1. pendahuluan - copy
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BIOTEKNOLOGIBIOTEKNOLOGI
PERTANIANPERTANIAN
By Darmawan SaptadiBy Darmawan Saptadi
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PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN
BiotechnologyBiotechnology::
Use of microorganisms such as bacteria orbiological substances such as enzymes,
to perform industrial or manufacturingprocesses.
Use of living systems and organisms todevelop or make useful products
Any technological application that usesbiological systems, living organisms, orderivatives thereof, to make or modifyproducts or processes for specic use
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MATERIMATERI
1.1. !"#A$U%UA"!"#A$U%UA"&.&. 'U%(U) *A)+"A" (A"A-A"'U%(U) *A)+"A" (A"A-A" )+"+, !)A%A(A" #A" %A/0)A(0)+U-)+"+, !)A%A(A" #A" %A/0)A(0)+U- -!#+A-!#+A
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8hat Are the /enets of/iotechnology9
-edicine
$uman
2eterinary /iopharming
!nvironment
Agriculture
7ood products
+ndustry and manufacturing
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MicrobiologyMicrobiology
BiochemistryBiochemistryMolecular BiologyMolecular Biology
Cell BiologyCell BiologyMolecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics Engineering ProcessesEngineering Processes
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
Health DiagnosesHealth Diagnoses
Pharmaceutical IndustryPharmaceutical Industry
Food and Animal Feed IndustryFood and Animal Feed Industry
Chemical IndustryChemical Industry
Environment and EnergyEnvironment and Energy
Fermentation IndustryFermentation Industry
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
EtcEtc
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-engapa perlu bioteknologi
opulasi bertambah
-eningkatnya 0(
/erkurangnya lahanpertanian
-alnutrisi 'einginan untuk
mengungkap rahasia alam
#iperlukan:
lebih banyak tanaman
tanaman berkualitas
tanaman sehat
pelestarian tanaman
obat berbasis alami
-endisain tanaman unggul baru
yang bedaya hasil tinggi -engupgrade genetik dengan
komposisi genetik baru dari sumbergenetik yang dapat diterima
-emberika nilai tambah pada
tanaman yang sudah ada
WeMut
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/iotechnology in /.4.
!"" B#$ (he 4hinese use moldycurds as an antibiotic to treat boils
&!" B#$ (he reeks practice croprotation to increase soil fertility
'"" B#: 4hinese use po;deredchrysanthemum as an insecticide
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re
',"&$1sttime the term ?biology@ is used
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re
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re
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/iotechnology +n (he 7irst art0f (he &=th4entury
'("&$(he term immunology rst used
'(")$(he term genetics is used
'('!$ /acterial viruses, called phages, arediscovered
'('($(he ;ord biotechnology is rst used
'(&+$ -uller discovers that B
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/iotechnology +n (he 7irst art0f (he &=th4entury
'(-&$(he electron microscope is usedand characterizes viruses that infectbacteria, called bacteriaphages
1(--$#"A is sho;n to be the buildingblock of the gene
'(-($auling proves that sickle cellanemia is a molecular disease caused bya mutation
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/iotechnology in the1CD=s and 1CE=s
'(!*$8atson and 4rick understand thestructure of #"A
'(!-$4ell
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/iotechnology in the 1CG=s
'(+&$(he #"A composition of humans issho;n to be CCH similar to that of chimpsand gorillas
'(++$enetically
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/iotechnology in the 1CI=s
'(,"$(he U.. upreme 4ourt approves thepatenting of genetically
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/iotechnology in the 1CI=s
1CI6: (he rst articial chromosome is made
1CI6: (he rst genetic markers for specicinherited diseases are found
1CIK: (he #"A ngerprinting techniFue is
developed. 1CIK: (he rst geneticallyon 2aldez oil spill
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/iotechnology in the 1CC=s
'(("$(he rst federally
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/iotechnology in the 1CC=s
'((,$cientists clone three generationsof mice fromof mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells
'((,$!mbryonic stem cells are used to
regenerate tissue and create disordersthat mimic diseases
