FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIZAR, MATARAMSEMESTER I T.A 2011/2012MODUL: BELAJAR EFEKTIFKULIAH: PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL)DOSEN: dr. INDRADJID, MSWAKTU: SEPTEMBER 2011

LEARNING OBJECTIVES (LO)Memahami tentang belajar dan jenis-jenis belajarMemahami tentang pengertian PBL dan tujuan PBLMemahami tentang prinsip pembelajaran PBLMemahami tentang proses PBLMemahami manfaat PBL

PENDAHULUANKemampuan belajar yang dimiliki manusia, merupakan bekal yang sangat pokok, sehingga umat manusia telah dapat mengembangkan kebudayaan dan peradabannya sejak berabad abad yang lalu sampai ke peradaban modern.Tahun 1960 Mc Master University, Ontario, Canada telah mengembangkan Problem Based Learning (PBL), kemudian diikuti oleh 60 institusi pendidikan dokter di berbagai negara dan di Indonesia secara serentak dimulai pada tahun 2007.

A. PENGERTIAN BELAJARBelajar adalah suatu aktivitas mental dan psikis yang berlangsung melalui interaksi aktif dengan lingkungan yang menghasilkan sejumlah perubahan dalam pengetahuan, pemahaman, keterampilan, nilai dan sikap. Perubahan itu bersifat relatif konstan.

JENIS JENIS BELAJAR :Belajar KognitifBelajar untuk memperoleh danmenggunakan suatu bentuk representasi yang mewakili semua obyek yang dihadapi kemudian direpresentasikan dalam bentuk tanggapan, gagasan atau lambang.

Mengingat :Suatu aktivitas kognitif dimana orang menyadari bahwa pengetahuannya berasal dari masa lampau atau berdasarkan kesan-kesan yang diperoleh pada masa yang lampau.Terdapat dua bentuk yaitu :Mengenal kembali (rekognisi) suatu obyek pernah dijumpai di masa yang lampau.Mengingat kembali (reproduksi) dihadirkan suatu kesan dari masa lampau tanpa berkontak kembali dengan hal yang pernah dijumpai itu, misalnya pada waktu ujian siswa harus mereproduksi kembali pengetahuan dan pemahaman yang pernah dipelajari.

Berpikir Obyek hadir dalam bentuk representasi tanggapan, pengertian atau konsep dan lambang verbal.Banyak konsep atau pengertian disimpan dalam ingatan dalam bentuk lambang verbal atau kata. Semua kata itu kemudian dapat diingat dan dihubungkan satu sama lain serta menjadi alat untuk berpikir.Bahasa atau sistematika lambang-lambang verbal adalah alat penting dalam berpikir (percakapan batin = bahasa internal).Aktivitas kognitif dengan tujuan mengerti dan memahami harus dikembangkan menjadi kemampuan kognitif yang andal.Belajar Sensorik motorikMengamati dengan alat indra sensorik dan melakukan aktivitas motorik (menggerakkan) diperoleh suatu keterampilan.Belajar memecahkan problem.Dihadapkan pada problem yang harus dipecahkan melalui analisis dari problem itu.Suatu metode kerja diperlukan agar upaya pemecahan masalah dapat lebih mudah dicapai, misalnya : seven jumps step.

PARADIGMA BARU PENDIDIKAN DOKTER SPECISStudent CenteredProblem Based Learning (PBL)Elective (core topics and elective topics)Community basedIntegrated Systematics.

Student-centred or Teacher-centredDoes the educational programme focus on the students learning needs or on what the teachers want to teach?To what extent is the student encouraged to take responsibility for his/her own learning?

Integrated or Discipline BasedAre aspects taught as discrete entities within separate specialities or disciplines, or are they all taught at the same time in an integrated way?Are students encouraged to see the relevance of what they are studying in relation to other subjects and clinical problems?

Elective or UniformDo all the students have to study the same topics, or is there a core which all need to study and electives in which there is some choice?How do you determine what is core? Core and options/elective

Problem-based or Information-gatheringDo students passively gather information or do they face a clinical problem and identify relevan concepts and principles?Is the curriculum concerned with content, or with helping the students to learn?

