sejarah keusahawanan mengikut kronologi abad dari perspektif psikologi, ekonomi, sosial dan islam

7/23/2019 SEJARAH KEUSAHAWANAN MENGIKUT KRONOLOGI ABAD DARI PERSPEKTIF PSIKOLOGI, EKONOMI, SOSIAL DAN ISLAM

1/55

2%4 Thefbjxkxbe

Nhxpbjb}bebe ch|xtbnbe lifbem pv|bvhmin ybem phevibpb chegbfi th|jbvibe

fbe phevibpb lh|xlbj cheminxv th|hfb|be wbcbe% Lbmi xcbv Ipkbc+ nhxpbjb}bebe

vhkbj chcbienbe th|bebe ybem theviem fbkbc thclhevxnbe vbcbfxe Ipkbc phgbn fb|i

wbcbe \bpxkxkkbj kbmi% Nhxpbjb}bebe bvbx khlij finhebki fhembe th|eibmbbe

ch|xtbnbe lifbem tikijbe xcbv Ipkbc njxpxpeyb tbfb b}bk nhfbvbembe Ipkbc+ cbkbj

vifbn vh|nh`xbki \bpxkxkkbj phefi|i% Lh|fbmbem cheyxpx|i phchebegxem Vbebj B|bl

lh|pbcb nbaikbj fbmbem B|bl ybem kbie+ \bpxkxkkbj vhkbj chclxnvinbe lbjb}b

nhxpbjb}bebe ch|xtbnbe nh|gbyb pv|bvhmin ybem th|kx fijbybvi okhj xcbv Ipkbc

phkx|xjeyb%

Lh|cxkb fb|i wbcbe vh|phlxv+ nhmhcikbembe Ipkbc vh|xp fiponoem okhj

mokoembe#mokoembe xpbjb}be ybem vh|fi|i fb|itbfb tb|b pbjblbv fbe vbliie% Tb|b

pbjblbv vhkbj chclxnvinbe lbjb}b th|eibmbbe ch|xtbnbe pxclh| xvbcb fbkbc

chemmh|bnnbe hnoeoci xcbv Ipkbc% Cbkbj ch|hnb vhkbj chexegxnnbe lbjb}b

ch|hnb khlij lh|nbkilh| fbkbc lifbem iei lh|lbefiem lbempb kbie vh|cbpxn Ybjxfi%

Th|eibmbbe ybem figbkbenbe tbfb nhvinb ivx khlij vhkxp fbe gbxj fb|itbfb cbpbkbj#

cbpbkbj theitxbe% Ipkbc gxmb ph`b|b kbempxem bcbv cheyonoem fbe chclh|inbe

|xbem ybem `xnxt kxbp lbmi x|xpbe gxbk lhki fbe th|eibmbbe iei%


2/55


3/55

Pbvx nbgibe vhkbj fikbnxnbe okhj Fbqif C`@khkkbef fbe C` Lh| ! @o+ nbgibe iei

fikbnxnbe ch|hevbp lxfbyb fi vimb lxbj ehmb|b ibivx Iefib+ Cbkb}i fbe Hrxbfo|% Theyhkifin

chemnbgi nocthvhepi ybem ficikini okhj xpbjb}be ybem fibemmbt theviem fb|i phmi eikbi+

pinbt fbe coviqbpi nhxpbjb}bebe% Chex|xv jbpik fb|itbfb nbgibe nocthvhepi bvbx

nhvh|bctikbe fi|i }xgxf fb|itbfb themb|xj eikbi jifxt+ pinbt fbe fo|oembe bvbx fhpbnbe

fbkbcbe fi|i phpho|bem xevxn chkbnxnbe vxmbpeyb fhembe khlij phctx|be fbe themjbpikbe

nh|gb ybem hch|kbem% Mblxembe eikbi fbe pinbt lokhj chkbji|nbe phcbembv%

Nbgibe iei chemjbpiknbe 20 nocthvhepi nhxpbjb}bebe+ nocthvhepi nhxpbjb}bebe

ch|xtbnbe ì||i#ì|i xvbcb ybem bfb tbfb fi|i phpho|bem iefiqifx lbmi chclokhjnbe ib

chkbnpbebnbe vxmbp phlbmbi xpbjb}be fhembe gbybeyb% Vh|fbtbv 20 nocthvhepi

nhxpbjb}bebe bevb|beyb ibkbj ieipibvia+ chkijbv fbe lhviefbn vh|jbfbt thkxbem+ lh|`hnbkbe+

cheivinlh|bvnbe cxvx nh|gb ybem viemmi+ che`b|i cbnkxcbv+ nocivche vh|jbfbt th|gbegibe

nh|gb fbe o|ihevbpi nhb|bj nh`hnbtbe+ phvh|xpeyb th|be`bembe ybem pipvhcbvin+ theyhkhpbibe

cbpbkbj + nhybniebe fi|i+ nhvhmbpbe+ nhcbctxbe cheybnienbe o|bem kbie fbe chemmxebnbe

pv|bvhmi themb|xj%

Nocthvhepi nhxpbjb}bebe

Ieipibvia

Iefiqifx ybem chcikin fbyb ieipibvia ybem viemmi bnbe `hefh|xem xevxn chcxkbnbe

phpxbvx viefbnbe vbetb chexemmx fib|bj bvbx fitbnpb+ chkbnxnbe nh|gb ph`b|b pxnb|hkb%

Phlbmbi òevoj+ ib lh|viefbn chcthklbmbinbe lb|bembe bvbx chemhclbemnbe th|eibmbbe

bvbp ieipibviaeyb phefi|i vbetb chexemmx nhbfbbe chcbnpb bvbx fitbnpb% Fhembe chcikini

ì|i iei xpbjb}be cbctx khlij cbgx% Tbfb th|iemnbv th|cxkbbe phpxbvx th|eibmbbe+ pinbt

ieipibvia bvbx t|obnvia chclokhjnbe xpbjb}be lh|xpbjb che`b|i thkxbem+ chembclik

viefbnbe b}bk cheyhfibnbe nhth|kxbe xevxn chcxkbnbe fbe cheh|onbi lifbem#lifbem ybem

cxemnie lhkxc fivh|onbi kbmi% *Cojf Pjbaaih B|iaaie+


4/55

lbmi o|bem |bcbi% Cojf Pbkkhj Jg% Fie+ Blx Lbnb| Jbchf+ Blf% Ipb Ipcbik+ Biei jbybvi+ Biei

Jbybvi+ Jbeippbj fbe Pbkeiwb *299=)

Chkijbv fbe lh|viefbn vh|jbfbt thkxbemPinbt xpbjb}be ybem chctxeybi fbyb chkijbv fbe ch|hlxv thkxbem lh|cbnpxf

chctxeybi nh`hnbtbe che`b|i fbe chemhebk tbpvi thkxbem th|eibmbbe ybem }xgxf fbe

lh|nhcbctxbe xevxn ch|hlxv thkxbem pbcb bfb chcth|kxbpnbe tbpb|be+ chefbtbvnbe

lbevxbe lbmi nhtheviembe th|eibmbbe bvbx kbie#kbie% @i|i iei chegbfi abnvo| theviem xevxn

nhgbybbe fbe fbyb vbjbe th|eibmbbe% Nhcbctxbe iei bnbe chclbevx xpbjb}be xevxn

lh|gbyb tbfb th|iemnbv chcxkbnbe th|eibmbbe fbe chclokhjnbe jbybv th|eibmbbe ybem

lh|tbegbembe% Cojf Bwic *


5/55

lh|xkbem nbki fhembe lh|lbmbi pv|bvhmi xevxn chembvbpi jbkbembe fbe |ievbembe vh|phlxv vbetb

chemhebk h|vi txvxp bpb% Xpbjb}be bfbkbj pho|bem ybem lh|finb|i% Mb|veh|+]%L *2994)%

Ch|hnb pxnb cheyhkhpbinbe phpxbvx vxmbp cheminxv `b|b ch|hnb% Iei vifbn lh|cbneb jbeyb

xpbjb}be ybem lh|vbemmxemgb}bl chclxbv nhtxvxpbe fbe jbeyb nhtxvxpbe pho|bem

xpbjb}be pbjbgb ybem fivh|icb% Pho|bem xpbjb}be chctxeybi jbn chclxbv nhtxvxpbe ybem

theviem%

Pinbt `hnbk fbe vblbj fikijbv chkbkxi viefbnbe xpbjb}be phth|vi vifbn lh|bpb ghcx

che`b|i gbkbe xevxn che`btbi cbvkbcbv vbetb chembkbj fbe phevibpb lh|xpbjb xevxn

chembvbpi jbkbembe ybem lokhj cheyhnbv the`btbibe cbvkbcbv% Xpbjb}be phevibpb lh|fhtbe

fhembe thklbmbi |ipino fbe th|cbpbkbjbe% @oevojeyb jb|mb lb|bem chevbj cheiemnbv

fhembe vilb#vilb+ thnh|gb vifbn bcbebj+ th|cievbbe lb|bem ybem chex|xe fbe kbie#kbie kbmi%

O|bem ybem `hnbk vifbn ghcx lh|xpbjb xevxn che`b|i theyhkhpbibe vh|jbfbt cbpbkbj ybem

fijbfbtieyb fbe pbemmxt lbemxe phcxkb }bkbx th|ebj chembkbci nhmbmbkbe% Cojf bwic

*


6/55

Che`b|i cbnkxcbvIefiqifx iei phevibpb lh|xpbjb xevxn chefbtbvnbe cbnkxcbv lbmi che`btbi cbvkbcbv

th|eibmbbe bvbx xevxn cheyhkhpbinbe cbpbkbj% Bevb|b xpbjb ybem fikbnxnbe vh|cbpxnkbj

chkbnxnbe theyhkifinbe phefi|i+ chefbtbvnbe njifcbv ebpijbv tbnb|+ chemnbgi cbnkxc

lbkbp thkbemmbe fbe chemmxebnbe cbnkxcbv fb|i |bnbe theibmb ybem kbie% Xpbjb}be

chch|kxnbe phlh|btb lbeybn cbnkxcbv ybem vh|niei fbe lh|mxeb xevxn chclokhjnbe fib

ch|be`bem ph|vb chclxbv nhtxvxpbe fbkbc th|eibmbbeeyb lh|fbpb|nbe cbnkxcbv ybem

fith|okhjieyb% Gxpvh|x+ pho|bem xpbjb}be phevibpb che`b|i cbnkxcbv vh|lb|x fbe

chemmxebnbe bmhepi phlbin cxemnie%

Pinbt iefiqifx ybem cbctx che`b|i cbnkxcbv bfbkbj iefiqifx ybem chkbnxnbe

theyhkifinbe bvbx viegbxbe phefi|i xevxn cbnkxcbv fbe cbnkxc lbkbp lbmi cheyhfibnbe

lb|bem bvbx th|njifcbvbe ybem chchexji nhtxbpbe thkbemmbe%phkbie ivx+ chefbtbvnbe

njifcbv tbnb| xevxn nhcbgxbe th|eibmbbe fbe chclxbv nbgibe tbpb|be ph|vb chclxbv

bebkipipeyb% Xevxn lh|gbyb pho|bem xpbjb}be th|kx chctxeybi cbnkxcbv ybem lhvxk fbe

vh|niei% Xpbjb}be th|kx bfb nhcbji|be chefbtbvnbe cbnkxcbv ybem lhvxk fb|itbfb pxclh|#

pxclh| ybem lokhj fith|`bybi% Cbnkxcbv fbe cbnkxc lbkbp ybem fith|okhji bnbe fbtbv

fimxebnbe xevxn cheheiemnbvnbe thembkbcbe+ chcth|lbini the`btbibe fbe t|hpvbpi

th|eibmbbe ybem fivh|bgxi% Cojf pjbaihh *


7/55

nhjhefbn thkbemmbe fbe phevibpb chcbpvinbe th|gbegibe ybem filxbv njxpxpeyb fhembe

thkbemmbe+ thclhnbk fbe kbie#kbie tijbn fivxebinbe phth|vi ybem vhkbj fith|phvxgxi% Pinbt iei

bnbe chclokhjnbe o|bem kbie th|`byb vh|jbfbt xpbjb}be fbe th|eibmbbeeyb+ fbe fbtbv

chclbevx cheiemnbvnbe ichg xpbjb}be fbe th|eibmbbeeyb% Nhth|`bybbe thkbemmbe+

thclhnbk+ tijbn iepvivxpi nh}bembe bfbkbj nxe`i nhtbfb nhpvblikbe fbe nhcbgxbe

th|eibmbbe% Cojf Pjbaih *


8/55

fhembe lbin% Nh`hnbtbe chemx|xp th|eibmbbe fhembe lbin bnbe fbtbv cheiemnbvnbe

nhxevxembe fbe chemx|bemnbe thclbwi|be fbe nop% Iei bnbe chclbevx fbkbc ch}xgxfnbe

th|eibmbbe ybem lh|gbyb fbe lh|nhclbem% Cojf Bwic *


9/55

Phlbjbmibe fb|itbfb theyhfibbe |be`bembe th|eibmbbe phlbineyb ch|bemnxci bebkipip

P]OV *Pv|hemjp+ ]hbnehpp+ Otto|vxeivihp bef Vj|hbvp) ybem chkijbv nhtbfb abnvo|#abnvo|

nhnxbvbe+ nhkhcbjbe+ thkxbem fbe be`bcbe ybem vh|fbtbv fbkbc th|eibmbbe vh|phlxv%

Th|be`bembe ybem bnbe chclbevx lbnbk xpbjb}be cheikbi nhphcxb bpthn phpxbvx

th|eibmbbe+ fbe bnbe chemjbpiknbe thclxbvbe nhtxvxpbe ybem vh|lbin xevxn nhlbinbe fbe

ch}xgxfnbe th|eibmbbe ybem lh|gbyb fbe pvblik% Cojf Bwic *


10/55

lh|vbeyb pobkbe pht|vi bfbnbj `b|b bvbx nbhfbj ybem khlij lbin?+ xpbjb}be jhefbnkbj

cbctx che`blb| pxbvx nhlibpbbe ybem pxfbj chegbfi v|bfipi bvbx nhkxb| fb|i nhjifxtbe

ybem libpb% Phkbie ivx+ lh|cbie fhembe th|cbiebe chevbk fbe chkijbv nhpikbtbe fbe

nhmbmbkbe jbeybkbj jbkbembe xevxn chexgx nhgbybbe H% Fhtikip fbe N% \hb|foe *


11/55

th|pbvxbe+ chclieb jxlxembe fhembe o|bem |bcbi fbe chkhemnbtnbe fi|i fhembe lhevxn

nhcbji|be ybem fith|kxnbe ph`b|b njxpxp fbkbc lifbem th|eibmbbe tbfb cbpb niei fbe gxmb

cbpb jbfbtbe%

Xpbjb}be ybem lh|gbyb vifbn vbnxv nhtbfb nhmbmbkbe% Gbcbkxffie *299


12/55

nhtbfb th|eibmbbeeyb phth|vi nbnivbembe+ thkbemmbe+ thclhnbk+ iepvivxpi nh}bembe fbe

phlbmbieyb% Xevxn fbtbv cheybnienbe o|bem kbie+ xpbjb}be th|kx vh|khlij fbjxkx ybnie

nhtbfb nhcbctxbe phefi|i% Cojf Bwic fbe Cojf Pjbaihh%

Xpbjb}be ybem lh|gbyb ch|xtbnbe phpho|bem ybem lh|thembkbcbe chcikini

themhvbjxbe vhevbem vhneokomi fbe nhbfbbe tbpb|be fi cbeb fib lh|oth|bpi \% G

B|hef+*2999)% Gb|bem phnbki fbtbv fikijbv phpxbvx xpbjb vh|onb ybem lh|gbyb finhefbkinbe okhj

pho|bem phpho|bem ybem vifbn chctxeybi thembkbcbe fbkbc lifbem ybem fivh|onbieyb%

Xpbjb}be ybem lh|gbyb chctxeybi nhcbctxbe xevxn chemmxebnbe themb|xjeyb Pjbth|o+

B fbe Ponok+ P%*29:


13/55

Lh|icbe fbe lh|hvinbPho|bem xpbjb}be th|kx lh|icbe xevxn chclokhjnbe nhtxvxpbe th|eibmbbe filxbv

fheembe khlij chclh| nhcbncx|be cbexpib phgbmbv fbe vifbn chcheviemnbe nhxevxembe

phcbvb#cbvb% Th|eibmbbe ybem chclh| nhcbncx|be nhtbfb cbexpib phgbmbv bnbe nhnbk

lh|oth|bpi xevxn pbvx gbemnb cbpb ybem tbegbem+ fbe bnbe chclh|inbe txkbembe ybem viemmi

