Chapter 2: Blood circulation

HUMAN HEART

jantung• Lukis jantung 4 segi• Bahagi kepada 4 bahagian (atas lebih kecil)• Lukis 4 salur darah • Label 4 salur darah• Label atrium & ventrikel• Label salur darah dari mana nak ke mana• Label tekanan (tinggi atau rendah) pada salur darah• Lukis anak panah pergerakan darah (mula dari VC)• Label oxygenated & deoxygenated blood pada semua salur darah• Label Triscupid valve, semilunar valve & bicuspid valve)

FUNCTION• The heart functions as strong muscular pump to:

• collect deoxygenated blood (lacking oxygen) from the rest of the body. Then, this blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to enriched with oxygen.

• Collect oxygenated blood (enriched with oxygen) from the lungs. Then this blood is pumped out of the heart to be transported throughout the body.

• the heart also plays a role in the human circulatory system to:

– transport nutrients and oxygen to the body– transport excretory products such as carbon dioxide, urea and water

from the body cells to be removed from the body.

SIMPLE Human heart

Right Atrium Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left VentricleVC

A

PA

PV

BLOOD CIRCULATION1.Salur darah - VC-PA-A-PV 2.Artery-blood out of the heart, HP, lumen-small, vein – blood into heart, LP, lumen-large3.Valve – tv, sv, sv, bv.4.H – L – H – pulmonary circulation5.H-ALL-H – systemic circulation

MY HEART

Heart

Three types of valves.• bicuspid valve (or mitral valve) controls the one

way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

• The tricuspid valve controls the one way blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

• The semilunar valve controls the one way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta as well as from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

Three types of valves

MY HEART

Blood Vessel– Artery

• Arteries transport blood from the heart.• Arteries have thick, muscled wall which are elastic to withstand the high blood

pressure inside.• The aorta is the largest artery. Its transport blood out of the heart. The aorta

branches to form arteries.

– Vein• veins transport blood into the heart.• Veins have thin walls, are less muscular and elastic.• The vena cava is the largest vein. It transports blood back to the heart.

– blood capillary• capillaries connect arteries to veins.• A capillary is a very fine blood vessel. It has a permeable membrane that is very

thin, as it is only one cell thick. This facilitates the exchange of gases, digested food and excretory products through its walls.

Blood vessel PMR 04, 05• Artery• Vein• Blood Capillary

BLOOD VESSEL IN HUMAN

Blood vessel

Blood vessel

Blood vessel

Blood circulation PMR 04, 06, 07• pulmonary circulation

– pulmonary circulation consists of blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart and vice versa.

– The function of pulmonary circulation is to ensure that blood with insufficient oxygen receives a fresh supply oxygen in the lung.

• systemic circulation– systemic circulation consists of all blood

vessels involved in the transport of blood from the heart to all parts of the body, except the lungs and back to the heart again.

PMR 2004

Kota Bharu / Kota Lama

PMR 2004

Blood circulation

Blood circulation

Blood Circulation

BLOOD CIRCULATION1.Salur darah - VC-PA-A-PV 2.Artery-blood out of the heart, HP, lumen-small, vein – blood into heart, LP, lumen-large3.Valve – tv, sv, sv, bv.4.H – L – H – pulmonary circulation5.H-ALL-H – systemic circulation

Blood contents• blood plasma PMR 05

– contains blood cells and dissolved substances such as minerals salts, digested food and gases.

– Plasma is the fluid component of blood which is light yellow.• red blood cells

– red blood cells have no nuclei.- known as erythrocytes

• white blood cells- White blood cells have nuclei. - known as leucocytes.

• platelets (blood clotting cells)– platelets are small bits of cells in the blood that do not have

nuclei.– Known as thrombocytes.

The types, functions and places of production as well as destruction of blood cells.

Type red blood cell white blood cell plateletestimated size 8 µ m 10 µ m 2 – 3 µ m

presence of nucleus no nucleus have nucleus no nucleus

Functiontransport

oxygen and carbon dioxide

protects body from bacteria

attackhelps clotting of

blood

place of production

short bone marrow such as rib and sternum

bone marrow and lymph node bone marrow

place of destruction liver and lymph circulation of

bloodcirculation of

bloodlife span 120 days a few days to

many months 10 days

number per cubic millimetre

(mm )about 5 million about 7 million about 250 thousand

3

Blood group

Blood group can donate blood to

can receive blood from

AB AB AB, A, O, BA A , AB A, OB B, AB B, OO AB, A, B, O O

Compatibility of blood among blood donors and recipients using ABO identification system PMR 06

The O blood type is known as a universal donor.

The AB blood type is known as a universal recipient.

Human blood groups

Transport system in plant PMR 08

Phloem and Xylem• Phloem – outer – food ( s r )• Xylem – inner – water & mineral ( r s )

A waxy white or colorless solid hydrocarbon mixture used to make candles, wax paper, lubricants, and sealing materials. Also called paraffin wax

PMR 2010

-The phloem tissues have been removed.

-The ring become swollen (upper part).

-GLUCOSE could not be transported downwards to other parts of the plant.

1. Light2. Humidity3. Air movement4. temperature

Test presence of water

• Anhydrous copper sulphate (white blue)

• Anhydrous Cobalt chloride paper (Blue pink)

The effects of impurities on the physical characteristics of wateri. Boil at a temperature above 100ºCii. freeze at a temperature below 0ºC

Wilting • When water enters the

cells of a plant, it exerts pressure against the cell wall.

• The cell become swollen or turgid and provide support the plant.• When a plant loses more water than it absorbs, the cells of the plant lose their turgidity and become soft or flaccid. The flaccid cells are not able to support the plant ad so it wilts.

TranspirationTranspiration is a process in which water is lost in the form of water. The water vapour evaporates from the leaves of plants through stomata..

Transpiration • Water evaporates from leaves through

small openings on the leaves. The small openings are called stomata.

• Small opening is enclosed by two kidney-shaped guard cells.

• Close its stomata on hot day to reduce the loss of water by transpiration.

Important: to remove excess water

Transpiration

Transpirasi berlaku apabila stoma terbuka. 90% air tersejat (evaporates) daripada tumbuhan melalui liang stoma. Gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida masuk dan keluar melalui stoma. Dipetik dari buku teks Sains Tingkatan 2 m/s 125 Tahun 2002

Factors Transpiration• The transpiration rate increase when the

– temperature increases- more rapidly in the higher temperature

– light intensity increases- more rapidly in the presence of light

–wind speed increases- more rapidly in windy condition

–humidity decreases- more rapidly in lower humidity

• A photometer is an apparatus which is used to measure the rate of transpiration in plants. (bubble photometer and weight photometer) PMR 08

MOGA DAPAT `A’ STRONG DALAM PKBS, TRIAL & PMR 2013

• Selamat Berjaya 3 Al-Zahrawi 2013

Penutup

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr