil kira tanggungjawab sosial dan etika yang berkaitan.

HPP 4: Menyampaikan dengan jelas masalah atau isu, pengetahuan masa ini, kesimpulan dan

rasional kepada pakar dan bukan pakar.

HPP 5: Bekerja secara bebas menggunakan teknologi yang sedia ada untuk memenuhi program

Jangkaan.

HPP 6: Memimpin dan bekerjasama dengan orang lain dalam bidang pengajian.

HPP 7: Gunakan kemahiran belajar untuk kemajuan peribadi dengan autonomi yang tinggi untuk

berbuat demikian.

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SARJANA SAINS PERUBATAN (TESIS)

OBJEKTIF PROGRAM (OP)

OP 1: Graduan yang berkemahiran dan berpengetahuan lanjutan dalam bidang spesifik.

OP 2: Graduan yang berkeupayaan melaksanakan penyelidikan dalam bidang tujuan mereka.

OP 3: Graduan yang berkebolehan untuk menyumbang pengetahuan dan perkhidmatan di

peringkat nasional/ antarabangsa.

HASIL PEMBELAJARAN PROGRAM (HPP)

HPP 1: Menganalisis dan menilai kesusasteraan dan pengetahuan semasa dalam bidang kajian

tertentu.

HPP 2: Merangka dan membangunkan kaedah penyelidikan yang sesuai dengan bidang pengajian.

HPP 3: Menjalankan eksperimen dengan usaha wajar dan penjagaan.

HPP 4: Memaparkan kemahiran teknikal yang tinggi dalam bidang pengajian.

HPP 5: Boleh mengurus, mereka bentuk, melaksanakan dan menyesuaikan diri dengan proses

penyelidikan dengan biasiswa yang diterima.

HPP 6: Mengumpul, mentafsir dan menganalisis data penyelidikan.

HPP 7: Membentangkan dan mempertahankan hasil penyelidikan.

HPP 8: Menyebar dan menerbitkan hasil penyelidikan yang mengembangkan sempadan ilmu.

HPP 9: Memimpin dan bekerjasama dengan orang lain dalam bidang kepakaran yang berkaitan.

HPP 10: Memaparkan keupayaan untuk berkomunikasi dengan rakan-rakan, masyarakat ulama

dan masyarakat umum yang berkaitan dengan bidang kepakaran.

HPP 11: Mengamalkan budaya penyelidikan dalam konteks akademik pembangunan profesional

dan masyarakat.

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IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH (PhD)

OBJEKTIF PROGRAM (OP)

OP 1: Graduan yang berkemahiran dan berpengetahuan tinggi dalam bidang spesifik.

OP 2: Graduan yang berkeupayaan memulakan dan melaksanakan penyelidikan dalam bidang

tujuan mereka.

OP 3: Graduan yang berkebolehan untuk menyumbang pengetahuan dan inovasi kepada produk

baru dan perkhidmatan di peringkat nasional/ antarabangsa.

HASIL PEMBELAJARAN PROGRAM (HPP)

HPP 1: Menganalisis secara kritikal dan menilai kesusasteraan dan pengetahuan semasa dalam

bidang kajian tertentu.

HPP 2: Memberi idea yang bernas yang dapat merangka dan membangunkan kaedah

penyelidikan yang sesuai dengan bidang pengajian.

HPP 3: Menjalankan eksperimen dengan usaha yang wajar dan penjagaan.

HPP 4: Memaparkan kemahiran teknikal yang tinggi dan inovatif dalam bidang pengajian.

HPP 5: Boleh menguruskan, mereka bentuk, melaksanakan dan menyesuaikan diri dengan proses

penyelidikan dengan biasiswa yang diterima.

HPP 6: Mengumpul, mentafsir dan menganalisis secara kritikal data hasil penyelidikan

HPP 7: Membentangkan dan mempertahankan hasil penyelidikan.

HPP 8: Menyebar dan menerbitkan hasil penyelidikan yang mengembangkan sempadan ilmu.

HPP 9: Memimpin dan bekerjasama dengan orang lain dalam bidang yang berkaitan kepakaran.

HPP 10: Memaparkan keupayaan untuk berkomunikasi dengan rakan-rakan, masyarakat ulama

dan masyarakat umum yang berkaitan dengan bidang kepakaran.

HPP 11: Mengamalkan budaya penyelidikan dalam konteks akademik pembangunan profesional

dan masyarakat.

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KURSUS YANG DITAWARKAN

1. Sarjana Sains Perubatan (Fisiologi) – kerja kursus dan disertasi Program ini dijalankan secara kerja kursus dan disertasi (Jumlah = 40 unit). Ia mengambil masa selama 4-6 semester bagi calon sepenuh masa dan 8-12 semester bagi calon separuh masa. Status separuh masa hanya boleh dipohon setelah lulus kerja kursus dan mendapat persetujuan dari penyelia dan kelulusan fakulti. Syarat kemasukan ialah Ijazah Sarjana Muda Sains (Kepujian) dengan gred kumulatif (CGPA) tidak kurang dari 3.00 ATAU Ijazah yang setara ATAU Ijazah Perubatan dari institusi pengajian tinggi yang diiktiraf kerajaan dengan gred minima bagi matapelajaran Fisiologi ialah gred B. Calon yang mempunyai CGPA yang kurang dari 3.00 harus mempunyai pengalaman bekerja dengan penyelia yang berpotensi di dalam bidang berkaitan sekurang-kurangnya SATU (1) tahun.

2. Sarjana Sains Perubatan (Fisiologi) – tesis sahaja Program ini dijalankan secara tesis sahaja. Ia mengambil masa selama 4-6 semester bagi calon sepenuh masa dan 8-12 semester bagi calon separuh masa. Syarat kemasukan ialah Ijazah Sarjana Muda Sains (Kepujian) dengan gred kumulatif (CGPA) tidak kurang dari 3.00 ATAU Ijazah yang setara ATAU Ijazah Perubatan dari institusi pengajian tinggi yang diiktiraf kerajaan dengan gred minima bagi matapelajaran Fisiologi ialah gred B. Calon yang mempunyai CGPA yang kurang dari 3.00 harus mempunyai pengalaman bekerja dengan penyelia yang berpotensi di dalam bidang berkaitan sekurang-kurangnya SATU (1) tahun.

3. Ijazah Doktor Falsafah (PhD) Program ini dijalankan secara tesis sahaja. Ia mengambil masa selama 6-12 semester bagi calon sepenuh masa ATAU 8-14 semester bagi calon separuh masa. Calon perlu mempunyai Ijazah Sarjana Sains atau setara dari institusi yang diiktiraf oleh Senat.

Kelayakan minima bagi calon warganegara Malaysia ialah gred kumulatif (PNGK) sebanyak 3.67 bagi calon Ijazah Sarjanamuda Sains (Kepujian) atau yang setara dengannya.

Bagi calon Sarjana Sains Perubatan (Fisiologi), penukaran tahap pengajian boleh dilakukan tertakluk kepada Akta UKM dan Peraturan-peraturan UKM (Pengajian Siswazah).

Selain daripada syarat-syarat di atas, keputusan peperiksan IELTS dengan nilai gred 6.5 dan bukti penajaan dari kerajaan atau badan kerajaan yang disahkan oleh Malaysia perlu

dilampirkan bersama bagi calon antarabangsa.

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1.0 SARJANA SAINS PERUBATAN (FISIOLOGI)

MOD: KERJA KURSUS DAN DISERTASI

1.1 PENGENALAN

Sarjana Sains Perubatan (Fisiologi) dijalankan secara kerja kursus dan disertasi bagi melatih bakal tenaga pengajar dan penyelidik di dalam bidang yang berkaitan dengan fisiologi. Graduan yang mempunyai pengetahuan asas fisiologi berkemampuan untuk mempelajari fisiologi lanjutan di peringkat sarjana dan doktor falsafah. Jumlah unit kredit program ini ialah 40 yang terdiri daripada 22 unit kerja kursus dan 18 unit kerja penyelidikan (disertasi).

1.2 KANDUNGAN MODUL

A. KURSUS SEMESTER 1

Kod Kursus Penyelia

FFFF 6015 Fisiologi Kardiovaskular Dr. Azizah Ugusman

FFFF 6023 Fisiologi Pernafasan P.M. Dr. Chua Kien Hui

FFFF 6043 Fisiologi Sistem Saraf 1 P.M. Dr. Siti Fatimah Ibrahim

FFFK 6163 Statistik Perubatan Asas P.M.Dr. Azmi Tamil

B. KURSUS SEMESTER 2

Kod Kursus Penyelia

FFFF 6033 Fisiologi Renal Dr. Norhazlina Abdul Wahab

FFFF 6123 Fisiologi Reproduksi Prof. Dr. Norfilza Mohd. Mokhtar

FFFF 6135 Fisiologi Sistem Saraf 2 Prof. Dato’ Dr. Ruszymah Haji Idrus

C. DISERTASI SEMESTER 3 & 4

Kod Kursus Penyelia

FFFF 6217 Disertasi Semester 3 Yang berkenaan

FFFF 6228 Disertasi Semester 4 Yang berkenaan

Calon sarjana perlu menyiapkan satu mini projek penyelidikan di bawah penyeliaan. Hasil

penyelidikan ini perlu menghasilkan satu disertasi pada semester akhir.

1.3 KAEDAH PEMBELAJARAN

Setiap pelajar dikehendaki membentangkan seminar, penyelesaian masalah dan menulis rencana untuk setiap kursus. Tujuan diadakan seminar untuk menggalakkan pelajar memahami tajuk-tajuk tertentu secara bersendirian tanpa bergantung kepada syarahan dan melatih pelajar menerangkan sesuatu topik dengan jelas dan teratur. Penyelesaian masalah adalah satu kaedah untuk mendedahkan pelajar kepada masalah-masalah dalam bidang perubatan dan menekankan bagaimana pengetahuan asas fisiologi dikaitkan dengan gejala-gejala penyakit.

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Penyelaras kursus akan mengadakan perbincangan dengan pelajar sebelum setiap pembentangan. Pelajar juga digalakkan mengikuti syarahan yang diberikan kepada pelajar perubatan. Tugasan bertulis hendaklah diserahkan kepada penyelaras pada akhir setiap kursus.

OBJEKTIF UMUM KURSUS

1. Fisiologi Kardiovaskular Di akhir modul, pelajar dapat menerangkan dan membincangkan:

i) Aktiviti elektrik jantung dan asas electrocardiogram

ii) Aktiviti mekanik jantung dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya.

iii) Kawalatur kembalian vena dan keluaran jantung.

iv) Kawalatur tekanan arteri dan aliran darah.

v) Sirkulasi mikro dan setempat.

vi) Kesan graviti, postur, senaman dan penuaan terhadap sistem.

1. Fisiologi Pernafasan Di akhir modul, pelajar dapat menerangkan dan membincangkan:

i) Mekanik pernafasan dan perubahan tekanan di dalam kaviti toraks.

ii) Ujian fungsi peparu.

iii) Ventilasi dan perfusi.

iv) Difusi dan pengankutan gas.

v) Kawalatur pernafasan.

vi) Perubahan pernafasan ketika senaman.

vii) Peranan hormon di dalam metabolisme di dalam senaman.

viii) Perubahan senaman dan adaptasi sewaktu keadaan hipobarik dan hiperbarik.

ix) Perubahan pernafasan sewaktu sakit.

3. Fisiologi Sistem Saraf I Di akhir modul, pelajar dapat menerangkan dan membincangkan:

i) Peranan sistem neuroendokrin di dalam kawalatur homeostatis. ii) Mekanisme transmisi penghantaran maklumat sistem saraf dan pemprosesan di pusat

tinggi. iii) Kepentingan neurotransmiter di dalam komunikasi saraf dan dadah yang digunakan yang

mempengaruhi sistem ini. iv) Penyesuaian neuromuskular serat otot dan sel otot berikutan peningkatan aktiviti dan kesan

latihan. v) Ciri-ciri reseptor sensori dan persepsi sensori somatik.

vi) Mekanisme, teori dan modulasi sakit.

4. Statistik Perubatan Di akhir modul, pelajar dapat menerangkan dan membincangkan:

i) Kaedah-kaedah pensampelan, pengumpulan dan penyajian data.

ii) Ujian student t, khi kuasa dua, korelasi, regresi linear dan ANOVA.

iii) Ujian berparameter dan bukan parameter

iv) Penganalisisan data dengan mikrokomputer.

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5. Fisiologi Renal Di akhir modul, pelajar dapat menerangkan dan membincangkan:

i) Mekanisme yang terlibat di dalam filtrasi, reabsorpsi dan sekresi di nefron. ii) Mekanisme kawalatur bagi mempertahankan cecair ekstrasel dan keseimbangan

elektrolit. iii) Peranan renal, sistem saraf dan hormon di dalam kawalatur volum cecair tubuh dan

kandungan elektrolit. iv) Peranan buah pinggang di dalam keseimbangan asid dan bes.

v) Refleks dan kawalan voluntari di dalam mikturisi.

6. Fisiologi Reproduksi Di akhir modul, pelajar dapat menerangkan dan membincangkan:

i) Proses persenyawaan, implantasi dan tahap awal perkembangan embrio. ii) Faktor yang terlibat di dalam pembezaan jantina dan ketaknormalan yang boleh

berlaku. iii) Fungsi sistem reproduksi lelaki termasuk gametogenesis, koitus dan fungsi

endokrin serta ketakfungsiannya. iv) Fungsi sistem reproduksi wanita termasuk kitar haid dan fungsi endokrin serta

ketakfungsiannya. v) Perubahan fisiologi semasa mengandung serta peranan hormon yang terlibat.

vi) Mekanisme yang terlibat didalam pelahiran.

vii) Fisiologi penyusuan dan refleks yang terlibat.

viii) Infertiliti dan kaedah bioteknologi yang membantu kehamilan.

ix) Fisiologi pencegahan kehamilan.

7. Fisiologi Sistem Saraf II Di akhir modul, pelajar dapat menerangkan dan membincangkan:

i) Jenis maklumat yang sampai ke pusat yang terlibat dengan perubahan postur dan intergrasi antara pusat-pusat.

ii) Kawalan dan refleks yang terlibat di dalam perubahan postur. iii) Trek, pusat dan kawasan yang terlibat di dalam kawalan voluntari terhadap

pergerakan kasar dan halus. iv) Fungsi pusat tinggi.

v) Fungsi hipotalamus dan sistem limbik.

vi) Fisiologi tidur. vii) Penghantaran bunyi dan aktiviti elektrik di dalam pendengaran dan

ketakfungsiannya. viii) Fungsi sistem vestibular yang terlibat di dalam keseimbangan postur.

ix) Mekanisme penglihatan, aspek optik yang berkaitan dan ketakfungsiannya.

x) Mekanisme bau dan rasa.

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BAHAN RUJUKAN

Arthur C. Guyton & John E. Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Edisi ke-13. Saunders 2016.

Beth Dawson, Robert Trapp, Basic & Clinical Biostatistics, Edisi ke-5. McGraw-Hill Medical 2016.

Burton D. Rose & Theodore Theodore Post. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, Edisi ke-6. McGraw Hill 2017.

Douglas C. Eaton & John Pooler. Vander's Renal Physiology, Edisi ke-8. McGraw Hill 2013.

Eric P. Widmaier, Vander, Sherman, Luciano's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, Edisi ke-14. Mcgraw-Hill 2015.

Jack H. Wilmore& David L. Costill . Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Edisi ke-6. Human Kinetics Publishers 2015.

John B. West, Andrew M. Luks. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials, Edisi ke-10. Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins 2015.

Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano, & Heddwen Brooks. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Edisi ke-25. McGraw-Hill Medical 2015. Lee-Ellen C. Copstead-Kirkhorn & Jacquelyn L. Banasik. Pathophysiology, Edisi ke-5. Saunders 2012.

Martin G. Cogan. Fluid and Electrolytes: Physiology and Pathophysiology, Edisi ke-2. Appleton & Lange 1992.

Md. Idris, M.N. Asas Statistik dan Penyelidikan Perubatan. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur 1995.

Robert C. Elston Essentials of Biostatistics, Edisi ke-2. F. A. Davis Company 1994.

Rodney A. Rhoades & George A. Tanner. Medical Physiology, Edisi ke-2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2003.

Robert H. Riffenburgh. Statistics in Medicine, Edisi ke-3. Academic Press, 2012.

William D McArdle & Victor L Katch. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Edisi ke-8. Lippincott, 2014.

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1.4 KAEDAH PENILAIAN SARJANA SAINS PERUBATAN (FISOLOGI) – KERJA KURSUS DAN DISERTASI

Calon sarjana akan dinilai berdasarkan:

1) Penilaian berterusan (A+B+C = 70%)

2) Peperiksaan (30%)

1. Penilaian berterusan terdiri dari tiga (3) komponen: A. Penilaian sesi perbincangan bersama penyelia modul (15%):

Kedatangan 3%

Komunikasi dan kerja kumpulan 4%

Pemikiran kritis 4%

Pengetahuan 4%

**Perbincangan melibatkan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah (PBL). Ianya dijalankan seperti berikut: Minggu 1: perbincangan (semua calon) Minggu 2: pembentangan (calon kumpulan 1) Minggu 3: perbincangan (semua calon) Minggu 4: pembentangan (calon kumpulan 2)

** Bagi modul Kardiovaskular dan Fisiologi Sistem Saraf II, minggu pembelajaran adalah 6 minggu.

B. Penilaian oleh sekurang-kurangnya DUA (2) orang pensyarah semasa sesi pembentangan

(35%):

Pengetahuan 10%

Pembentangan 10%

Kreativiti 5%

Sesi perbincangan (soal-jawab) 10%

C. Tugasan Bertulis (20%)

Tugasan bertulis mengandungi 5000 – 7000 patah perkataan, 1.5 jarak, saiz font 12 (Times New Roman) mengikut Gaya UKM

2. PEPERIKSAAN - 30% Calon perlu lulus peperiksaan bertulis (soalan esei) dan mendapat sekurang-kurangnya GRED B (markah: 15/30) bagi setiap modul sebagai prasyarat untuk meneruskan disertasi. Calon dibenarkan untuk mengambil peperiksaan ulangan yang akan diadakan pada semester kedua pengajian bagi memperbaiki gred.