Community-based or Hospital-basedDo students experience the health problems of the more acute problems in the hospital?Are students concerned with promotive, preventive and rehabilitative aspects of health-care, or with curative aspects

Systematic or Apprentice-basedIs the curriculum essentially opportunistic, or is there a systematic, planned approach to learning experiences?How can you relate learning experiences to achievement of identifield outcomes?

PROBLEM BASED LEARNING

WHAT IS IT?WHAT ARE ITS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS?

WHAT IS PBL?Confusion and misunderstanding since the team PBL is used to convey different concepts.In essence, PBL is active learning stimulated by, and focused round, a clinical, community, or scientific problem. A learning opportunity where solving problems is the focus or starting point for students learning.

WHAT IS PBL?Students have to identify, and search for, the knowledge that they need to deal with the problemTwo objectives for the student : Learning related to the problem Solving the problem The knowledge arises from work on the problem

The basic outline of the PBL process is : encountering the problem first, problem solving with clinical skills and identifying learning needs is an interactive process, self study, applying newly gained knowledge to the problem, and summarising what has been learned seven jumps step.(Barrows, 1985)

TUTORIAL DALAM PBL SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION (SGD)Seven jump step :Clarifying unfamiliar termsProblem definitionBrainstorming Analyzing the problemFormulating learning issuesSelf studyReview and reporting.Elemen-elemen dalam proses tutorial PBL Students Problem Tutor Anggota SGD : 8 10 mahasiswa dan 1 tutor.

Role of StudentChair and Scriber Active members

Step 1 : Clarifying unfamiliar termsInvites group members to read the problemChecks if everyone has read the problemChecks if there are unfamiliar terms in the problemConclude and proceed to the next step.Step 2 : Problem definitionAsks the group for possible problem definitionParaphrases contributions of group membersCheck if everyone is satisfied with the problem definitionCncludes and proceeds to the next step.

Step 3 : BrainstormAllows all members to contribute one by oneSummarizes the contributionStimulates all members to contributeSummarizes at the end of the brainstormMakes sure that the critical analysis of all contributions is postponed until step 4Step 4 : Analyzing the problemMakes sure that all points from the brainstorm are discussesSummarizes the contributionAsk questions, promotes depth in the discussionMakes sure the group does not stray from the subjectStimulates members to find relations between topicsStimulates all members to contribute

Step 5 : Formulating learning issuesAsk for possible learning issuesParaphrases contributions of group membersCheck if everyone satisfied with the learning issuesCheck if all obscurities and contradictions from problem analysis have been converted into learning issues.Step 6 : SELF STUDY (SELF DIRECTED LEARNING)AssimilationTheory testingElaboration.

Step 7 : Review and reportingPrepare the structure of the reporting stepMakes an inventory of what sources have been usedSummarizes contributions of group membersStimulate group members to find relations between topicsConcludes the discussion and make a report.

MANFAAT PBL Student dapat memperoleh pengetahuan yang berbasis fakta (factual knowledge).Student menguasai prinsip umum pemecahan masalahAnalisis awal terhadap problem dalam kelompok diskusi menyebabkan student dapat menguasai penyusunan representasi proses kognitif yang kolaboratif disebut konstruksi teori yang kemudian digunakan untuk penyelesaian problem.Melalui PBL dapat membiasakan diri untuk Self Directed Learning (Belajar Mandiri).Melalui PBL dapat membiasakan diri untuk Long Life Learning.

REFERENSI

Dent, J.A. et al (2003) : A Practical Guide For Medical Teachers, Elsevier Science Limited, London

Gandes Rahayu (2009) : Review Dasar Dasar PBL BPK FK UGM, Jogyakarta.

Norman, G. R, et al (1992) : The Psychological Basis of PBL ; Academic Medicine, vol. 67, number 9.

Winkel, W S (2004) : PSIKOLOGI PENGAJARAN; Cetakan ke 6, MEDIA ABADI, Jogyakarta.

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