'((,$(he /iotechnology +nstitute isfounded by /+0 as an independent,
national, D=13c5365 education organization '((($(he genetic code of the human
chromosome is deciphered
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/iotechnology &=== and/eyond
&"""$ A rough draft of the human genome iscompleted
&"""$igs are the ne>t animal cloned by researchersto help produce organs for human transplant
&""'$(he seFuence of the human genome ispublished in Science and Nature
&""&$ cientists complete the seFuence of thepathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice tofeed E= million people annually
&""*$ #olly, the cloned sheep from 1CCG, iseuthanized
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SE.ARAH PENGGUNAANINSULIN
< ',)( L/n0er1an di234er i5et 36L/n0er1an in pan2rea
7 '(&"8 Bantin0 9 23w3r:er dete2tinu5in in pan2reati2 e;tra2t 36 anima5
7 '(&& rtre23m?inant dru05i2ened 63r 1uman ue
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TEKNOLOGI REKOMBINANDNA
BERKEMBANG PESAT SETELAH
DITEMUKANNYA STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DNA
OLEH WATSON DAN CRICK (1953)
DI BIDANG PERTANIAN YANG DAPAT
DIJADIKAN CONTOH PERKEMBANGAN
TEKNOLOGI INI ADALAH PROSES
PEMBUATAN TANAMAN TRANSGENIK
REKAYASA GENETIKAREKAYASA GENETIKA
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Wh! I" #$%! !&""' '$!'*+Wh! I" #$%! !&""' '$!'*+
(eknik bagaimana mengisolasi bagiancised piece of diMerentiatedtissue or organ 3!>plant5 NdediMerentiation N callus 3heterogenous5NrediMerentiation 3;hole plant5 O cellular
totipotency.
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(anaman adalah organisme multiseluleryang kompleks dengan organ
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$+(0) +n '("& Ha?er5andtproposed that single
plant cells could be cultured'(*"@ $'(*"@ $8hite ;orked on (.4. discovery of plant
gro;th regulatorsimportance of vitamins ;as determined for
shoot and root culturing+ndole
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$+(0))"@ 9 +"@)"@ 9 +"@ :
1CE& : -urashige and koog publishedrecipe for - -edium-urashige cloned plants in vitro, promoted
development of commercial plant (.4. labs1CEE : raised haploid plants from pollen
grains1CG& : used protoplast fusion to hybridize &
species of tobacco into one plant.+"@ 9,"@+"@ 9,"@
develop techniFues to introduce foreign#"A into plant cells. beginning of geneticengineering
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%A"( (+U! 4U%(U)!%A"( (+U! 4U%(U)!
the culture of plant seeds, organs, tissues, cells, or
protoplasts on nutrient media under sterile conditions.
Tissue culture produces clones, in which all product
cells have the same genotype (unless affected by
mutation during culture
8h d d (i
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8hy do ;e do (issue4ulture9
(o regenerate plants from single cells orplant tissues
(o cultivate under sterile conditions (o produce large Fuantities of identical
plants (o cultivate ;ithout the impact of
environmental conditions (o save species from e>tinction
(o isolate disease from plants (o produce plants ;ith enhanced stressor pest resistance
(o create ne; plant varieties
(o make money
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2irtually any part of a plant can be used 3meristems, shootand root tips, leaf tissue, anthers, embryos, Qo;ers, etc.5A single e>plant can be multiplied into several thousandplants in less than a year < this allo;s fast commercial
propagation of ne; cultivars(aking an e>plant does not usually destroy the motherplant, so rare and endangered plants can be cloned safelylant Rtissue banks can be frozen, then regeneratedthrough tissue culture
ADANTAGES
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0nce established, a plant tissue culture line cangive a continuous supply of young plantsthroughout the year +n plants prone to virus diseases, virus free e>plants
3ne; meristem tissue is usually virus free5 can becultivated to provide virus free plantslant cultures in approved media are easier to
e>port than are soilplants are chosen from superiorplants, then cloned
(issue culture clones are Rtrue to type as compared;ith seedlings, ;hich sho; greater variability
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(+U! 4U%(U)! A%+4A(+0"(+U! 4U%(U)! A%+4A(+0"
Mi2r3pr3pa0ati3n
Germp5am preer4ati3n
S3ma253na5 4ariati3n
Em?ry3 2u5ture
Hap53id 9 di1ap53id pr3du2ti3n
In vitro1y?ridiati3n C pr3t3p5at
6ui3nP5ant 0eneti2 en0ineerin0
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