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Selain daripada penilaian di atas, calon sarjana diwajibkan untuk:

A. Sesi pengajaran – Calon perlu terlibat di dalam sesi pengajaran pra-siswazah seperti

perbincangan kumpulan kecil (SGD), dan satu (1) pembelajaran berasaskan masalah (PBL)

bagi setiap modul.

B. Seminar – calon dikehendaki membentangkan sekurang-kurangnya SATU (1) hasil

penyelidikan di seminar di peringkat kebangsaan ATAU antarabangsa.

C. Penerbitan – Calon perlu menghantar sekurang-kurangnya satu manuskrip di dalam jurnal

tersohor.

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2.0 SARJANA SAINS PERUBATAN (FISIOLOGI)

MOD: TESIS SAHAJA

2.1 PENGENALAN

Tujuan program ini ialah untuk menggabungkan aspek kepimpinan, tanggungjawab sosial, penyelidikan, penajaan, khidmat masyarakat, nilai etika, profesionalisme dan penjanaan ilmu. Nilai-nilai ini disahihkan di dalam reka bentuk kurikulum berdasarkan hasil pembelajaran yang dinyatakan.

2.2 Kaedah Pengajaran - Pembelajaran Kaedah pengajaran-pembelajaran bagi mencapai hasil pembelajaran adalah termasuk aktiviti yang melibatkan kajian penyelidikan:

- Kajian perpustakaan,

- Merekabentuk dan menjalankan ujikaji,

- Pengumpulan data, analisa dan penterjemahan,

- Penulisan tesis dan manuskrip; dan

- Pembentangan seminar dan persidangan saintifik.

Kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran adalah konsisten dengan kurikulum dimana ianya melibatkan penyeliaan mingguan, laporan penyelia setiap enam (6) bulan dan pemantauan berterusan pada peringkat jabatan. Program ini melibatkan penyelidikan sahaja. Oleh itu, calon perlu melakukan kerja-kerja makmal bagi menyelesaikan projek mereka. Projek penyelidikan yang ditawarkan oleh jabatan kepada calon program ini berkisar kepada topik-topik berikut:

1. Fisiologi Kardiovaskular (Dr. Amilia Aminuddin dan Dr. Azizah Ugusman)

2. Perubatan Genomik (Prof. Dr. Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar)

3. Enzim Tekanan (Dr. Norhazlina Abd Wahab)

4. Biologi Reproduksi (P.M. Dr. Siti Fatimah Ibrahim, Puan Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar dan

Dr. Mohd Helmy Mokhtar)

5. Sel Stem dan Kejuruteraan Tisu (Prof. Dato’ Dr. Ruszymah Haji Idrus, Dr. Mohd Heikal

Mohd Yunus dan P.M. Dr. Chua Kien Hui)

6. Neurofisiologi Ketagihan Dadah (Dr. Jayakumar A/L Murthy)

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2.3 Cadangan Kertas Penyelidikan Calon dikehendaki membentangkan kertas kerja penyelidikan untuk dinilai di peringkat jabatan. Ini diikuti oleh Jawatankuasa Etika untuk diluluskan sebelum berakhirnya semester pertama.

2.4 Penilaian

Penilaian formatif merangkumi pembentangan, latihan praktikum, tugasan bertulis dan manuskrip untuk penerbitan. Penilaian summatif melibatkan penilaian tesis dan sesi viva yang dilakukan oleh penilai luar dan dalam UKM. Perjalanan dan sesi soal jawab semasa viva dilakukan bagi menilai pencapaian calon dari segi kebolehan menganalisa, menterjemahkan dan berfikir secara kritis mengenai bidang kajian yang telah dilakukan.

2.5 Seminar dan Penerbitan

Seminar berjadual diadakan sekurang-kurangnya dua kali bagi setiap calon iaitu pada pertengahan dan akhir tempoh pengajian. Calon dikehendaki untuk menghadiri semua seminar yang diadakan sebulan sekali. Calon juga perlu membentangkan DUA (2) kertas kerja di persidangan saintifik pada peringkat kebangsaan ATAU antarabangsa. Calon juga dikehendaki untuk menghasilkan SATU (1) penerbitan di dalam jurnal tersohor.

2.6 Keperluan Penukaran Status Sarjana ke Doktor Falsafah i) Kertas cadangan penyelidikan Doktor Falsafah perlu disediakan pada semester ketiga

ATAU enam (6) bulan sebelum Program Sarjana berakhir. ii) Kelulusan daripada Jawatankuasa Sekretariat Pengajian Siswazah, Pusat Perubatan UKM.

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3.0 PROGRAM IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH (Ph.D)

3.1 Pengenalan

Tujuan program Ijazah Doktor Falsafah (Ph.D) adalah untuk melahirkan graduan yang berupaya dan berdikari di dalam menjalankan aktiviti penyelidikan. Antara objektif program ini ialah untuk menghasilkan graduan yang peka dan berpengetahuan di dalam menjalankan dan mengetuai penyelidikan, merancang dan melaksanakan aktiviti dan mencari serta menguruskan geran penyelidikan.

3.2 Kaedah Pengajaran - Pembelajaran Hasil pembelajaran dan sasaran pendidikan diolah bagi menghasilkan graduan lengkap secara holistik sejajar dengan misi dan visi universiti. Ciri-ciri graduan yang akan dihasilkan ialah inovatif dan berkepimpinan di dalam proses pembangunan ilmu. Ini membantu menghasilkan masyarakat dinamik dan berpengetahuan. Kaedah pengajaran-pembelajaran bagi mencapai hasil pembelajaran adalah termasuk aktiviti yang melibatkan kajian penyelidikan:

- Kajian perpustakaan,

- Merekabentuk dan menjalankan ujikaji,

- Pengumpulan data, analisa dan penterjemahan,

- Penulisan tesis dan manuskrip; dan

- Pembentangan seminar dan persidangan saintifik.

Kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran adalah konsisten dengan kurikulum dimana ianya melibatkan penyeliaan mingguan, laporan penyelia setiap enam (6) bulan dan pemantauan berterusan pada peringkat jabatan. Program ini melibatkan penyelidikan sahaja. Oleh itu, calon perlu melakukan kerja-kerja makmal bagi menyelesaikan projek mereka. Projek penyelidikan yang ditawarkan oleh jabatan kepada calon program ini adalah seperti yang dinyatakan di bahagian 2.2.