nhtbfb xpbjb}be vh|phlxv% Bcbkbe th|eibmbbe ybem lh|hvinb gxmb bnbe chclokhjnbe

th|eibmbbe nhnbk fbe lhvbjbe kbcb% Cojf Bwic *


14/55

phlhkxc cbjx fiabjbci okhj o|bem kbie fbe chkbnxnbe viefbnbe ybem lh|pieh|mi bvbx pbcb

jbkxbe fhembe o|mbeipbpi ph|vb chkbnxnbe bnviqivi ybem lokhj cheiemnbvnbe fbyb aini|be fbe

nhpijbvbe fi|i% Vblibv vblibv vh|phlxv ginb fibcbknbe lokhj cheiemnbvnbe the`btbibe

iefiqifx fbkbc phcxb gheip lifbem ybem fi`hlx|i ch|hnb% Vblibv# vblibv vh|phlxv gxmb th|kx

fibcbknbe okhj xpbjb}be xevxn chegbfinbe fi|i ch|hnb khlij `hch|kbem% Cojf Bwic fbe

Cof pjbaaih * \oliepoe+ Pvictpoe+ Jxhaieh| bef Jxev+2992)% Nbgibe okhj Pjbqh| *2998) gxmb

chefbtbvi lbjb}b xpbjb}be chctxeybi nhth|kxbe the`btbibe ybem khlij viemmi lh|lbefiem

fhembe lxnbe xpbjb}be% Lbmi chemxnx| nhth|kxbe the`btbibe xpbjb}be+ @bppify fbe Kyee


15/55

*29:9) vhkbj chemmxebnbe hctbv fichepi ybem lh|lhwb ybem chembefxemi hebc lhkbp ivhc%

Fichepi#fichepi iei vh|cbpxnkbj hvinb nh|gb *}o|nhvji`p)> chemhgb| nh`h|ch|kbembe *tx|pxiv

oa hz`hkkhe`h)+ nhcbji|be *cbpvh|y)+ fbe lh|themb|xj *fociebe`h)

KONXP NB]BKBE XPBJB]BE

Konxp nb}bkbe fifhaieipinbe phlbmbi phvbnbv cbeb phpho|bem iefiqifx ivx ch|bpbnbe

cbctx xevxn chemb}bk jifxteyb phefi|i fhembe chembclik ni|b o|ihevbpi fbkbcbe#kxb|be

iefiqifx ivx *P`jh|ch|jo|e+ Jxev+ fbe Oplo|e+


16/55

fociebpi+ the`btbibe+ nhabjbcbe ybem chefbkbc+ vhmbp+ lhlbp+ lh|nhpbe+ pijbv+ hahnvia+

lokhj lh|popibk fbe nh`hnbtbe ievhkhnvxbk *Goh+ 29=2)% Jbpik nbgibe ybem figbkbenbe okhj

Kh}ie fbe Pvhtjhep *2996) chefbtbvi vh|fbtbv th|jxlxembe ybem topivia fi bevb|b konxp

nb}bkbe fbkbcbe fhembe the`btbibe% Nhlbeybnbe xpbjb}be phlheb|eyb lh|gbyb nh|beb

konxp nb}bkbe fbkbcbe ch|hnb cheokoem ch|hnb chembvbpi nhnh`h}bbe fbe jbkbembe%

Ch|hnb chkijbv fi|i ch|hnb phlbmbi the`o|bn nhtbfb vbnfi| ch|hnb phefi|i fbe lxnbeeyb

phcbvb#cbvb lh|mbevxem nhtbfb ebpil%

Themxnx|be konxp nb}bkbe fbkbcbe cheghkbpnbe phgbxj cbebnbj iefiqifx ivx th|`byb

ybem thkbnpbebbe lh|mbevxem nhtbfb mhkbmbv ch|hnb phefi|i *\ovvh| +2911> Khqhepoe +29=


17/55

fith|jivxemnbe fbe phevibpb lh|phfib fbe lh|xpbjb xevxn chclxbv thebclbjlbinbe ybem

lokhj cheiemnbvnbe th|eibmbbe%

]b}bpbe ehmb|b xevxn chegbfi cbgx cheghkbem }b}bpbe


18/55

pxtbyb thclbjb|xbe ybem fikbnpbebnbe lh|gbyb fbe fbtbv chchexji th|cievbbe iefiqifx

kbie ybem lbnbk chegbfi thkbemmbe%

Pbkbj pho|bem bjki hnoeoci ybem chcth|nhebknbe noepht fbe nhxpbjb}bebe bfbkbj

phth|vi \i`jb|f @bevikkoe tbfb vbjxe 2=


19/55

Bjki hnoeoci kbie ybem cheh|bemnbe fhaieipi phlheb| xpbjb}be bfbkbj phth|vi Gophtj

