regional entity

8/13/2019 Regional Entity

1/41

KEMENTERIANEMAJUAN ANAHDAN KEMAJUANWILAYAHBERSAMA

UNITEDNATIONSCENTRE ORREGIONAL EVELOPMENT,NAGOYA, APAN

PERSIDANGANEBANGSMNEDUDUKANLEMBAGA-LEMAGAKEMAJUAN ILAYAHSELEPASAHUN990

KERTAS ERJAI'The RegionalEntityand RegionalPlanning- Perspectivesn Relevence nd lmplementability'oleh Dr. ShabbirCheema, NCRD.

30hb. uh - 2hb.Julai, 988Holidaynn City Centre,Kuala umpur.


2/41

. I ' I IE II I ]GIONNI, ENTIT'Y AND REGIONNL DEVBLOPMENI':PIIRSI'I IC'I ' IVES ON RELEVNNCE AND IMPLBMEN'I 'ABILI ' I 'Y

G. Strabbir Cheernal)eveloyrrnent- Adminisbrat; iotr PlanrterUnit ;e


3/41

I

" s- ince he 1950s,developing ountr iesof Asia and the Pacj f ic haveheenat tempt ' ingo accompfsh opt ' imalut j l izat ion of resources nd give,m irect ion to societal change y int roducingdevelopmentlanning' Thei f i11r11i t ia lnthusiasmor planned hangen these countr ies could be at-i f f i r" . ibutedo both internal andexternal factors ' Internal ly ' the pol icy-unrmmilrersnd practit ioners were under remendousressure o improve he,CIcmnrsnicsituat. ionsof jncreasing' ly ocal groups or greater pol t ical

i t imacy andnat ' ion-bui ld ' ing.External ly, the perceived ontr ibut jonmif r lanning o the transformat ion f soviet unionas wel l as the interestr61rr f ihe internat ional anddonoragenc' iesn economic evelopmentlanning'r f f iuurmthert rengthenedhe enthusiasmf pol icymakersn this regard'

h l i th in the context of nat ional development' lanning' egional plan-rmr, frnngook several forms: planning or cit ies, metropol i tanareas' gov-mmmumenta. ldministrat iveand po1i t ica1 units, depressed reas' resourcei f f inront ieregions, andeconomicegions. The ast two decades avewit-m|Irmssedn increasingemphasis y pol icymakers nd pract i t ioners on thesp6t ia i d ' imensionsf development .This is ev ident f rom the rap' idex-pmnsion f statutory bodies or front ier region resourcemanagement ;de]eEat ion f some lann' ingunct ions to lower governmenta' lndadm' in-i f rst , rat ive ni s; establ shment f regional I evel planni g of i cesdecentral jzat ionof budgets or smal l -scaleprojects; and the creat jonmif i oordinat ' ioncommitees wi h'in the admi i strati ve system o provider f rnrrnl tegratederv ices ' to speci f c areas'

This paperat temptstodjscusstheregionalent ityandanalysemajorin reg. ional evelopmentlann' ingn the fdird 14or ld ' The ol lowingm]|r0iblnls

sect ionfim I owed

presentsh. is tor ical perspect ives n regional planning' Thjs ' isby a d. iscuss.ionf reasonsor the recent focus on regiona' lp lann' ing


4/41

2

and of Eovernmentol icy responses. Thenext sect ion descr jbes nst i tu-t jonal arrangementso ach' ieveegional planninggoals and dent j f iesvar ious types of regions n wh' ich egional planningand mplementat ionact jv i t jes are taking p]ace. Fjpal ly ' somemanagementssuesare jdent ' i -f ied for discussion n the seminar.

RegionalPlanning: Hjstor jcal Perspect ' ives

In the developed ountr ies the pract ice of regional planningwas1lin i t ia" l ly focusedon infrastructure or physical envi ronment ' : ' I tinvolvedpubf c worksand resourcedevelopmentrogrammes,ousing'urbandesign, and ndustr ial development.Obv' iouslyegional plannerswere rajned as special ists in some spectsof phys' ica1 nvjronment 's. ince he . |930s,however,he scopeof the f jeld has beenbroadenedProgramnresuchas Tennesseeal ley Author i y were ni i ated In trai n- 'ing programntesoegional economists, ociologists, and other soc' ia lscient . istswere nvolved. Thereasons or the change ere wofold:?First , there wasan increasingconcern ver quaf i ty of l i fe jn ci t iesand socjal costs of unemploymentnd ow income. second, . ' i twas el tthat an appropr iatemjx of pubf ic pol jc ies for c ' i t jes and regionswasconduc' iveo the transforrnat ion f phys' ica1 nd socjal envi ronment '

Dur ing he . |950s,the conceptof reg' iona1 lanning came radual ' lyto be accepted s the coord' inat ' iverameworkor a var iety of develop-nrent ct iv i t ies at subnat ional evels."U I t wasrecognizedhat reg' ionalplanning equ. i redmoreef fect ive coordinat ionbetween conomjc, oc' ia land physical planning; hat macro-regional imension eededo be l inked

i',,

pJ


5/41

3to area developmentlanning;and hat resources eededo be t ransferredfront ich to poor regions o ensureequi table development. inhe country.Regionalplanningwasperceived o be a mechanismo moreef fect ivelyintegrate nat ional space on the basis of interdependence.Morespeci f ical ly, wi thin the context of developed ountr ies, the fol low-ing wereconsideredo be some f the topics to be emphaszed:U

(1 economica' l1yepressed nddecl ining regions;(2) pol i t ' ical regionscharacter ized y socioeconomicispar i t ies;(3) spat ial reorganizat ion f set t lementandeconomic ct iv i typat terns;(4) envi ronmental rob' lemsssociatedwi th rapid urbanjzat ion;and(5) outwardmovementf central c i ty popu. lat ion.

Regional conomists nd regiona' lscient jsts ut i l ized several nrodelsand echniques hich proved o be useful in the developed ountr ies.These nclude regional input-outputanalysis, cost-benef i t analysis,the gravi ty model" egional econometr ic odels, rogrammingodels,spat ia ' l pr ice analysis, locat ion models,and regiona' lgrowthmodels.

l l l i th in the context of developing ountr ies, regional planningwasadvocatedor several reasons. I t would aci l i tate regional coordina-t ion of nat ional investment o' l ic ies, ut i l izat ion of natural resourceson the per ipheryand he' incorporat ionof regions nto a sing]e nat ionaleconomic ystem. Furthermore,egional p]anningwouldbe conducjveoreducjngdispar i t ies in incomeevels and standardof l iv ing of people,spat ial ly redist r ibut ing populat ionand ut i l iz ing humanesources romal I par ts of the country.V

i

i; il:l1irlE

lj


6/41


7/41

0

By the ear ly 1970s,a signi f icant change ad aken place. in meaningand goals of developrnent . ome f the al ternat ives which ncreasinglyat-t racted the at tent jon of pol icymakers, lannersand researchers ere. rowthvs distnibut ion; agr icul tural vs industr ial development;rbanvs ruraldevelopment;api tal vs labour intensive techno' logies; nd central izat ionvs decentral izat ion.Z New evelopmentoncerns ere he reduct ionofinterregional and rural -urbandispar i t ' ies, improved.ccess o governmentfaci l i t ies, and greater par t ic ipat ion of peopre n deve'ropmentrocess.

Therewasuniversal dissat isfact ion wi th the , , t r ickle-downeffect , ,approach. Indeed, he "revorut ionof r is ing expectat ions, , f r950swasreplacedby the "revolut ion of fol lowing expectat ions, ,n l9ZOs. Severalnew heor ies andapproaches eresuggestedor the socioeconomicrans-format ionof developing ountr i . r .v These ncruded ,uni f iedApproach, , ,"BasicNeeds pproach," AnotherDevelopment, , ,nd, ,Sel f_Rel iance. , , henewapproachesmphasizelanning or the target populat ionconsist ing ofthe poor and underpr iv ' i legedroups,andel iminat jon of i l l i teracy,malnutr i t ion, i r r -hear th' and unempl0yment. ur thermore,theseaim atcreat ing sel f - reJiance, impnovinghe , ,qua. l i tyof l i fer , ,ensur ing moreequi table dist r ibut ion of benef i ts accruing rom governmentalevelopmentact jons, reducing nterregional dispar i t ies, andmeaningful ly nvolv. ingal l segments f the society in developmentrocess. Final ly, thes,e p_proaches nrphasizeisaggregat ion f deveropnrentranning.

I t wasdue o the last aspectof the newapproacheshat regionalplanningwas ncreas' ingly mphasizednd disaggregat ionn spacewasadvocated' I t was el t too much ocus on central ized and sectoral plan-ning wouldnot be conduciveo achievingnewdeveJopmentoals.

il

Ij ri,

l.lit


8/41

6Reg. ional lanning,both as a discip] ine and he way t js pract iced

have eenaffected by changing ercept ' ion f developmentrob' lemss wel las system' icemedies uggestedo solve these problems' The heor iesandapproachesased n empir ical data from the Western ountr ies hadto be reexaminednd heir relevance o develop' ingountr ieshad o beexplored. As a resul t , in the l980s i t is possible o jdent i fyseveral nterrelated trends jn regional planning n the developing oun-tr i es.

F. i st , I ocal I evel p1 nn' ing s bejng consi eredas a vi ta l componentof regional planning. This point wasemphasizedn the Internat ionalconference n Regional nd Local Developmenthichwasheld in l9Bl tonrark he tenth anniversary f Uni tedNat ionsCentre or RegionalDevel-opnrentUruCnO). r reof the mainconclusions f the conference as hatthe conceptof regional p]anninghas undergone. igni f icantchange' n

part due o emphasis f governmentsn planningandmplementat iont

the subregional / local evel andon involv ' ing he conrnuni t ies nd ocall evel organ' izat ionsn planni g andmanag' ingewprojects

Second, lanningand mplementat ionn administrat ive eg' ions' isbejng ncreasinglyemphasizedn developing ountr ies ' Oneof the rea-sons or this is that governmental achineryo implement evelopmentprogramtnesnd projects ex' is ts in such egions. Furthermore'in mostcasesadmin. istrat iveegionscoincidewith pol i t ical regions.

Third,recentfocuson' 'management, 'or ' .process' .approachtore-gionalplanningisaconsequenceof, ,b luepr. int . 'approachwhichwasadopted fter independencen several countr ies. Theexper ience f


9/41

developing ountr ies shows hat technocrat icplans were ornrulated i th-out adequate t tent ion to the appraisal of administ rat ivecapaci t ies toimplementhese. Theadminist rat ivesystem n mostcaseswerecharac-tenized by pol i t ical intervent ions n recrui tmentand promot ion. Cen-t ral izat ion of decisionmaking hwarted ocal ini t iat ive. Moni torngandevaluat ionsystems ereweak. Hor izontalandvert ical coordinat ioncould not be ensured. Linkages etween lanningand budget ingwereweak.Thus, regional and local plans formulated y central p ' lanners ould notbe inrplementedy administnat ive ysbems. his has led to the emphas. ison "managenient , 'r , 'process" approach.

Fourth, there appears o be an increasingemphasis n relat ivelysrr ral lp]anning egionswhichseemso be a by-product f the changendevelopmenthinking du. ing the past three decades. Growthwi th equi ty,basic minimumeeds,popularpar t ic ipat ion, and decentral izat ionofplanningandmanagementre some f the pol icy goa' ls n many evelopingcountr ies. Thus, p]anners nd pol icymakers re opt ing for smal ler re-gions and subregions ince these:

are moreconduciveo the del ivery of basic minimumeeds othe vast major i ty of the rural poor;lead to moremeaningful ar t ic ipat ion of the peopleat thegrassroots n the ident i f icat ion of Jocal needs nd mplementa_t jon of developmentrojects; andfaci l i tate hor izontal and vert ical coordinat ionof developmentact i v i t i es

(a)

(b)

/ ,- \

Fi f th, another rend concerns he need othe dr 'st r ict or equivalent evel . Thepurpose

" integrate" planningatis to at tempt o incor-


10/41

porateal I sectoral or funct ionalinterrelat ionships betweenhese

tJ

componentsf a plan by focusingonsectorswi hi n the region. .9- l

Sixthly, a related trend concerns elat ionship between lanningandadnr inist rat ion nd the role of decentral izat ion n relat ion to intra-regional planning. I t is recognized hat organizat ionalstructures atregional level play a vital role in the preparat ionand, more' important ' ly ,in the implementat ionf these p1ans.

I I . The Need or Regional Planning

The ecent focus on regional (subnat ional)planning n developingcountr ies could be at t r ibuted to several factors. These nclude:

( l) the need o reduceeconomic nd soc' ia l d ' ispar i t ies antonge-gions; '

(2) to faci l ' i tate coordinat ionamong gencies t the reEional evel;(3) to encourage reater part ic ipat ion of peopleand communit iesjn developmentrocess;(4) to decentral izecommercial nd ndustr ial act iv i t ies;(5) to integrate econom' ic,ocial , and physical planningat the

intermediate evel;(6) to encouragehe growthof backward nd economjcal ly epressed

regions; and(7) to disaggregate roduct iveact iv i t ies in space or the opt imal

ut i l izat ion of resourceswithin resource ront ' ier regions.


11/41

9To beginwi th, there are wide dispar i t ies amongegions n mostofthesecountr ies n incomeevels and social wel fare and nfrastructural

faci l i t ies. In Malaysia, or example, he states of Kelantan,Trenggaru,f idKedah re the poorest egions. In 1970, he est imatedpercentage fpopulat ionbelow he poverty ine in Kelantan ndrrengganu as z6 and69 per cent , respect ively. The wo.regions lso had owestpercentageof dwel l ingswi th piped- in water andelectr ic i ty and the highest rat io

' of populat ionper doctor . Thecont inuat ionof wide dispar i t ies in in-come nd standardof l iv ing among ar ious regionsare not conduciveonat ional integrat ion and pol i t ical uni ty. In suchsi tuat ions, therefore,regiona' lplanninghas beenconsideredo be a useful mechanismo trans-fer resources'services, and acir i t ies f rom the centre and to pronrote' increqsedg.owth, andemproymenti thin poor regions.

Rapidexpansion f the pubr ic sector in developing ountr iesofAsia and the Paci f ic has led to prol i ferat ion of governmentgenciesat regional and subregional / lbcal evels. These gencies nclude f ieldof f ices of central minist r ies anddepartments, ranches f semiautonomousorganizat ions, ield of f ices of state governments,nd local governmentbodies. Mostof theseare organized ierarchical ly, wi th thei r headof f ices exercisingcontrol over appointments,nansfers, promot ions nd,in some ases, n planningand.managingevelopmentrogrammesnd prob_lems' This has resul ted in lack of an adequate oordinat ionamongheseagencies nd n inconsistency f governmentct ions at intermediate ndlocal levels. To varying degrees,prob' lemsf hor izontal andvbrt icalcoordinat ionexist at the dist r ict level in sr i Lanka,Malaysia,andPakistanand the provincial level in Thai landand Indonesia.


12/41


13/41

ilAppropr iatemeasuresould be undertaken i thin subnat ionalplanning

frameworko encourage rowthwi thin rural regionsand to decentral izeindustr ial andcommercial ct iv i t ies.

Regionalp' lanning an faci l i tate integrat ion of economic, hysicaiand social planning. Theexper iencen the EScApegion shows hatdur ing the last three decadeshe focus in mostcountr ies has beenoneconomic nd physical planning. Social and admjnist rat ivesupportplan-ning havenot receivedan adequate t tent ion. Int raregionaland inter-regiona' ldevelopment' lanning rovidesa frameworkhroughwhichvar iousaspectsof developmentlanningcould be moreef fect ive' ly integrated.