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3.3 Cadangan Kertas Kerja Penyelidikan

Calon dikehendaki membentangkan kertas kerja penyelidikan untuk dinilai di peringkat jabatan. Ini diikuti oleh Jawatankuasa Etika untuk diluluskan sebelum berkahirnya semester pertama.

3.4 Penilaian

Calon dinilai bermula daripada pembentangan proposal, laporan setiap enam bulan, penulisan dan pembentangan tesis dan mempertahankan tesis sewaktu sesi viva-voce. Pencapaian calon berdasarkan hasil pembelajaran dinilai oleh penilai luar dan dalam menerusi penulisan tesis mengikut garis panduan yang telah ditetapkan. Perjalanan dan sesi soal jawab semasa viva dilakukan bagi menilai pencapaian calon dari segi kebolehan menganalisa, menterjemahkan dan berfikir secara kritis mengenai bidang kajian yang telah dilakukan.

3.5 Seminar dan Penerbitan

Seminar berjadual diadakan sekurang-kurangnya dua kali bagi setiap calon iaitu pada pertengahan dan akhir tempoh pengajian. Calon dikehendaki untuk menghadiri semua seminar yang diadakan sebulan sekali. Calon juga perlu membentangkan DUA (2) kertas kerja secara di persidangan saintifik pada peringkat kebangsaan ATAU antarabangsa. Calon juga dikehendaki untuk menghasilkan DUA (2) penerbitan di dalam jurnal tersohor.

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ACADEMIC STAFF Head of Department: ASSOC. PROF. DR. SITI FATIMAH IBRAHIM

Programme Coordinator: DR. JAYAKUMAR A/L MURTHY

Lecturers: PROF. DATO’ DR. RUSZYMAH BTE HJ IDRUS

PROF. DR. NORFILZA MOHD. MOKHTAR

ASSOC. PROF. DR. CHUA KIEN HUI

DR. NORHAZLINA ABDUL WAHAB

DR. MOHD HEIKAL MOHD YUNUS

DR. AZIZAH UGUSMAN

DR. AMILIA AMINUDDIN

DR. MOHD HELMY MOKHTAR

PUAN FARAH HANAN FATHIHAH BINTI JAFFAR

PUAN NOOR WAHIDAH MOHD NASRI

Study Leave (2013 - 2017)

PUAN ADILA A. HAMID

Study Leave (2014-2017)

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INTRODUCTION TO POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES IN PHYSIOLOGY Philosophy of UKM A combination of faith in Allah and beneficial knowledge and of theory and practice as the basis for the advancement of knowledge, the education of society and the development of the University. Vision of UKM UKM is committed to be a leading university that pioneers innovation in the construction of knowledge to achieve the aspiration of producing a society imbued with dynamic, learned and civic leadership. Mission of UKM UKM is the National University that safeguards the sovereignty of the Malay language while globalising knowledge in the context of local culture. Based on the vision and mission statements, the general educational goals have been established as follows: “To produce graduates who are confident, with leadership qualities and maintain national aspirations in the international scenario”. Educational Goals of UKM To produce graduates who are confident, possess national leadership and self-esteem in the international arena. Vision of the Medical Faculty To become the leading and competitive academic medical hub based on knowledge, innovation and dedicated teams of health professionals for the development of a healthy and informed society.

Mission of the Medical Faculty To provide quality education of health professionals and services of the highest standard based on research, evidence-based medicine, innovation and social sensitivities. Educational Goals of the Medical Faculty

To strenghthen medical education from undergraduate level. To develop post-graduate medical education. To increase the Medical Sciences Program in niche areas. To ensure continuous development in medical education. To improve the quality of research in niche areas To strengthen and develop services in specialised medical fields. To ensure a conducive working atmosphere and a healthy work culture.

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Vision of the Department To develop Medical Physiology to improve the quality of health and social welfare. Mission of the Department

To support UKM’s goals in becoming the leading university in the field of teaching, research,

publication, and for holistic personal development. Education goals of the Department

Aims to produce graduates who possess national aspiration, competitive, innovative and

professional.

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MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE (COURSEWORK AND DISSERTATION)

OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM (OP)

OP 1: To develop a deep and thorough understanding in Physiology on par with current

developments.

OP 2: To produce graduates who are capable of carrying out research in the field of their

research interests.

OP 3: To produce graduates with teaching and interpersonal skills pertaining to the field of

physiology.

PROGRAMME OUTCOME (PO)

PO 1: Apply knowledge and demonstrate capabilities to develop or to use ideas in the field of

study.

PO 2: Integrate knowledge and comprehension to solve problems related to fields of study in

new, complex, and multidisciplinary context.

PO 3: Evaluate and make decision in situations with limited information with consideration to

social responsibilities and related ethics.

PO 4: Deliver clearly the problems or issues, present knowledge, conclusion and rationale to

experts and non experts. PO 5: Work independently using available technologies to fulfill program expectation. PO 6: Lead and collaborate with others in the field of study. PO 7: Use study skills for personal progress with high autonomy to do so.

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MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE (THESIS)

OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM (OP)

OP 1: To produce graduates who are skilled and knowledgeable in specific fields.

OP 2: To produce graduates that capable of carrying out research in the field of their research

interests.

OP 3: To produce graduates who are able to contribute their knowledge and services at

national/international stage.

PROGRAMME OUTCOME (PO)

PO 1: Analyse and evaluate current literature and knowledge in a particular area of study.

PO 2: Formulate and develop research methodologies suitable to the field of study.

PO 3: Conduct experiments with due diligence and care.

PO 4: Display highly technical skills in the field of study.

PO 5: Project-manage, design, implement and adapt the research process with acceptable

scholarship.

PO 6: Collect, interpret and analyse data

PO 7: Present and defend research findings.

PO 8: Disseminate and publish research findings that expand the boundary of knowledge.

PO 9: Lead and collaborate with others in the related area of expertise.

PO 10: Display ability to communicate with peers, scholar community and common society related

to area of expertise.

PO 11: Practice research culture, in the context of academic, professional and community

development.

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DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD)

OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM (OP)

OP 1: To produce graduates who are highly skilled and knowledgeable in specific research areas.

OP 2: To produce graduates that are capable of carrying out research in the field of their interest.

