kul 6 nutrisi-1

8/13/2019 kul 6 Nutrisi-1

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Fisiologi Tumbuhan- Biologi UNM

utrisi Tumbuhan:

Nutrien Essensial UntukPertumbuhan Tumbuhan


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Bagaimana mengetahui nutrien yangdiperlukan tumbuhan?

Kumpulkan jaringan/organ tumbuhan, keringkan,

dan analisis unsur yang telah diperolehnya

Analisis nutrien tanah

Kriteria Unsur Esensial

1) Diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan normal dan

menyelesaikan siklus hidup

2) Tidak dapat diganti dengan unsur lain

3) Kebutuhan akan unsur tersebut harus bersifat

langsung.


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Tujuan

Mempelajari kebutuhan nutrientumbuhan untuk hidup dan tumbuh,

dan nutrien tersebut merupakanunsur kimia.

Mengidentifikasi 16 unsur kimia yangmerupakan nutrien esensial. Unsur

tersebut terdiri atas mineral dan non-mineral.


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Plant Nutrients

Sixteen chemical elementsareknown to be important to a plant's

growth and survival. The sixteenchemical elements are divided intotwo main groups: non-mineral

and mineral nutrients.

16 unsur : mineral & non mineral


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Non-Mineral Nutrients

cont Carbon (C), hydrogen (H)and

oxygen (O)are found in the air

and water. In a process called photosynthesis, plants use energy from the

sun to change carbon dioxide(CO2 - carbon and oxygen) andwater(H2O- hydrogen and oxygen) into starches and sugars. These

starches and sugars are the plant's food.


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Non-Mineral Nutrients

cont Photosynthesis

means "makingthings with light".

Since plants getcarbon, hydrogen,and oxygen from the

airand water, thereis little farmers andgardeners can do tocontrol how much of

these nutrients aplant can use.
http://www.clipsahoy.com/webgraphics2/aw4595.htm


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Mineral Nutrients

Essential for Plant Growth In addition to carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen, there are thirteen

mineral nutrientsrequired byplants. These are usually dividedinto two categories:

Macronutrients (>1000 ppm)&Micronutrients (


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Mineral Nutrients The 13 mineral nutrients

(macronutrients and micronutrients),

berasal dari tanah, larut dlm air, dan

diserap melalui akar.Unsur-unsur tersebut seringkali tdk cukuptersedia untuk pertumbuhan. Karena itupetani adakalanya menggunakan pupukutk menambah ketersediaan nutrien dlm

tanah.


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Mineral Nutrients

Macronutrients

Macronutrien: nutrien yg

diperlukan dlm jumlah banyak(>1000ppm).

Macronutrien : dpt dibagi dlm

dula kelompok:Nutrienprimerdan sekunder.


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Mineral Nutrients

Macronutrients (cont)Nutrien primer:

nitrogen(N),

phosphorus (P),andpotassium (K).

Biasanya cepat berkurang dlm tanahsebab tumbuhan membutuhkannyadlm jumlah banyak untukpertumbuhannya.


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Mineral Nutrients

Macronutrients (cont)

Nutrien sekunder:

calcium (Ca),

magnesium (Mg),

sulfur (S),

iron (Fe).

Biasanya cukup tersedia dlm tanah,karenanya pupuk dari unsur tsb tdkdiperlukan.


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Mineral Nutrients

MicronutrientsMicronutrients are those

elements essential for plantgrowth which are required insmall (micro) quantities. Theseelements are sometimes calledminor elements or traceelements.


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Mineral Nutrients

Micronutrients cont

The micronutrients :

boron (B),

copper (Cu),

chloride (Cl),

manganese (Mn),

molybdenum (Mo),and

zinc (Zn).


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Review of Plant Nutrients


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Non-mineral Essential Plant

NutrientsNon-minerals

Macronutrients Air and Water Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)


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Review contMinerals

Macronutrients Primary Soil Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

Nitrogen (N)

Secondary Soil Sulfur (S)

Calcium (Ca)

Iron (Fe)

Magnesium (Mg)

Micronutrients Soil Molybdenum (Mo)

Boron (B)

Cupper (Cu)

Manganese (Mn)

Zinc (Zn)

Chlorine (Cl)


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Way to Remember the

Elements~Mnemonic Device~

Macronutrients:C, H, O, P, K, N, S,

Ca, Fe, Mg

C HOPK'NS CaF is Mightygood


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Way to Remember the

Elements cont~Mnemonic Device~

Micronutrients: B, Mo, Cu, Cl, Mn, Zn

B Mo Cu Cl Mn Zn

Bobs Mom and Cousin Clio will manage soon


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Mobilitas

Sejumlah unsur dapat diremobilisasi oleh tumbuhan,disebut unsur mobilUnsur mobil : - N, P, K, Mg

N, P dapat dimetabolisme dengan mudah, K, Mg, sangat

mobilDefisiensi pertama kali nampak pada daun lebih tua.

Sejumlah unsur tetap pada lokasi pertama kalidisimpan, disebut unsur immobil

Unsur immobil : - S, Ca, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, ZnCa terkunci di dalam dinding selLogam tidak mudah dimetabolsime atau ditransporGejala defisiensi pertama kali nampak pada daunmuda.


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Unsur Simbol

Kimia

Bentuk yang

diserap

Berat Atom Konsentrasi Berat

Kering Jaringan

Relatif jumlah atom

terhadap Mo

(ppm) (%)

Molibdenus Mo MoO4-

95,95 0,1 0,00001 1Tembaga Cu Cu+, Cu2+ 63,54 6 0,0006 100

Seng Zn Zn2+ 65,38 20 0,0020 300

Mangan Mn Mn2+ 54,94 50 0,0050 1,000

Boron B H3BO3- 10,82 20 0,002 2,000

Besi Fe Fe3+, Fe2+ 55,85 100 0,010 2,000

Klor Cl Cl- 35,46 100 0,010 3,000

Sulfur S SO4- 32,07 1,000 0,1 30,000

Fosfor P H2PO4-, HPO4

- 30,98 2,000 0,2 60,000

Magnesium Mg Mg2+ 24,32 2,000 0,2 80,000

Kalsium Ca Ca2+ 40,08 5,000 0,5 125,000

Kalium K K+ 39,10 10,000 1,0 250,000

Nitrogen N NO3-, NH4

+ 14,01 15,000 1,5 1,000,000

Oksigen O O2, H2O 16,00 450,000 45 30,000,000

Karbon C CO2 12,01 450,000 45 35,000,000

Hidrogen H H2O 1,01 60,000 6 60,000,000


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Unsur Simbol Kimia Bentuk yang diserap

Molibdenus Mo

MoO4-

Tembaga Cu Cu+, Cu2+Seng Zn Zn2+Mangan Mn Mn2+Boron B H3BO3-Klor Cl Cl-Besi Fe Fe3+, Fe2+Sulfur S SO4-Fosfor P H2PO4-, HPO4-Magnesium Mg Mg2+Kalsium Ca Ca2+Kalium K K+Nitrogen N NO3-, NH4+Oksigen O O2, H2OKarbon C CO2Hidrogen H H2O


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Nutrien Primer


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Phosphorus (P)Function:Merangsang pembentukan dan

pertumbuhan awal akar, mempercepat

pematangan, merangsang pembentukan

biji dan memperkuat tumbuhan

Symptoms: Berpengaruh pada semua aspekpertumbuhan dan metabolisme.

Gugur daun tua, antosianin pada batang,

tulang daun, nekrosis.

Small root growth, spindly stalk, delayedmaturity, purplish discoloration of leaves,

dying of tips of older leaves, and poor fruit

and seed development.


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Potassium (K)Function:Mengatur keseimbangan osmosis,khususnya dalam membuka/menutupnya

stomata, aktivator enzim

Improves plants ability to resist disease and

cold, aids in the production ofcarbohydrates.

Symptoms: Daun klorosis serta bintik nekrosis;keriting dan mengkerut.

Dimulai dari daun dewasa merambat ke daunmuda

Slow growth, margins on leaves develop a

scorched effect starting on the older leaves,

weak stalk, shriveled seed or fruit.