Another eason or regional planning n thesecountr jes s thatbackwardegions needspeci f ic approach nd reatment o encourage rowthin these regionsand o transfer publ ic investmentsrom the centre.Kelantan nd Kedahn Malaysia,dist r icts in the Dry Zone n sr i Lanka,WesternMjndanaondBicol in ' the Phi l ippines, andNortheast egion inThai landare examples. Locat ' ional dvantagesf large metropol i tancentresandother developedegions n the countrynecessi tateprefer-ent ial t reatment or economjcal ly epressed nd backwardegions.

F' inal ' ly,disaggregat ionn space s nrore onduciveo opt imal ut i l i -zat ion of nesourceront ier regions. These egionsrequire large-scaleini t ia l investment. Linkages etween evelopmentct iv i t ies in suchreg' ions nd hose n developedegionshave o be proper ly understoodto.ensure low.of capi tal , provision of inf rastructuna] fac. i l i t ies,avai labi l i ty of labour^ nd ski l led manpower,nd adequate t i l izat ionof local entrepreneurs.

_________

I


14/41

I I I . Governmentol icYResPonses

In developing ountr jes ' governmentol icy responseso regional prob-lemsand the degreeof emphasis n spat ia l d isaggregat ionef lect pecu-l jar s i tuat ion of eachcountry. Dependingpon he context ' therefore 'po' l icymakersnd planners n thesecountr ies haveemphas' izedi f ferentaspects f re$onal evelopnlent.To achieve eg' ionaldevelopmentbiec-t ives, a number f interrelated pol ic ies andprogranrnesavebeenem-ployed. These nclude:

( l ) pol ic ies for the transfer of capi ta l and technologY to Poorincent ives in order toregions hrough iscal andmonetaryst jmulate investment ' inproduct ionwithin these regions;

of goods and servi ces

prognanmesor extending nfrastructural faci l i t ' ies ' vocat ionalt ra in jng and social services o poor regions;

pol . ic iesforredirect ingpubl ic investmentsandgovernmentdevelopmehtxpendi ture o the per ipheralareas;(4) pol . ic iesand programmesor funct ional integrat ion betweenhe

core region and the PeriPher ies;programnesfordecentral izat . ionandlocat ionof industr ies;programmesor income enerat ion ndentrepreneurshipdevel pment;po' l ic ies concerninghe creat jon of growthpoles;poi . ic iesconcerningthegrowthofsmal landjntermed. iatesizeci t iestore] . ievethepressureon]argecj t ies,andpromoteproduct ionact iv i t ies throughout he country;pol ic ' ies favour ingpoor regions hrough nterregional resourceal locat ion and revenue-shar ingr j ter ia;pol jc. iesor }e devdut ' ion f f jnancial author i ty and decentral i -zat jon of Planningandmanagement;

12

(2)

(3)

(5)(6)

(7)(B)

/ o ' l

( to)


15/41

t3(11) pol ic ies t f t l* creaf ion f regional developmentuthor i t ies; and(12) pol ic ies for rural and agr icul tural developmento discouragethe townwardlow of populat ion.

In Ma. laysia,egional developmentlanninghas to be seenwithinthe context of the government 's ewEconomicol icy. Twoobject ives ofthe pol icy are to (a) "reduceandeventual lyeradicatepovertyby rais-ing incomeevers and ncreasingemploymentpportuni t ies or ar lMalaysians, r respect ive of race, ,and (b) to , ,accereratethe processof restructur jng Malaysian ociety to correct economicmbalances, sto reduceandeventua' l ]y l iminate the ident i f icat ion of nacewitheconomicunct ion5."Jv To accompr ishhe regional deveropmentbjec-t ives' government 'sol icy measuresave ncruded a) resourceand newland deve' lopmentrogrammes;b) jn-si tu runar deveropment;c) indus-tr ial dispersal programmes;d) creat ion of newgrowthcentres; (e) re-di rect ion of newdevelopmentnd gnowth o less developedegions hroughgreater publ ic deveropmentxpendi turesn these regions; and (t ) . re_set t lementand rehabi l i tat ion of f ront ier areasand ntegrat . ionof pe-r ipheral regionswi th developmentalct iv i t ies at the nat ional level .

In Indja' several di rect and ndirect pol icy measuresavebeenunder-taken o achievebalanced egional develop,n.nt . ] f l The ormula or the dis-t r ibut ' ion of central assistance unds o state governmentsncJudes nverseof state income er capi ta, thereby avour ingbackward reas. Incent ivepol c ' ies are designedo direct jnvestmentsto industr a1' ly backward ist r icts.In some asesarea speci f ic, problem riented sectoral schemesre adoptedand the establ ishment f growthcentreshas beenundertaken. In order toassist the disadvantagedr"oupsnd regions, a basic needs trategy

j1:li

:: 'Iri ,It

:ril$i

iII

.i ';, i


16/41

t4

t .owardshe provis ion of minimumeedshas been mplemented'Thegovern-rnent as also attempted egional planningapproachor " inter-state re-gions" and special problem reasandcomprehensiVeocal level planningat the Distr ic t and Block evels. Given he size of the countryand hedjversj ty of economic ' i tuat ion n Variousparts of the country ' thesepol . icymeasuresavebeenseen o be an integral part of nat ionaldevelopmentf for ts.

Reg' iona1evel pment o] c ' ies n Tha I and are aimedat checki g thepr imacyof Bangkok nd essening egional dispapi t ies ' Four types ofpol c ies in the countr ies could be ident i f ied:Vl ( l ) Those es' ignedoaccelerategrowth in low income nd special problem reas; (2) hoseseekingimprovementf reg' iona1 nd communityroduct ion tructures throughcropdjversi f icat ion, ef f ic ient use of land andwater resources,developmentof mineral and other natural resources,and and reform; (3) thoseon

developmentf specia ' lareas o ensureadequatenfrastructural faci l i -

t jes, social servicesand ut i l i t ies; and (4) those or promot ing mploy-mentouts ide Bangkok nd n'rural areas hroughprogrammesuchas publ ' icworksand decentra ' l izat ion f industr ies '

Thepurpose f reg' iona' l evelopmentn the Phi l ppines is to pro-v. ideopportuni t ieswithin regions or opt imal ut i l izat ion of their fu l lpotent. ia lwi th regard o their demographic,conomic nd natural re-sources. hl i th this in vje\ ,U,ive types of regional developmentol ic ieswere ornrulated. lU These eal t wi th inst i tut ional development ' udget-ing, jnvestmentincent jves,credi t instruments,and humanett lements 'Thecountrywasdjv ided into adm' in istrat ive-planningegionsand re-gional developmentlanningbodieswereestabl ished o coord' inate


17/41

15planningand implementat ionf regional and local development.Thepol icyon decentral izat ionof budgetwasaimedat ensur ing hat regional budgetcorrespondso the regional developnrentlan to accelerate he paceofdevelopmentct iv i t ies in depressedegions. An ntegratedarea devel-opment ppnoach as ni t iated. Examplesf suchan approach re BicorRiver BasinDevelopmentrogrammendMindoro ntegratedRural Develop-mentProiect ' Investmentncent ivesand credi t pol ic ies were ni t iatedfor the dispersa' lof industr ies. Thehuman et i lementpo' l ic ieswereformulated o assist local govennnrentni ts in formulat ing heir plans,and providehousingandother faci r i t ies to townsand ci t ies.

To achieve regionar deveropment bject ives, the governmentin sr i Lanka as ini t iated several programmesnd projects. lv TheMahawel i roject wi ' i l deverop bout r60,000hectaresof new and andset t le about r40,000 amir ies. TheGreatercorombo roject seeks ointegrate the mainci ty and ts out ly ing suburbs. The IntegratedRuralDevelopmentrogrammen selecteddist r icts has beenstar ted. Anotheraspectof regional and ocal developmentn sr i Lanka oncerns uman ndsocial development ' n this regar^d,he measuresakenby the governmentinclude provision of heal th services, consumerubsidiesand communi tydevelopment 'To decentraJize evelopmentlannir igandmanagementunc-t ions' the governmentas establ ishedDistr ict Developmentommit tees,appointed ist r ict Ministers, and ntroducedDistr ict Budget rosnamme.