OP 3: To produce graduates who are able to contribute their knowledge and innovation skills for

the manufacture of new products or services at national or international level.

PROGRAMME OUTCOME (PO)

PO 1: Critically analyse and evaluate current literature and knowledge in a particular area of study.

PO 2: Able to initiate ideas, formulate and develop research methodologies suitable to the field of

study.

PO 3: Conduct experiments with due diligence and care.

PO 4: Display innovative technical skills in the field of study.

PO 5: Project-manage, design, implement and adapt the research process with acceptable

scholarship.

PO 6: Collect, interpret and critically analyse data

PO 7: Present and defend research findings.

PO 8: Disseminate and publish research findings that expand the boundary of knowledge.

PO 9: Lead and collaborate with others in the related area of expertise.

PO 10: Display ability to communicate with peers, scholar community and common society related

to area of expertise.

PO 11: Practice research culture, in the context of academic, professional and community

development.

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COURSES OFFERED IN THE DEPARTMENT

1. Masters in Medical Science (Physiology) - course work and dissertation The programme is held by course work and dissertation (40 units). It takes between 4-6 semesters for full time candidates and between 8-12 semesters for part-time candidates. Entry requirements are Bachelor in Science (Honours) with CGPA not less than 3.00, or equivalent degree or a Medical Degree from any higher educational institutes recognized by the Senate with a minimum of grade B in Physiology. Candidates with CGPA lower than 3.00 must have at least one year working experience with potential supervisor.

2. Masters in Medical Science (Physiology) - thesis The programme is conducted by thesis only. It takes between 4-6 semesters for full time candidates and between 8-12 semesters for part-time candidates. Entry requirements are Bachelor in Science (Honours) with CGPA not less than 3.00, or equivalent degree or a Medical Degree from any higher educational institutes recognized by the Senate with a minimum of grade B in Physiology. Candidates with CGPA lower than 3.00 must have at least one year working experience with potential supervisor.

3. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) The programme consists of thesis only. The programme must be completed within 6-12 semesters for full-timers or 8-14 semesters for part-timers. Candidates must be a Masters in Science degree holder or other equivalent degrees from higher educational institutes recognized by the Senate.

The minimum requirement for local students is a PNGK of 3.67 for BSc. in Medical Sciences or equivalent. Those who are doing Masters of Medical Science (Physiology) can convert to PhD according to ‘Akta UKM dan Peraturan-peraturan UKM (Pengajian Siswazah)’.

For all program, International students are required to have an IELTS of 6.5. In addition, students must have proof of financial support for their studies from governmental bodies or agencies that are recognised by the Malaysian government.

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1.0 MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE (PHYSIOLOGY)

MODE: COURSEWORK AND DISSERTATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Masters in Medical Science (Physiology) is held by course work and thesis to train those planning to teach in physiology and research related to physiology. Graduates who have basic knowledge in physiology are able to learn advanced physiology in addition to conducting research at masters and at doctorate level. The total unit of the programme is 40 which includes 25 units of course work and 15 units of dissertation.

1.3 CONTENT OF MODULES

A. SEMESTER 1 COURSES

Code Course Supervisor

FFFF 6015 Cardiovascular physiology Dr. Azizah Ugusman

FFFF 6023 Respiratory physiology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chua Kien Hui

FFFF 6043 Physiology of nervous system I Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Fatimah Ibrahim

FFFK 6163 Basic Medical statistics Assoc. Prof. Dr.Azmi Tamil

B. SEMESTER 2 COURSES

Code Course Supervisor

FFFF 6033 Renal physiology Dr. Norhazlina Abdul Wahab

FFFF 6123 Reproductive physiology Prof. Dr. Norfilza Mohd. Mokhtar

FFFF 6135 Physiology of nervous system II Prof. Dato’ Dr. Ruszymah Haji Idrus

C. DISSERTATION – FFFF 6217 & FFFF6228

Code Course Supervisor

FFFF 6217 3rd Semester Dissertation As per indicated

FFFF 6228 4th Semester Dissertation As per indicated The students are required to finish a small research project under lecturers’ supervision. A dissertation has to be produced at the end of the final semester.

1.3 LEARNING METHOD

Every postgraduate is required to present learning issues and problem solving in seminars and to submit written assignments for each module. The objectives of the seminar are to encourage the postgraduate to learn and understand the topics without being too dependent on lectures and also

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to train them to be able to explain the topics systematically. Problem solving will expose the postgraduates to medical problems so that they can apply basic knowledge of physiology and relate to the problems. Supervisors will arrange for discussion with the postgraduates prior to presentation. They are also advised to attend lectures for undergraduates. Written assignments for each module should be submitted to the supervisor prior to the next module.

OBJECTIVES

5. Physiology of cardiovascular system At the end of the module, students should be able to explain and discuss:

vii) Electrical activity of the heart and basic formation of electrocardiogram

viii) Mechanical activity of the heart and factors affecting it.

ix) Regulation of venous return and cardiac output.

x) Regulation of arterial pressure and blood flow.

xi) Microcirculation and regional circulation.

xii) Effects of gravity, posture, exercise and aging on the system.

6. Respiratory system adaptation in normal and disease state At the end of the module, students should be able to explain and discuss:

x) Mechanics of breathing in relation to changes in pressure within the thoracic cavity. xi) Lung function tests.

xii) Ventilation and perfusion.

xiii) Diffusion and transport of gases.

xiv) Regulation of respiration.

xv) Changes in respiration during exercise.

xvi) The role of hormones in relation to metabolism during exercise

xvii) Respiratory changes and adaptation in hypobaric and hyperbaric environment.

xviii) Respiratory changes and adaptation in disease states.

7. Physiology of nervous system I At the end of the module, students should be able to explain and discuss:

vii) The role of the neuroendocrine system in the regulation of homeostasis. viii) Mechanisms of transmission of information in the nervous system and

interpretation in higher centres. ix) The importance of neurotransmitters in neural communication and drugs used in medicine

that affects the system. x) Neuromuscular adaptation of muscle fibres and muscle cell components following an

increasing in activity and the effects training. xi) Characteristics of sensory receptors and somatic sensory perception.

xii) Mechanisms of pain and theories on how pain is modulated.

