minggu 1: pengenalan

7/29/2019 Minggu 1: Pengenalan

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Amali 1

Pengenalan Anatomi

Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia

PJM3106 (PJ ELEKTIF)


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Anatomy

Gross anatomy: the study of body structuresvisible to the naked eye (without amicroscope)

Microscopic anatomy:

Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures ofindividual cells

Histology: examination of tissues (groups ofspecialized cells that work together to performa specific function.


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Anatomical Position

Anytime you describe structures

relative to one another, you must

assume this standard position:

Body erect

Feet slightly apart

Palms facing forward

Thumbs point away from body


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Anterior

Landmarks


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Posterior

Landmarks


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Anatomical Locations

Abdominal: abdominal region

Acromial: the point of the shoulder

Antebrachial: forearm

Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow

Axillary: armpit

Brachial: upper arm

Buccal: cheek of the face

Calcaneal: heel of the foot

Carpal: wrist

Cephalic: head


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Cervical: neck

Deltoid: round part of the shoulder

Digital: fingers and toes

Dorsum: back

Femoral: thigh

Frontal: forehead

Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe

Inguinal: groin

Lumbar: lower back

Mammary: breast


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Mental: chin

Nasal: Nose

Occipital: base of the skull

Olecranal: elbow

Oral: mouth

Orbital: bony eye socket

Otic: ear

Palmar: palm of hand

Patellar: Kneecap

Pedal: Foot


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Pelvic: pelvis region

Perineal: area between anus and externalgenitals

Plantar: sole of foot Pollex: thumb

Popliteal: behind the knee

Pubic: genital region Sacral: lower back between the hips

Scapular: shoulder blade

Tarsal: ankle

Thoracic: chest


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Body Orientation

and Direction

These are relative positions

Proximal/distal

Used to describe locations onthe arms and legs

GI tract

Medial/lateral

Medial is closer to the midline

Farther away from the midline


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Body Orientation and Direction

Dorsal: Back

Ventral: Front

Superior or Cephalad is

toward the head

Inferior or Caudal is

toward the feet Anterior: most forward

Posterior: toward the

backside


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Planes of the Body


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Dorsal cavity

protects the nervous

system Contains Brain and

Spinal Cord

Dorsal Body Cavity


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Cavities

Thoracic Cavity

Heart & Lungs

Subdivided into the

mediastinum and pluralcavities

Lower border is the diaphragm

Abdominal Cavity

Stomach, Liver, Intestines

Pelvic Cavity

Reproductive organs Bladder,

Rectum


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Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes have two layers

1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae


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Serous Membranes


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Serous Membranes of the Heart


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Quadrants

RUQ

Liver

LUQ Spleen

RLQ

Appendix

LLQ

Sigmoid colon


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Abdominopelvic

Regions


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Lab Activity 2

Organ Systems

Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10


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Integumentary System

Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands

Function:

Forms external body covering

Protects deeper tissues from injury

Involved in vitamin D synthesis

Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry

Site of pain and pressure receptors


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Skeletal System

Structure: 206 bones of the human body

Function:

Protects and supports body organs

Provides a framework that muscles can use to create

movement

Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)

Mineral storage

Bone contains 99% of the bodys store of calcium


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Muscular System

Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body

Function:

Locomotion

Manipulation of the environment

Maintaining posture

Thermogenesis (generation of heat)


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Nervous System

Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,

and peripheral nerves.

Function:

Fast-acting control system of the body

Monitoring of the internal and external environment

and responding (when necessary) by initiating

muscular or glandular activity

Information Assessment


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Endocrine System

Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands

Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,

Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, SmallIntestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries,

Kidneys, Heart

Functions: Long-term control system of the body

Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient

use among other things.


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Cardiovascular System

Structures:

Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Functions:

The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.

Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients

(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2),wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules

(hormones), and heat.


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Lymphatic/Immune

System

Structures:

Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,

Red bone marrow Functions:

Returning leaked fluid back to the bloodstream

Disposal of debris

Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogensi.e., disease-causing organisms)

Absorption of fat from the digestive tract


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Respiratory System

Structures:

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functions:

Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove

CO2

Regulate blood pH


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Digestive System

Structures:

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,

large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas,liver, gallbladder

Functions:

Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food intoabsorbable units that will enter the blood for

distribution to the bodys cells


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Urinary System

Structures:

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,

urethra

Functions:

Removal of nitrogenous wastes

Regulation of bodys levels of water, electrolytes,

and acidity


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Reproductive System

Structures:

Male:

Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra,prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis

Female:

Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary

glands

Functions:

Making Babies


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Lab Activity 3

The Microscope


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Care of the Microscope

1. When transporting microscope, hold in uprightposition with one hand on the arm and the othersupporting the base

2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVERUSE KIMWIPES.

3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power

lenses as necessary. Use fine focus only for adjustment

4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowestpower objective lens

5. Always use a coverslip with temporary


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Putting Microscope Away

1. Remove slides from stage and place inappropriate place

2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into

position3. Move stage to the lowest position

4. Turn down light brightness

5. Turn off power

6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes oralcohol wipe if needed

7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base

8. Lock the cabinet


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The End

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