Regional evelopmentbject ives in Fi j i are the reduct ionof spat ialincomenequal i t ies, ' increasedspat iar integrat ion of regions, the de_central izat ion of economic ct iv i t ies f rom suvaandothenurbanareas,andmaximumtj l izat ion of resources f each egion.J / Thestrategies

rl


18/41

l6

to ach' ieveheseobiect ives include: rura ' lindustr ia l decentral izat ion,and f isher ies

development,rowthcentres 'devel pment.

Theregional developmentol ic ies of Indonesja eek o (a) promotebalancebetween ectoral andregional development;b) reduce nter-regional developmentaps; (c) encourageocal in j t jat ive in developmentprocess;and (e) ef fect ively l ink urbancentresand heir hjnter lands

1Rland regions.- : j : r At temptsweremade o div ide the country into develop-ment egion on the l ines of the growthcentre strategy' However 'hemachineryor planningand mplementat jonxists only at prov' incial' levels. At the provincial level , Provincial DevelopmentlannjngBoardwasestabl ished. Budget al locat ion are usedas instruments or st imu-lat ing regional development.These nclude Provincial Developmentrant 'Mun. ic. ipalevel pmentGrantandVi1 age Devel pment rant

Incountrya gi ven

the caseof Afr ica ' governmentol icyto anotherand n some ountr iesmoret ime. In hjs revjewof regional and

responses avevar ied from onethan one strategYwasusedat

local develoPmentn Afr ica 'Mabogunjedent i f ies four strateg' i s tW

ThestrategYwhichp1 ns by di v i d ' ingexist ' ing un' i ts as

ThestrategYwhichwasa' imed tfew centresother than caPital' inf rastructural develoPmento

involvedregional djsaggregat ion f nat ionalthe country for planningpurposes r ut i ' l iz ingthe regions, e.g. , Niger ia, Uganda;

( t)

(2) Thestrategy wh' ich mphasizedhysical resources eveloPment 'on regional basis, .9. , landpart icular lY land andwater 'set t lementschemesimedat achievjng a wide range of object ivesinSudan; integratedr iverbasindeveiopment inNiger iaandZ' imbabwe;

the Iocat ion of industr ies in aand/or port c i t jes, and sPreadingother Parts of the countrY;

( 3)


19/41

17(4) Thestrategy which ocused n the structural t ransformat ion fthe economynd sel f - rel iant developmenthrough estructur ingproduct ionorganizat ion,.9. , Tanzania.

in mostcases,however, he abovepol ic ies could not beimplemented.Major problems hich mpededhe implementat ionment ioned trategies includedglobal economic i tuat ion, datantanpowenhortageandbureaucrat ic entral . ;5,x.J y '

ef fect i velyof the afore-i nadequady,

In Lat in Amer ica egional planningwas ntroduceddur ing the .1940sandwasained at the developmentf r iver basins part icular ly in Mexico ndcolunlbi ' ]/ var ious commissionsereestabl ishedwith the object ives off lood control , hydroelectr ic development,r r igat ion andconservat ion, oloni -zat jon of agr icul tural areas, the developmentf depressed reasand naturalresourcesmanagement.he argest number f regional plans in Lat in Amer icawereaimedat imoroving he si tuat ion jn the depressedegions. Regionaldevelopmentorporat ionswereestabl ished o coordinateact iv i t ies underdi f ferent publ ic programmes,nd provide ncent ives o pr ivate sector fromoutside the region to invest in the region. Theexamp' lesf suchcorporat ionswere he Los Andes orporat ion or venezuela'swesternAndean egion, heChoco at ionalDevelopmentorporat . ionn Colombia, nd the NortheastDevel_opment ounci l n Brazi l .

Natural catastrophies ed to the establ ishment f regional p' lans nseveral Lat in Amer jcan ountr iessuchas in Mexico,Argent ina,peru andChi le ' 0ther pol icy responses ere he promot ion f newgrowthpoles, andcolonizat ionandexploi tat ion of rargery unset t redareas. I t is w. idelyrecognized y planners' pract i t ioners and pof cymakersn Lat jn Amer ica


20/41

IBthat regional planning s essent ial for achieving he obiect ives ofnat ional development. n thjs regard, the issueswhichare current lybeing emphasizedy regional planners nclude:

( l ) regiona' lplanning rom below;(2) size of regions;(3) squat ter set t lementsas oneof the solut ions to popularhous' ing;(4) the role of municipalgovernmentsin regional development;(5) int roduct jon of representat ' ivenst i tut ions at nat ional ,regional and ocal levels;

agrar ian reform; andbet ter djst r jbut ion of economicesources nd pol i t ical power '

IV. Del jneat ionof Regions

The ormulat jonof regional development' lanshas to focus i tsel f onthe percept ionswj thin part icular developing ountr iesas to what const i tutesspat jal d. imensionj thjn wh' ich egional developmentct jv i t ies should akep1ace. Thedel jneat ion of the regional ent i ty ' is the f i rst step beforeregional and ocal developmentct iv i t jes are to be ini t iated'

There s no unjversal ly recognized ef inj t ion of a region. Thedel inea-t jon of a regional ent i ty woulddepend ponpecul iar s i tuat ion' in the country 'Theexper ience hows hat the def jnj t ' ion of the region var jed as betweencountr jesand according o part icular pol icy object ives for whichdef ini -t jon wasbeing sought . ry In pract ' ice, regional planningact ' iv. i t ies akeplace in several tYPeof region.

(6)(7)


21/41

t9Table 1 presents ypes of regions n developing ountr jes n whichregional planningand mplementat ionct iv i t ies are taking place. severalof these types are to be found n every country. As their characte' ist ics

show, here are signi f icant var iat ions amonghese regionsconcerningheirevolut ' ionand rat t 'onale, inks wi th pol i t ico-administ rative structures atthe nat ional level , thei r organizat iona' l t ructures, sourcesof thei r reve-nue, the scopeof thei r act iv i t ies, and he cr i ter ia for thei r del ineat ion.Yet ' not al l of theseare mutual lyexclusivednd the proposedypes are meantto faci l i tate our understandingf the cornplexi ty f regional planningandnranagementct i v i t j es

Linguist ic, ethnic and rel igions divis ions in the countryare, in mostcases' ref lected in administ rat ive egionswhichusual ly correspondo tradi -t ional andhistor ical boundar ies. These ould also the basis for del ineat ionof authonmousegions. where he ethnic, l inguist ic and r"el ig iousboundar jescorrespond j th administ rat iveand/or autonomousegions, the process f re-gional planning ends to be highly pol i t ic ized and nterregional dispar . i t iesbecomehb predominantoncern f regional planningact iv i t ies. In suchsi tuat jons' governmentol icy responseso regional problemsef lect pol i t i -cal styles in the countryand he degree nd type of pressure ar ious re-gional ent i t ies are able to exert .

There s no universal ly accepted r i ter ia basedon whjchvar ious typesof regionsare created. Administ rat ive egionsare usual ly the legacyofthe past and, in uni tary systems, heir boundar jes re usual ly demarcatedfor admjnist rat jveconvenience.Planning nd coordinat ion egionsmight bedel ineatedbased n several factors suchas phys' ical haracter ist ics orgeographicaleatures, administ rat iveand plan implementat . ionactors,economicactors, andethnic and socio-cul tural factors. In the caseof

i

:t=-I


22/41

20

Table Typesof Regionsn Developing ountr ies

Types Exampls Character it ' ics

t .

2.

Admi ' i rat i veregions

EconomicalYbackward nddepressedreg ons

Resourcefront i erregions

Urban/metro-po1 tan reg' ions

5. Economicegions

Planningandcoordi at ionregions

States n India andMal ys ' ia Provi .nces'in Kenya nd adml1s-trat ive regions nEth opia

Drouqht-Prone reasin I idia. , rain- fedareas in PakistanReconcavo e Bahiaregi ona' l scheme nSalvadorPahangTenggarah inMalaysia, the suPer-' intendencY or thedeveloPment fAmazonia n Brazi l

Metro-Manila, BangkokmetroPol tan admi j s-trat i on

Theseregions have govern-ment 's admi i strat ' ivemach' inerYor the del iverYof services and in mostcases 1i nguist ' ic and ethn' ichomogenei iY f the PoPulaceThesemight be character izedby extremelY 1ow ncomelevels, ecohom' ic PPortuni-t ' ies and soc' ial serv' icesvi s- 'a-vis the nat i onalaverageThe regions have untaPPedresour ies which are to beut i l ized for socioeconomicdevelopment f the area

The regions are del ineated toprovidiurban serv'ices othe peoplandcoordinate act ivi t ies ofvar iousagenc' ies n c t ies

The reqions are del jneated basedon-. .oiot i c, demograPh' icndsoc a comPl mentari Y of . i siubun ts fbr oPtima1ut ' i ' iza-t ion of resources

Uni s w' i th Planni g and coordinat ' ionmachinerYndauthor i tYi . . tup. t inrPosedbove d-m' in ' it rat i ve uni s i n thecountrY

3.

4.

6.

Econom'icones nChjna, nterstatereqions n lndia '' industr ia l estatesi n the Ph' i i PPi esand KatunaYakeexport Processingzone in Sr i LankaRegionsn thePhi l ippines


23/41

21

Types Exampes Character ist ics

WesternMinanaoandCentral Mindanao nthe Phi l ippines andlarawak and Sabah nMalaysia

Bicol River Basinregion in thePhi1 ppines, MekonRlver Basin nThai land,cornmjs_slons author i t iesfor r iver basins nMexjco nd Niger iaMindoro ntegratednrea Deve'lpmentrrogranrmendPalawanntegratedl t rea Deve' lopmentnthe Phi l ippjnes

Regionsn Guyana

Metro-ManiaJakartaMetro-pol tan Region

In_these, h. .machinerryorpran formulat ionand i ;pi ;_mentat ion oesnot exisi . -Throughhe nat ionui"pi inninoagency,an at ternpt s , iJ. " '"to ensureconsir t .n.u in--governmentct iv i t ie i inthe areaSuch egionshavemoreaylglomv han other regionsyi tUn. the same ountryar"to, thei r ' l inguist ic, ethni i ,l ld in someases ," t i9 iorJ 'i dent i y

Regions re del ineated orthe.developmentof the r^ iu. r^basin andr iver basi r -O.r . i_opment uthor i t ies are cre_3I .d. Object ives nctuJe-r lv9r control, provis onor ' tnr i gat ion water andoveral economic evelopnrentThese re del ineated or thedeve' lopmentof an area and.oy]q be single purpose rmul i -purposi

10. Area develop_ment egions

11. planninsandimplemei tat ionregions

12. Core egions

7. Planning regions Regions boveinces in Thaiand Indonesiaprov-Iand

itI8.

9.

Autonomousregions

River basinreg ons, ili ,lr i'- iii lll

Regions.aredel ineatedandaregiven f inanciat , admir i i t . . i iu.and pol t icat author i t i - ; ; - " ' '=l ] l l " and mptement.gi .oni toevetopmentunder he-guidanceof RegionalDemocrat ic"Coun. i iThough ot necessar i lydel in_eated or this purpose,theseregionswi thdrawab. i i ion--""makng.powers na economi 'cpotent ial f rom tt re per ipf rJruand spread nnovat ibns "- 'r

Il

It


24/41

22

Exampls Character i t i csTypes13.

14.

Single purposedevel pmentregions

D' isaster-prone egions

Single agencymacro egions

' l6 Mul 'i nationar iver basinconmissions

MADAegion i nMalaysia

Req' ional ff i ces ofNa[ ional DeveloPmentCorporat ion f teri960 earthquakenChi le, r iver basincommis' ions n Mexi o,comprehensie Plann' ingeffbr t for the metro-pof tan area of SanSal ador

SUDENTn Brazi l

River Niger Commis-sion

These re del neated odevelopa Part ' icularnatu-ral re iource or to PromotedeveloPmentalct i v i t " ies' in one sectorThese re createdafterdrast ic natural catastro-ohe o meet he emergencysi tuat ion andoften gradu-d11ydeveloP s an instru-menl f or regiona'lPowelihese becomestabl ishedi nst i tut ' ions n the courseof t jme and PlaYan imPor-tant part in the deve' loP-mentof the areaAn agencYo P1 n, coordinut . l ani imPlementeveloP-; ; ; i 'proiect i i n rel at i velY-i i to. ' ar6a above ubnat ionaladministrat iveuni ts iscieated. Themainobject iveis- socjoeconomidevel Pmentof the area in cooPerat ionwith relevant agenciesR' i ar ian countr ies makeloi t ect i ve effor t for agr iiu l tural and ndustr ia lexplo ' i tat ionof water

15.

Source: ComP' iedbY the author


25/41

23t l te Phi l ippines, for example, the fol lowing factors were considered in theprocess of del ineat ing planning and coordinat ion regions in the country.

( ) cont ingui y and geognaphca features(2) t ransportat ionand communicat ionaci l i t ies;(3) cul tural and anguage roupings;(4) land area and popu' lat ion;(5) exist ing regional centrescommonlydopted y several agencies;(6) socioeconomiceveropmentrognammesn the region; and(7) number f provincesandcj t ies.

Thecr i ter ia for the del ineat ionof mostother types of region are usual lyless complex. Economjcal ' lyackward nddepressedegionscould be moreeasi ly ident i f ied based n per capi ta income nd social servicesand faci l j -t ies ' Themajndeterminant f autonomousegions s pol i t ical and cul turalident i fy of the people. Disaster-proneegionsare usual . ly hoseareasaf fected by natural catastrophe.

Thenature and dist r ibut ion of powers etweenhe nat jonal and regionalent i t ies depends pon he regiona' l ype. In the caseof autonomousegions,the reg' ionalent i ty wouldhave egal and/or const i tut ional guarantees f i tsareasof jur isdict ion. In federal systems, oth the centre andautonomousregionsare extreme]y onscious f the' i r powers nd responsibI t ies. Thepowers'author i ty and responsjbi l i t ies of administ rat jve egionsare alsoclear ly del ineated, though n uni tary systems heseare createdat the con-venience f the centre. In the caseof mostothen ypes of regions, thenosi t jon of the nat ional ent i ty is predominantnd he regiona' lent i tyf ' ;nct ionsas moreor less an extensionof the central author i ty. planningandmanagementct iv i t ies in mostof these regionsare undertaken y

j

I


26/41

24semiautonomousubl ic enterpr iseswh' ich re establ ishedby the nat ionalent i ty for opt intal ut i l izat ion of resources nd/or el iminat ion of inter-regional socioeconomjcispar i t ies. Resourceront jer regions, depressedregions, area developmentegions, d ' i 'saster-proneegionsand single agencymacro-regionsre examples f th is type of centra ' l - regional elat ionships.