8. Statistics in Medicine At the end of the module, students should be able to explain and discuss:

i) Methods of sampling, collecting and analyzing data

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ii) T (student), Chi square, correlation, linear regression and ANOVA tests.

iii) Parametric and non-parametric tests.

iv) Data analysis and microcomputer.

9. Renal Physiology At the end of the module, students should be able to explain and discuss:

vi) Mechanisms involved in filtration, reabsorption and secretion at the nephrons. vii) Regulatory mechanisms in maintaining extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte

balance. viii) The roles of renal, nervous system and hormones in regulating body fluid volume

and electrolyte content. ix) The role of kidneys in acid-base balance.

x) The reflex and voluntary control of micturition.

10. Reproductive Physiology At the end of the module, students should be able to explain and discuss:

x) The process of fertisation, implantation and the early stages of embryonic development.

xi) Factors involved in sexual differentiation in both sexes and abnormalities that may occur during the process.

xii) Functions of the male reproductive system which includes gametogenesis, coitus and endocrine functions and its disturbances.

xiii) Functions of the female reproductive system which includes menstrual cycle and related endocrine function and its disturbances.

xiv) Physiological changes during pregnancy and the roles of related hormones.

xv) Mechanisms involved in parturition.

xvi) Physiology of lactation and the reflexes involved.

xvii) Infertility and biotechnology methods that aid in conception.

xviii) Physiology of contraception.

11. Physiology of Nervous System II At the end of the module, students should be able to explain and discuss:

xi) Types of information that reach the centres involved in postural changes and integration between the centres.

xii) Reflexes involved in postural changes and its control. xiii) The tracts, centres and areas involved in the control of voluntary gross and fine

movements. xiv) Functions of higher centres.

xv) Functions of the hypothalamus and limbic system.

xvi) Physiology of sleep.

xvii) Sound transmission and the electrical events in hearing and hearing dysfunction.

xviii) Functions of vestibular system involved in postural balance.

xix) Mechanisms of vision, related optical aspects and its dysfunction.

xx) Mechanisms of smell and taste.

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REFERENCES

Arthur C. Guyton & John E. Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition. Saunders 2016.

Beth Dawson, Robert Trapp, Basic & Clinical Biostatistics, 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill Medical 2016.

Burton D. Rose & Theodore Theodore Post. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 6th Edition. McGraw Hill 2017.

Douglas C. Eaton & John Pooler. Vander's Renal Physiology, 8th Edition. McGraw Hill 2013.

Eric P. Widmaier, Vander, Sherman, Luciano's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 14th Edition. Mcgraw-Hill 2015.

Jack H. Wilmore& David L. Costill . Physiology of Sport and Exercise, 6th Edition. Human Kinetics Publishers 2015.

John B. West, Andrew M. Luks. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins 2015.

Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano, & Heddwen Brooks. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 25th Edition. McGraw-Hill Medical 2015. Lee-Ellen C. Copstead-Kirkhorn & Jacquelyn L. Banasik. Pathophysiology, 5th Edition. Saunders 2012.

Martin G. Cogan. Fluid and Electrolytes: Physiology and Pathophysiology, 2nd Edition. Appleton & Lange 1992.

Md. Idris, M.N. Asas Statistik dan Penyelidikan Perubatan. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur 1995.

Robert C. Elston Essentials of Biostatistics, 2nd Edition. F. A. Davis Company 1994.

Rodney A. Rhoades & George A. Tanner. Medical Physiology, 2nd Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2003.

Robert H. Riffenburgh. Statistics in Medicine, 3rd Edition. Academic Press, 2012.

William D McArdle & Victor L Katch. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, 8th Edition. Lippincott, 2014.

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1.4 ASSESSMENT FOR MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE (PHYSIOLOGY) - COURSEWORK & DISSERTATION

MASTERS PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) Week 1: discussion (all students)

Week 2: presentation (students in group1)

Week 3: discussion (all students)

Week 4: presentation (students in group 2)

** Cardiovascular and Physiology of Nervous System II Modules will be conducted over six

(6) weeks

B. Assessment of discussion sessions with module supervisor (15%)

Attendance 3% Communication & teamwork 4%

Critical thinking 4%

Knowledge 4%

B. Assessment of presentation by 2 lecturers (35%)

Knowlwedge 10% presentattion 10%

Creativity 5%

Discussion 10%

C. Assignment (20%) The assignment should consist of 5000 – 7000 words, 1.5 spacing font size 12 (Times New Roman) following UKM Style

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT: A + B+ C = 70%

A. EXAMINATION (Modified Essay Question) - 30% Students must pass the examination and obtain an overall grade B (mark 15/30) for each module in order to proceed to the dissertation. Students are allowed to repeat the examination.

B. TEACHING SESSIONS It is compulsory for students to be involved in teaching sessions namely undergraduate small group discussions (SGD), tutorials and 1 PBL per module.

1.5 Seminars and Publication Candidates should present at least ONE (1) research paper in conferences either at

local/international level and submit at least ONE (1) manuscript in a reputable journal.

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FK6163-BASIC MEDICAL STATISTICS

INTRODUCTION

This is a basic course on medical statistics. This course will cover topics on descriptive statistics such as;

o Data collection, o Data analysis, o Data presentation and o Summarisation of quantitative and qualitative data.

The course will also discuss on inferential statistics such as hypothesis testing and tests of significance. The use of statistical computer packages such as SPSS will also be introduced in this course.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

And the end of the course the students will be able to:

1. Summarised the data into graphs and tables and to know the method of summarising the

quantiative and qualitative data. 2. Understand the probability concept and different type of distribution and its application.

3. understand the hypothesis-testing concept

4. identify the different type of statistical testing methods based on different type of data

5. understand the application of correlation and regression technique

6. Do simple statistical data analysis by using SPSS programme.

TEACHING METHODS

The course will be conducted by lectures, tutorials, practical and assignments. There will be two sessions per week lasting for two hours. Usually lectures will be given in the first session and practical or tutorials will be conducted in the second session of the respective week.

First session Tuesday 8.30 to 10.30 am

Second session Thursday 8.30 to 10.30 am

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TEACHING STAFF

Course Coordinator: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azmi Mohd Tamil (drtamil@gmail.com)

EVALUATION

The course will be evaluated through continuous assessment and final examination.

