amali 3 ( antatomi dan fosiologi)

8/12/2019 Amali 3 ( Antatomi dan Fosiologi)

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Lab Activity 5

The Integumentary System

Martini Chapter 5

Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia

PJM3106


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Skin

Epidermis: Superficial layer

Made of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

4-5 Layers

Dermis: Underlying connective tissue layer

2 Layers

Hypodermis: Not part of the skin, it is deep to

the dermis

Primarily adipose tissue


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Layers of the Epidermis

1. Stratum corneum: Outermost layer

20-30 cell layers thick

Cells are dead and flattened

Full of keratin

Constantly being rubbed off

2. Stratum lucidum: Thin translucent layer of

dead keratinocytes

Found only in thick skin


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3. Stratum granulosum: Cells contain granules

The upper part of this layer has cells that are

beginning to die

Lamellated granules contain a waterproofing

glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular

space Keratohyaline granules combine with intermediate

filaments to form keratin fibrils


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4. Str atum spinosum: several cell layers

Cells also dividing

Cells contain bundles of intermediate filaments

made of pre-keratin

5. Stratum basale:single row of cells

Adjacent to the dermis

Constantly dividing and pushing up layers


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Dermis

The dermis is the connective tissue layer under the

epidermis

1. Papillary Layer:Superficial dermal region Areolar connective tissue

Contains capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons

Dermal Papillae: the fingerlike projections from the

superior surface

Epidermal ridge:The epidermal layer that dips down into

the dermal papillae

Create fingerprints


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Dermal Papillae

Epidermal ridge

Papillary

Layer

Reticular

Layer

Epidermis


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Finger Prints

Epidermal

Ridge


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Dermis

2. Reticular Layer: Deepest skinlayer

Dense irregular connective

tissue Contains the arteries, veins,

sweat and sebaceous glands

Cleavage lines: the deep

creases (like in the palm)where collagen and elasticfibers are arranged in

parallel bundles.


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Cleavage Lines


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Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layerthat is not part of theskin

Beneath the dermislayer

Composed of adiposeand areolar connectivetissue

Highly vascular

Dermis

Hypodermis


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Cells of the Epidermis

Keratinocytes: The main cells of the epidermis

Produce keratin, a fibrous protein that gives skin its

durability and protective capabilities

Melanocytes: Spidery black cells

In stratum basale

Produce melanin, the pigment that protects skinfrom UV damage


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Langerhans Cells: Also called epidermal

dendritic cells

In stratum spinosum

Macrophages that migrated from the bone marrow

that phagocytize pathogens

Immunologic surveillance cells


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Hair

Root:

Everything that

is not sticking

out of the skin

Shaft: The part

sticking out of

the skin Bulb:Active

growing site


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Hair Histology


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Arrector Pili Muscle

Arrector pili muscle: Smooth muscle that pull hair

upright during fright or cold (goose bumps)


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Apocrine Sweat Glands

Apocrine glands: secrete a

protein and fat rich substance

that bacteria can use for

nutrients (creates body odor) Found in the armpits, around

nipples and in the pubic region

Secrete products into hairfollicles or directly onto the

surface.

Begin functioning at puberty

A i


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Apocrine

Sweat Glands

Red arrow-

Apocrine Sweat

Glands

Green arrow-

Hair follicle


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Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands

Eccrine sweat glands

are not associated with

hair follicles.

Ducts open directly on

the surface of the

epidermis

S b


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Sebaceous

Glands

Sebaceous glands

Produce oily

substance calledsebum

Helps waterproof

the skin

Acne:infection of the

sebaceous gland


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Sebaceous Follicle

Sebaceous glands notassociated with hairfollicles

Secrete their productdirectly on the skinsurface

Located on face, back,chest, nipples andexternal genitalia

P i i (L ll t d)


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Pancinian (Lamellated)

Corpuscle

Lie deep in the dermis

Respond only when deep pressure is first applied

Monitor high frequency vibrations


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Meissners (Tactile) Corpuscle

Located in the dermal papillae

Receptor for light touch


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Merkel Cells

Merkel Cells: At the junction of the sensory

nerve endings

In stratum basale


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Fingernails

Scale like modification of the epidermis

Free edge: part that grows away from the finger

Body: visible attached portion Root:Embedded in skin and sticks to the nail bed

Nail Bed: Extension of the stratum basale beneath thenail

Nail Matrix: Proximal part of the nail bed responsiblefor nail growth

Lunula: white crescent area; Most active growth regionof nail matrix

Fi il


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Fingernail

Structures


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Lab Activity 6

Body Membranes

Martini Chapter 4, Pages 129-131


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Body Membranes

The majority of the bodys structures are lined

by epithelial membranes

An epithelial membraneis a continuous

multicellular sheet composed of epithelium

bound to an underlying layer of connective

tissue.


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Epithelial Membranes

Cutaneous: skin

Mucous:lines body

cavities open to theexterior(e.g., digestive andrespiratory tracts)

Serous: moistmembranes found inclosed ventral bodycavity (mesothelium) forreducing friction


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Epithelial Membranes: Serous


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Mucous Membrane

Line all body cavities open to the exterior

Epithelial cells resting on a lamina propria(loose connective tissue)

Goblet cells: columnar epithelial cells with largemucus containing vacuoles

Usually secrete mucous, but not always

Respiratory tract GI tract

Urinary tracts

Genital tracts


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Mucous Membrane


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Serous Membranes

Line all body cavities closed to the exterior and

the internal surface of the organs

Simple squamous epithelium with small amountof areolar connective tissue

Is double layered

Parietal layer covers the cavity Visceral layer covers the organs

There is serous fluid between the layers to reduce

friction when they slide against each other


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Serous Membranes


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Parietal Layer

Special name depending on the organ it is

associated with

Parietal peritoneum: covers abdominal wall

Parietal pleura: covers chest cavity

Parietal pericardium: outside layer of sac

surrounding the heart


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Pericardial Membranes


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Pleural Membranes

Peritoneal


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Peritoneal

Membranes

Parietalperitoneum is the

blue line Visceral

peritoneum is thepink lines

Peritoneal cavityis the gray

Synovial


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Synovial

Membranes

Composed entirely

of connective tissue

Line cavities of

joints

Secrete synovial

fluid for lubrication


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The End

amali 3 ( antatomi dan fosiologi)

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