Despi te he formal distr ibut jon of powers nd djv is ion of funct ions andresponsibi l i t ' ies, the trend in developing ountr ies s towardsgreater cen-tral izat jon ' in the distr ibut ion of powers nd resources. To varying degrees'i t has beenattr jbuted to smal l s jze of some egional ent i t ies, complexi tyof development anagement,olonial legacyof the past, at t i tudes of centraladministrat iveand pol i t ical el tes and country speci f ic soc' ia land pol t icalfactors

The ssue of regional dispar i t ies is one of the key pol icy issues n theprocess f reg' iona deve' lopment. ts s gni i canceand the degree o whi hi t ' is pol i t ic izedi however, ou' ld epend pon he type of region. In thecaseof administrat iveandautonomousegionswhichcorrespond i th theethnic and l inguist ic div is ions in the country, regional dispar i t ies mightbe highly pol t ic ized. Pol i t ical part ies and nterest groupsnl ightbeorganized n a way hat thesecorrespondo regional boundar ies. Cont jnuingconf l ic t betweenhe nat ' ionalgovernmentnd he regional ent i ty af fectspol i t ical stab' i1 i ty in the country. The ypes of pressures rom the regionand responsesrom the centre depend ponpol i t ical sty les jn the countryand he character ist ics of the pol i t ical system. The ssue of regionaldispar i t jes js also signi f icant in the caseof depressedeg' ions'areadevelopmentegionsand djsaster-prone egions.

I


27/41

25l{here egional ent i t i tes wi thjn a countryare character ized y wide dis-par i t ies in economic eal th, and level of l iv ing, the pol j t ical balanceofpowerusual ly tends o be in favour of the economical ly redominantegions.

Theexper ience hows hat when conomic nd pol i t ical power s concentratedin one regional ent i ty wi thin the country, resentment gainst the centralauthor i ty tends to be high ando' in some ases, he issue of economic is-par i t ies is not discussed at ional y but wi thin an antagonist ic ramework.In pol i t jcal systemsn which.regional ispar i t ies are wide, j t is extremelydi f f icul t to str ike a balancebetween ol i t ical considerat ions ndeconomical lyrat i 'onal cr j ter ia in al locat ing publ ic developmentesources. In suchsi tu-at ions, Pol i t ical stabi l i ty and dernocrat ic ol i t ical processare morecondu-c ve to balanc. ing onf . l ict ing interests.

In developing ountr jeswhi le var ious types of regional ent i t ies aredel ineated, he processes f planningnadbudget ing re character ized ysectoral or ientat ion. Due o lack of an adequate evolut ionof f inancialauthor i ty, the nat ional level minist r ies anddepartmentslay an importantpar t in determin' ingl ocat ion of pub' l icdevelopmentxpendi ture. I t shouldbe noted' however, hat regions n federal systems avegreater power nthe processof planningandbudget ing han do those in the uni tary systems.

For a var iety of reasons,administ rat ive egionsare moreof ten thefocus of regional and ocal planningact iv i t ies jn Asia and the paci f ic.As notedear l ' ier , the administ rat ivemachineryor formulat . ing, imple_ment ' ing ndmonj tor ingdevelopment' lansand programmesxjsts in suchuni ts ' These egionsmaycorrespond i th pol j t jcal ent j t ies andmavbe


28/41

26character i ed by ethni I j ngu' i t i c and cul ural i dent i y of the popul ce'This nrakes. i tpol i t ical ly expedient o undertake eg' iona1 lanningact i -v i t ies within boundar ies f suchuni ts.

Table 2 presents he cross-nat ionalprof i les of exist ing adminis-t rat ive un' i ts for regional and ocal planning n selectedESCAPountr ies 'Twopredominantat terns emerge: The ederal systems uchas India 'pak stan andMa' laysi havestates/prov' inces hi h haveconst i ut ' iona' l yguaranteedur jsdjct ion. Below his are div is ions, djstr ic ts and sub-

djstr jc ts. In unj tary systems uchas Indonesja ndThai land,provinces

and distr ic ts const ' i tute eg' iona' l nd subregional ni ts. However, lan-ning regionswithout administrat ivemachinery xist aboveprovinces'

Table3 presents YPesofurban egions. I t showsYPest ' ics

organizat ionalstructures jn selectedof urban egionswith their character is-

There is no universal organizat ' ionalorm to plan andmanagee-gional and ocal developmentince there are dj f ferent types of regiona' ldevelopmentrogrammesesjgnedo ach' ieve j f ferent object ives' Further-more, egional planning s mult ' isectoral ,mul t i level act iv j ty involv ingagencies t each evel . Theexper ience f developing ountpies n Asiaand he Paci f jc showshat several organizat ional ormshavebeenused,jn mostcaseswithin the same ountry, to plan and ntplementegionaldevelopment.These nclude:

( ) I . ine ministr i es andplann' i g bod' ies t the central I evel(2) regional provinc ' i l governnents nd he' i r f i e ld of i ces;


29/41

27

E d>t,3 Eo5+

IIt;t. -t. :lo

L

:gIN

:EE:

Iq,IUiIl2I+r l(U lelcrloi

FI

>loJ lal qla J?t 'rcl +)- t5jj (J(U.E

P6

E. rO' r>( i)o. o

o.oo(1, (Utt

d. ul(oo.+J

0J >Ec JCF-@e>. u

oo ) .t _(Uo oO

z

ol'-lEIro lFlo- l

IFlrOlUIolJl-l6l

IEIol'FlolPI

Ilq- lIql+r l'- lsl-l0J l>l

+r lt r l>lPlql-l-lEl


30/41

?B

lable 3. Types of Organ zat iona Structures i n Urban RegonsTYPE EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Centra |yconfrol ledQnoc ie Iprov i nce

State ( sub-rra' l ional)-munic ipa l i tycommiss ion/counc ITwo- t i ersystem

Deve opmentauthor i ly

Single- t ierc i ty lmetro-pol i - lan gov-ernmentIntermunic i -pa l i ty co-operat i on

Shanglra i , Bei j ing

Bangkok, Jakarfa,Seou

Rio de Janeiro,Mex co

Mani a, Tokyo

Delh i , Bombay,Karachi, Colombo,Ch ttagong

Kua a Lumpur ,Surabaya, Na rob i

Ca cutta, Bogota

The central government direct-ly contro ls metropol i tan gov-ernmenT.The metropol i tan area is des-ignated as a special provincein which local governments andprov inc ia I governnrent aremerged in to one.The metropol i ian area is man-aged by a commss i onlcounc i Icomprised of representativesof state and mun c i oa qovern-ments.While local governments con-t inue to ex is f , some of the i rkey functions are transferredto a metropo I i tan organ i zai ionwhlch is empowered o controland superv i se I cca I governrnentsin the area.Develooment author i t ies wi thmetropo I i fan-w i de jur i sd ct ionare created by statute i n orderto underta ke reg i ona I p I ann ng,and coord i nate mu i sectora Iprogrammes.The me' t ropol i tan area is tnan-aged by the c i ty governmen't.

Mun c i pa i t ies coopera-fe w ' f -heach otlrer in prov id i t tg someserv i ces .1ll r

f ,


31/41

\-..anLJ

regional developmentouncj ls super imposedponexjst ing sub-nat ional uni ts/provincesor subnat ionalplanningboards;special uni ts createdwi thin minist r ies anddelegatedwi th theauthor j ty to streaml jne he implementat ionf mul t isectoral ,integrateddevelopmentrojects; andsemiautonomousubi c enterpr ises.

At the nat ional level , the examples f bodjes or regional planfonmulat ion re: the Econonr iclanninguni t (Epu)and the Nat ionalDevelopmentlannjngCommit teef ' IDPC)n Malaysiai he planningCommis-sion and ' latonal Deve' lopmentounci (NDC)n Ind' ia; the Nat . onal co-nomicand Social Developmentoard NESDB)n Tha. i land; ndNat ionalf lconomjcnd Developmentuthor i ty (NEDA)n the phi l ippines. At thereg' iona1 nd subregional evels, the task of plan formulat ' ions under-takenby regional planninguni ts, the branches f nat jonal planningbodies, l ine departmentsndother governmentgenc. ies. n Malaysia,the State PlannjngUni t and the State DevelopmentlanningConrmit teetthe state level and the Distr ict Developmentommjt teet the djst r ictlevel are examples. simi lar ly, in sr i Lanka nd Thaj land, hese func-t jons havepart ia ' l ly beendelegated o the Dist r ict PlanningDepartmentsand Provincjal PlannjngComrni t tees,espect ively.