Continuous assessment (30%): Minitest (10%)

Computer-based exam (10%)

Practicals (10%) Final Examination (70%): Essay (28%) and MCQ (42%) REFERENCE

1. Kirkwood B.R (1988) Essentials of Medical Statistics. Blackwell Scientific Publication.

Oxford London

2. Sabin C. & Petrie A. (2005). Medical Statistics at a Glance. 2nd

Ed. Blackwell Publishing USA

3. Md Idris M.N. Asas Statistik dan Penyelidikan Perubatan. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

4. Dawson B& Trapp R.G (2004). Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. 4th Ed. Mc Graw Hill,

New York.

5. Y.H. Chan, 2003-2005. Basic Statistics for Doctors Series. Singapore Medical Journal.

Freely available from http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/

101: Data Presentation (Sept 2003) 102: Quantitative Data - Parametric & Non-Parametric Tests (August 2003) 103: Qualitative Data - Tests of Independence (October 2003) 104: Correlational Analysis (December 2003) 201: Linear Regression Analysis (Feb 2004) 202: Logistic Regression Analysis (April 2004)

6. T. D. V. Swinscow, 2001. Statistics at Square One. BMJ Publishing Group; 10th edition.

Freely available from http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/collections/statsbk/index.shtml

7. Azmi MT, 1999. SPSS for Medical Statistics (online resource in Malay). http://161.142.92.104/spss/

8. Azmi MT, 2000. Excel for Medical Statistics (online resource in Malay).

http://161.142.92.104/excel/

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2.0 MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE (PHYSIOLOGY)

MODE: THESIS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The aim of this programme is to incorporate aspects of leadership, social responsibility, research, scholarship, community engagement, ethical values, professionalism and knowledge creation. These values are imbued in the curriculum design according to the stated Learning Outcomes.

2.2 Teaching-Learning Methods The teaching-learning methods to achieve learning outcomes include research link activities:

- literature search and appraisal,

- designing and executing experiments,

- data collection, analysis and interpretation,

- writing of thesis and manuscript; and

- presentation in seminars and conferences Teaching and learning methods are consistent with the curriculum by weekly supervisory, six monthly supervisor’s report, and regular monitoring of the students’ research progress in the department. All the Masters programmes at the department are by research work and therefore, students are obliged to carry out laboratory works to complete their projects. The research projects offered to postgraduate students registered at the department are revolved around four (4) thrust areas of research which include:

1. Cardiovascular Physiology (Dr. Amilia Aminuddin and Dr. Azizah Ugusman)

2. Genomic Medicine (Prof. Dr. Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar)

3. Stress Enzyme (Dr. Norhazlina Abd Wahab)

4. Reproductive Biology (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Fatimah Ibrahim, Puan Farah Hanan Fathihah

Jaffar and Dr. Mohd Helmy Mokhtar)

5. Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering (Prof. Dato’ Dr. Ruszymah Haji Idrus, Dr. Mohd Heikal

Mohd Yunus and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chua Kien Hui)

6. Neuphysiology of Drug Addiction (Dr. Jayakumar A/L Murthy)

2.3 Research Proposal Candidates are required to present the research proposal to be vetted at the departmental level and subsequently the corrected version is submitted to the Ethics Committee for final approval before the end of the first semester.

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2.4 Assessment

Formative assessment includes presentation, practical training, written assignments and manuscript preparations for publication. Summative assessment is evaluated upon completion of the thesis and viva voce in the presence of internal and external examiners. Conduct and the line of questioning during the viva voce is directed to test the candidate’s achievement of the learning outcomes such as ability to analyse, interpret and think critically in the field of study.

2.5 Seminar and Publication

Scheduled seminars are held for “Updates on Research Progress” at least twice - in the middle and at the end of the study period. Candidates are expected to attend all seminars held once a month

commencing from the 2nd

semester onwards. Candidates should present at least TWO (2) research papers at local / international conferences and publish ONE (1) manuscript in a reputable journal.

2.7 Requirements for Converting Masters to Doctorate iii) The proposal for doctorate level should be ready 6 months before the Masters course ends. iv) Approval by the Committee of the Centre of Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine.

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3.0 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY(Ph.D) PROGRAMME

3.1 Introduction

The aims of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) programme are to produce graduates who are capable and independent in carrying out research activities and as future leaders in research activities. Among the objectives are to make graduates well informed and knowledgeable in carrying research activities, know how to plan and manage research activities and able to outsource and manage research grants.

3.2 Teaching-Learning Methods Learning outcomes and educational goals are formulated to produce holistic graduates who will contribute to the society in line with the UKM’s mission and vision. The attributes of the graduates include being able to pioneer innovation and provide leadership in the construction of knowledge thus contributing to the building of a learned and dynamic society.

The teaching-learning methods to achieve learning outcomes include research link activities:

- literature search and appraisal,

- designing and executing experiments,

- data collection, analysis and interpretation,

- writing of thesis and manuscript; and

- presentation in seminars and conferences Teaching and learning methods are consistent with the curriculum by weekly supervisory, six monthly supervisor’s report, and regular monitoring of the students’ research progress in the department. All the PhD programmes at the department are by research work and therefore, students are obliged to carry out laboratory works to complete their projects. The research projects offered to postgraduate students registered at the department are revolved around five thrust areas of research as stated in section 2.2.

3.3 Research Proposal Candidates are required to present the research proposal to be vetted at the departmental level and subsequently the corrected version is submitted to the Ethics Committee for final approval before the end of the first semester.

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3.4 Assessment

Candidates are assessed from the stage of proposal presentation, 6-monthly progress report, writing and presentation of thesis and finally the defence of thesis during the viva voce examination. Candidates’ achievement of learning outcomes will be assessed by the examination of the thesis by an external and internal examiner according to set guidelines which takes into account the stated learning outcomes. Conduct and the line of questioning during the viva voce is directed to test the candidate’s achievement of the learning outcomes such as ability to analyze, interpret and think critically in the field of study.

3.5 Seminar and Publication

Scheduled seminars are held for “Updates on Research Progress” at least twice - in the middle and

at the end of the study period. Candidates are expected to attend all seminars held once a month

commencing from the 2nd

semester onwards. Candidates should present at least two (2) research

papers at local / international conferences and publish two (2) manuscripts in reputable journals.