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Secondary Nutrients


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Calcium (Ca)Function:Komponen dinding sel;kofaktor enzim; memediasi

permeabilitas membran

membantu angkutan karbohidrat

dlm tumbuhan

Symptoms: Daun muda padatunas bengkok (hooked), mengering

dan mati

Terminal bud dies under severedeficiency, margins of younger

leaves scalloped, blossoms shed

prematurely, weak stalk or stem

structure.


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Magnesium (Mg)

Function: kofaktor klorofil; aktivator enzim

An ingredient of chlorophyll, aids in the

translocation of starch within the plant,essential for formation of oils and fats.

Symptoms: Daun bintik nekrosis atau klorosis diantara tulang daun(interveinal); ujung dan tepi

daun mengeriting ke atas. Gambar di sampingmemperlihatkan defisiensi Mg pada daun tomat

Yellowing of leaves between veins starting

with lower leaves, leaves abnormally thin,

tissue may dry and die, leaves have

tendency to curve upward.


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Sulfur (S)

Function: Komponen pada 2 asam amino(membentuk ikatan disulfida dalam protein);

kofaktor enzim(KoA

Aids in the formation of oils and parts of

protein molecules.

Symptoms: Jarang terjadi di alam. Klorosissecara umum, daun muda hijau terang; banyak

terakumulasi antosianin

Young leaves light green to yellowish in color.In some plants older tissue may be affected

also. Small spindly plants, retarded growth

and delayed maturity. Interveinal chlorosis on

corn leaves.


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Micronutrients


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Boron (B)

Function: Memediasi penggunaan Ca, sintesis

asam nukleat, dan sintesis lignin

Symptoms: Daun muda pada tunas terminal

hijau terang, daun membelit (twisted),

Death of terminal growth, causing lateral

buds to develop and produce a witches

broom effect. Thickened, curled, wiltedand chlorotic leaves. Soft or neurotic spots

in fruit or tubers. Reduced flowering or

improper pollination.


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Copper (Cu)

Function: Kofaktor pada proteinpengangkut elektron dalam

fotosintesis (plastocyanin), protein

pengangkut elektron dalam respirasi(sitokrom c oksidase) dan enzim

lainnya.

Promotes formation of Vitamin A,

excess is very toxic.

Symptoms: Daun muda layu, tunasterminal layu, daun hijau tua,

nekrosis pada ujung daun


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Manganese (Mn)

Function: Komponen pusat reaksifotosintesis (PSII); kofaktor sejumlah

enzim

Serves as an activator for

enzymes in growth processes,

assist iron in chlorophyll

formation, generally required with

zinc in foliar spraying of citrus.

Symptoms:Bintik pada daun

klorosis (interveinal), nekrosis


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Zinc (Zn)

Function: Kofaktor enzim, terlibat

langsung dalam sintesis IAA

Symptoms:Pertumbuhan kerdil, ukurandaun berkurang daun kecil membentuk

roset, mengkerut, klorosis antar tulang

daun

Decreased stem length androsetting of terminal leaves.

Reduced fruit bud formation,

mottled leaves and stripping of corn

leaves.


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Molybdenum (Mo)

Function: Diperlukan untuk fiksasi

nitrogen dan reduksi nitrat (NO3-)

Required for N utilization, needed totransform NPN into amino acids,

and legumes cannot fix atmospheric

N symbiotically without Mb.

Symptoms: Daun menjadi burik,pinggiran daun layu, klorosis interveinalpada daun dewasa, nekrosis; bunga

berkurang;


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Chlorine (Cl)

Function: Mengatur keseimbanagan osmosis;

komponen pusat reaksi fotosintesis (PS II)

Required in photosynthetic reactions ofplants.

Symptoms:Layu pada ujung daun ; klorosis dan

nekrosis; akar memendek, buah berkurang

Wilting, followed by chlorosis. Excessivebranching of lateral roots. Bronzing of

leaves, chlorosis and necrosis in tomatoes

and barley.


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Iron (Fe)

Function: kofaktor sitokrom (proteinpengangkut elektron); diperlukan untuk

sintesis klorofil

Essensial utk pembentukan klorofil,melepaskan energi dari gula.

Symptoms: Klorosis pada daun muda

Leaves yellowish or white (young

leaves first), veins green, affected

leaves curl up.


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Fi i l i T b h Bi l i UNM

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kul 6 nutrisi-1

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