Thoughhere exist mechanismsor coordinat ion n planningandimplernentat iont each evel , j t js wj thin lower evels of admjnist ra-t ive hjerarchy hat regional and ocal developmentrojects are actual lyinrpl nrented.These re distn' ict and thana evel i n Bangl desh; hedjst r jct and block levels in Indja; the dist r jct and divjs ional levelsjn sr i Lanka,and provincial and dist r ict levers in Thai land.

(3)

(4)

(5)


32/41

30

several semiautonomousrganizat jonsandcoordinat ionbodieshaveernergedh. ich requent . ry ross pol t ical and admin' ist rat ive oundar ies.These nclude corporate ype organ' izat ' ionsreated or the developmentof resource-r . ich, ront ier regionssuchas Pahang enggarah evelopmentAuthor i ty in Malaysia;organizat ions or the developmentf econom' ical lydepressedegionssuchas Drought-Pronerea Programmen Ind' ia; organi-zat ions deal ' ingwi th one sector in speci f ied areassuchas Mada gr icul 'tural Devel pment uthor ty ' in Mal ys' i and bod' iesor the coordnat ionof . interregional plans suchas Joint PlanningBoard or the developmentof southeast esource egions n India'

V. Mak' ingt Work: Some anagementssues

There s a wide bodyof l i terature on the regional developmenter-

formance f developing ountr ies.Zf / I t" is beyond he scopeof this

paper o review his l ' i terature or to assess he impactof past regionaldevelopmentpol ic iesandprogrammes.However 'comparat ivestud. iesunder-taken by the Uni tedNat ionsCentre or RegionalDevelopmentUNCRD)ur ingthe past twelveyears pojnt to severaimanagementnd pol icy ' issues whichdeserve ncreased t tent ion of pol icymakers nd planners indeveloping ountr i es.?2/ Though olut ions to these ssues and problemswould nevi tably be foundwithin the context of individual countr ies'the seminar ar t ic ipants might l ike to exchangeheir ownexper ienceswi th regard o these' issues o faci l i tate bet ter understandingf com-plexi t ies of regional developmentlanning'

J I

,i

iil


33/41


34/41

32

safeguardedhrough heseplans? what s an appropriate evel for suchplans? How should 'community e involved in these? whatshouldbethe cr j ter ia for select ion and ocat ion of local projects? What houldbe the relat ionsh' ipbetween rass ootsbureaucracy, oca1 overnment'and people,svoluntaryorgan' izat ionsor preparing hese plans?

Decentra i zati on for [e-g:gg-1--QgJ9]9 nt Plannin

Regiona'l evelopmentlann' ing ecessj tates ecentra lzat ion of plan-ning andmanagementuthori ty anddevolut ionof f inancia l resources oregiona' land I ocal uni s .

Top-down ode f regional developmentlanning is not conduciveoinvolvement f people n developmentrocess'accessor a1' l egmentsfthe society to governmentervjces, andequitable djstr jbut ion of bene-f i ts of development. Experiencesn develop' ingountr jes' however ' howthatdecentra l izat ionprogrammesre dif f jcu l t to be implementednd hatan incremental pproachmight be moreappropriate'

The ssues or. regional planningare: What ct iv i t ies in deveiop-mentp]anningshouldbe undertaken t each evel? what cr i ter ia for the

transfer of resources ndrevenue-sharingre appropriate?How an plan-

ning andmanagernentapaci tyof organizat ' ions t reg' iona1 nd ocal levelbe strengthened? What houldbe the role of the t 'egionaland ocal plan-n ' ing units?


35/41

33InteragencyCoordi at ion

Oneof the cr i t icar issues n regionarand rocar rever p.ranning ndimplementat ionis how o ensurehor izontal and vert ical coordinat ionanronggencies t regionarand locar revers. Though ar ious coordina-t ion agencies avebeencreated, st rong sectoral or ientat ion of mostagencies inder complementar i tyof act ions by tne concerned rganiza_t ions' Themostser ious problem xists at the subregional/ locat level .some f the issues n this regardare: How an the rore of theregional /provincial coordinator n uni tary systems e strengthened?How an a system f checksandbarances e createdbetween overnmentagencies nd people'sorganizat ions? l^ /hat re the al ternat ive approbchesto stnengthenhe role of local coordinatorsat dist r ict and subdist r ictlevels?

GrowthCentres

There s an increasingdisi i lusionmentwi th the conceptof growthcentres. Theconcepthas beencr i t jc ized for i ts ambigui ty, ts rel iance.on capi ta ' l intensive act iv i t ies, i ts assumpt ionhat benef i ts wi l l spreadto hinter land' and i ts neglect of adequateinkageswith nat ional devel-opment o] icy ' Yet , the conceptmight havepotent ial to be ut i l ized insi tuat ions in whichcapi tal intensive act iv i t ies are nota majorconstrajnt .How an the conceptbe modi f ied o make t more erevant to the Third{or ld si tuat ions? How an suchcentresbe moreef fect ively r inked withthe urban, area and nat ional developmentol ic ies?

ill l

t


36/41

Rural qnd Aqropol i tanf 'Development

I n the search or a ternat ve approachesreg' iona' l lannershaveadvocated n increased ocuSon rural and "agropo' l i tan" egions n orderto d' iscourageural to urbanmigrat ion, ut i l ize land and humanesourceswith ' in rural areas, and provideadequate ocial and nfrastructural de-velopment ervices o the rural pdople. Severalquest ions ouldbe ra' ised:What houldbe the nature and the scopeof rural and agropol i tan egions?How he resourceand echnology ransfer f rom urban o rural areas s totake place?

There s suf f ic ient evidence rom the developing ountr ieswhichreveals that rural and urbanpoor and he disadvantagedroupshave nmostcases, een bypassed nd heir interests havenot beenadequatelysafeguarded. he newparadigm f regional and ocal planninghas totake thi s real ty i nto cons' iderat in

However,he exper ience hows hat planningand implernent ingro-grammesor the poor are the mostdif f icul t for the same easons ue owh. ich overtyexists. Pert inent quest ionswhich requ' i redjscussionare:What re the strategies to organize he poor to enable hem o put pres-sure from belowon regional and oca' l planners? whatorganjzat jonalar-rangenlentsre neededor communjcat ingeedsand nterests of the dis-advantagedroups o regional and nat ional planners? How houldpro-grammesnd-projectsdesigned o improve ocioeconomicj tuat ion of thepoor be incorporated n the regional plan?


37/41

35

Theneed or planning or smar l geographic neasor subregionsemanatesrom the need or involving the people n developmentrocess,providing basic human eeds,and ident i fy ing and mplement ingrojectsmost elevant to immediate eeds f communi t ies.whatshourdbe thesize of theseareasor subregions hich aci l i tates both meaningfulpar t ic ipat ' ionof local populat ionand integrat ion of govennmentro_gramtnes,rojects andact iv i t ies?

Ident i fy i n ional and Local plannersfor Trainin

A large number f plannersat nat ional , regional and local levelsare usual ly involved, di rect ' ly or indi rect ly, in regional and localplanningadt iv i t ies. However, ome f themplay moreact ive roles n formulat ing,implenrent ingnd coordinat ing egional and local plans. I t is this coregroupof pla.nners hichneed b be ident i f ied and trained in regionalplanning ssues, concepts nd techniques. Thequest ionshere are: whoare key regional and local planners o be trained? what s i t that theyneed o learn through raining to enable hem o perform heir responsi-bi l i t ies moreef fect ively? l , lhat raining methodologies re relevant?

Regional udget inqBudget s the main nstrument or implement ingnd coordinat ing e-

giona' land local developmentrogramrnesndprojects. planning-budget inginter face at the regional level , therefore, is a necessary ondi t ion fori rnplement ingegional and local programmesnd projects. How hould he


38/41

36

centra l p' lanningm1nistry, f inance min' istry, andregional planningunitbe l inked to ensure hat planned egional proiects are budgeted?

