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KERJASAMA PERDAGANGANINTERNASIONAL

(INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS)

GATT (1947): General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade1. Export subsidies

2. Import quotas

3. Tariffs

The Uruguay Round (1986)

- Trade liberalization- Administrative Reforms

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WTO (1995): World Trade Organization

What is the WTO

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global

international organization dealing with the rules of trade

between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements,

negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds tradingnations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to

help producers of goods and services, exporters, and

importers conduct their business.

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10 benefits of the WTO trading system

1. The system helps promote peace

2. Disputes are handled constructively

3. Rules make life easier for all

4. Freer trade cuts the costs of living5. It provides more choice of products and qualities

6. Trade raises incomes

7. Trade stimulates economic growth

8. The basic principles make life more efficient

9. Governments are shielded from lobbying

10. The system encourages good government

http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b01_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b02_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b03_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b04_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b05_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b06_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b07_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b08_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b09_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b10_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b10_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b09_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b08_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b07_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b06_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b05_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b04_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b03_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b02_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b01_e.htm

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PTA: Preferential Trading Agreements

- Free Trade Area

Masing-masing negara anggota bebas melakukan

perdagangan tanpa hambatan tariff, namun mengenakan

tariff sendiri dalam perdagangan dengan negara luar.Contoh : AFTA, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, EEC dll.

- Custom Union

Masing-masing negara anggota harus sepakat pada

tingkat tariff yang sama dalam perdagangan dengannegara luar.

Contoh : European Union (EU).

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Why PTA?

Trade creation

mengarah pada penggantian barang produksi domestik yang

berbiaya tinggi dengan impor barang dari sesama negara

anggota yang berbiaya rendah.

Trade diversion

mengarah pada penggantian impor barang berbiaya rendah

dari negara di luar anggota dengan barang berbiaya tinggidari negara sesama anggota.

Contoh: MERCOSUR: trade diversion pada auto industry di

Brazil dan Argentina