Djspersalof- ' 'rndustr ies -tside he CoreRegion

wh.i le he dispersal of industr ies outside the core regions s oneof the nta ' in ol icy instruments or regional developmentlanning' theexper.iencehowshat due o locat ional disadvantageshe actual ' inrp lemen-tat jon of th is poiicy measure as beenextremelydi f f icu l t ' The ssueis: How an the backwardegionsbe mademoreattract ive for the dis-persal of industr ies? what ypes of incent ivesand industr iesare con-ducive o the success f sucha pol ' icy?

TheRoleof InfornralServiceSe

Rapidgrowthof urbanpopulatjonhas led to def icienc' iesn urban

services. Governmentso not haveadequateinanc' ia l resourceandadministrat ivecapaci ty o meet ncreasingdemandor urbanservices'what s the role whjch he inforrnalservice sectol is performing nci t . ies? whatmeasures re neededo further strengthen his ro ' le?

VI. Concl sion

During he past two decades,he theory and pract ice of reg'iona1developnrentlanninghas undergoneigni f icant changes' New evelopmentconcerns uchas equ' i ty, part ' ic ipat ion ' accessanddecentralzat ion haveI ed to an j ncreas' ig emphass by pol cymakers n spat ia1 d' i aggregaton


39/41

37and planningat regional and local levels. Exper iences f countr jes ndeveloping ountr ies point to two persistent themes hichmight be rele-vant for regionar planners n these countr ies to keep n view. First ,the relevance nd appropr iatenessof convent ional nd technocrat icap-proacheso regional planningneed o be ser iously reexamined.second,the chal ]enge n the . |980sis to ensure he implementabi l i tyof regionatand local pransby taking necessarymeasureso resorvekey managementissues.

--,.4


40/41

FOOTNOTTS

t l

Jl

4/

6/

Fora d-iscussionf the istor icalevolut ion'-amongthers ' s9e

L-loyd odw. in, ' ,n. i r ; ; iFiunning-inhe LessDevelopedountrtes:A Retrospect. ivei; ;"; i i r ' . l i t i ralure andExperinces" It t tqr-.r,,gll, :s:ls iH?::;T'Hi:*i,, l?l'',"?:'ll;31',,"uFiliTlSprrvu

T3'il:, lll^l'? [33ffi:d=lt ii yll'q":g;'oBiuffiIli,8lil'fil?:,3;*.ili'i,.ili'i,ii;;;;;,;.iNuiu'.frsn;re'l).LloydRodw.in,. ,RegionalPlanningPerspect. ivesinlh, i rd l .Jor ldCoun-t r jes,, n 0m rutr fr ' r - r iLu".dl) ' , - i l l in ing gl"neg:onalevelopmentFi inning, P.c ' i t . ,PP" I-38'John Friedman, "Reg' ionaIDevelopment lannin9: The Progress of aDecade"n Frira'l ' i l ' . 'oI""" "a;:r '..fqqi';gltPFll {;iB?Eii 'f;1orTi'Tit lot.u"unoppl i t - l t ion carnbridse' ass: wl l lIb id.Ibi d.HarnyW. Richardson, ."Thg glgyance ndAppl icabiI i tv of RegionalEconomicso Developig-Countr t " t ; - i i "Reg bnalUevelbpmentialogue'voi - f , No. i , sPr ing 1980'R. P. Misra andH' Honio eds' ) ' .Chalgi lq Percept ' ionsf Developntentqrulfgrni t il ngupott' Maruzen s a' l9Bl )tsenjamin iggihs, "Jh: .T1: - th:ud' TheSearch or a New ocal andReqionalDeveropmentt rategy ' i" in" ' igg0i; [pup"t presented o theIniernat ional Conferencen tocaf"unO tsionit 'Ueveiopmentin thel9B0sheld at Nagoya, apan roi l , ' t t ' io i6 t ' tovemUerg8l l 'DianaConyers, Br idging the GapBetween orth andSouth: Towardsa Conrmonpproaci 'o ' in iru-n.Si5nui - i i i inning," Th. ird' , ,or ld Planni gi .uiu" , v, i i . 6, No' 4, l9B4'

of Malays' ia,- (KualaLumPur:l0 / Governntent f .MalaJsia ' ,SecondMalaYsl ' -g- Govprnment r inter, Ig i | ) ' P'

| '

7/

aql

Government111 K. V. Sundaram"'Locat nd Regiona' l evelopment ' inouthAsia:Exper. iences,ain ssues . ;" i ; ; ; ; . . i iut t ' ' ' , IPaper presented o theinternat ' ionalConferenc" n"fotul ' inO Regioial 'Oevblopmentin thel980s held at Nagoya' apan; f f i t i io 16 Novernoer9811'12/EdB.Prant i l la, , ,Regional 'Deve]opmente^o] ]c iesandPlanhjnginFourASEANounir ies: nn-Ou.tui . i ; ; - in prani i i ta (ed' ' f lat ionalpevet pnrent-nd Res' ionul oi i .V' i i insupot t i

" 'M; ; t ; ; ; nsiu ' - - tEe- lT')31 Ibid.W Sundaram,P' ci t '


41/41

391Y H' M' Grnu:9 9. lurReg" ionar_pranni 9oric ies in Fi i " Ipaperpre-sentedo ASEANeminarn Regional-Developmentiannini t -State-?l; l : - t l t andshar insExpe. i6nce,t -zs. ibptemuergaziBar j ,inoonesta.W Ed B. Prant i 1a, op. c. i t .)1/ Akin L ' Mabogunje,Local and RegionalDevelopmentn Afr ica: Exper i -ences,Main Issuesand perspect i ies, '(Nagoya: 'uNCRD,gBs)(mimeo).w rbid.W Antongthers, ee Jorge.E.Hardoy, Regional nd UrbanDevelopmentProblemsn Lat in Amer jca, , 'Regional .u. iogg&_ 1sf S g, Vut . : ,No.2,19B2;andWalterStohr [email protected] iencesandProspectsn Lat in Anrer icanar?Y Reportof the.ExpertGroupMeet jngon , ,TheRoleof publ ic Enter_pr ises in Regionaluguglopmentn-Developing ountr i ; r , ' ; - tnter-nat ional centre for publ i t Enterpr ises,7-1' | December9gl ,Ljubl ana, Yugoslavia.ry Anrongthers, s9eAlber t waterston, g_velopmentlannjnq: Lessons_gl=5IpF jq . .Batt imore: ohn r ipNaom' iaidenandAaronwi ldavsky,planningandBudqet jnqn poorS,oy l lgr, .(NeTork: Wiey, rv74)..Natrona Deye' loprnentnd Regiona pol icy, op. ci t ; and Fu-chen LoenA-R-TellFfe d-JffiATffi; Jha n.s on i -ou. roprePol icy (Oxford: ferf f i

Dur ing he last ten years, the uni ted Nat ionscentre for RegionalDevelopmentUNCRD)as undertaken everal relevant cross-nat ionatresearchprojects related to some f these ssues. some f theseare: " lnst j tut jonal _capabi l i ty for RegionalDevelopment, ; ; ; ;on coordi at ion ; " Imp1ment i g Decenlra zat i on pbl cj es andProgrammes";Rurar-urban erai ion" ; "TheRoreof smar andIntermedjateSizedCit ies jn Nat iona' iDevelopmentt ' ;- i ;n.gioni tDgveIopmentl ternat ives in predominant lyRui^aI oi iet j . i " ; und"urbanManagementnd pol ic ies. ' , Fjnoingsof mostof these re_searchprojects havebeenpubl ished n tdn volumes f Regional

?u

Deveopment er es by Maruzen s. ia nwi th UNCRD. Singaporen cooperat ion

regional entity

Documents