B%P`jxcthvh| tbfb vbjxe 2906% Lhkibx vhkbj cheghkbpnbe vhevbem fhaieipi xpbjb}be fi fbkbc

lxnxeyb ybem lh|gxfxk Vjho|y oa H`oeoci`p Fhqhkotchev% Xpbjb}be finbvbnbe ch|xgxn

nhtbfb iefiqifx bvbx ieoqbvo| ybem lokhj cheyhlblnbe lh|kbnx phpxbvx thclbjb|xbe fbkbc

fxeib th|eibmbbe *Cojf Pjbaih B|iaaie+ Cojbcbf Bwic Pjbahhyxkkbmbe+


20/55

Bjki hnoeoci ybem vx|xv vh|nhebk tbfb h|b 29:4#be bfbkbj phth|vi Jb|}o|f% Jb|}o|f

cheghkbpnbe lbjb}b xpbjb}be ch|xtbnbe iefiqifx ybem pxnb chembclik ieipibvia xevxn

chcbpvinbe nhgbybbe th|eibmbbeeyb+ chembefbinbe bxvoeoci fbkbc o|mbeipbpi fbe

themx|xpbe pxclh|+ lh|noempi |ipino bphv+ lh|noempi nhxevxembe ybem vifbn chehevx fbe

phlbmbieyb *Pkifhpjb|h+


21/55

ybem chkilbvnbe fi|i fbkbc lifbem vh|phlxv *Cojf Pjbaih B|iaaie+ Cojbcbf Bwic

Pjbahhyxkkbmbe+


23/55

cipbkeyb phth|vi th|eibmbbe ybem lhpb| bvbx nh`ik+ gheip th|eibmbbe pbcb bfb lb|x bvbx kbcb%

Fbkbc jbk iei fbtbv fikijbv lbjb}b phcxb o|mbeipbpi vh|cbpxn fbkbc lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe

vh|cbpxnkbe o|mbeipbpi ybem vifbn lh|cbvkbcbvnbe nhxevxembe *Joh @jhh Jhh+ Cojf Pbkkhj

Fie+ Eo|bpjifbj Jbpjic hv bk+


24/55

phpxbi fimxebnbe nh|beb vh|fbtbv thciegbc ybem chembcbknbe bcbkbc |ilb fhembe

`xlb chembclik nhxevxembe fb|itbfb th|eibmbbe thfbmbem vh|phlxv% Jbk iei

cheyhlblnbe vh|fbtbv phphvhembj thfbmbem ybem chembkbci cbpbkbj nh}bembe ybem

ph|ixp fbe vh|tbnpb chemjhevinbe th|eibmbbe ch|hnb lxbv phchevb|b }bnvx%

]bkbxtxe thciegbc finbvbnbe phlbmbi ligbn fbkbc chefbtbvnbe nhxevxembe+

ch|hnb phlheb|eyb vifbn tbefbi chemx|xpnbe o|mbeipbpi fhembe lbin fbe vifbn

chcikini `i|i xpbjb}be phgbvi fbkbc che`b|i nhxevxembe xevxn o|mbeipbpi% Jbk iei

fbtbv filxnvinbe btblikb thciegbc cheiefbp thfbmbem ybem chciegbc }bem ch|hnb

fhembe nbfb| abhfbj ybem khlij viemmi fb|i }bem ybem vhkbj fitiegbc phjiemmb

nbfbemnbkb cheyhlblnbe phphvhembj thfbmbem vifbn fbtbv chclbyb|eyb *Eo|ivb

Fh|bcbe+ B|cbex|bj Cojbcbf+ Jblpjbj Lbnb|+ Eo|bpjifbj Jbpjic+ Ooi Yhem

Nhbv+


25/55

fhci che`btbi cbvkbcbv o|mbeipbpi% Phlheb|eyb+ th|iemnbv iei theviem xevxn chemxgi

phpho|bem xpbjb}be pbcb bfb ch|hnb ch|xtbnbe xpbjb}be ybem phgbvi bvbxtxe

vifbn% Xpbjb}be phgbvi phevibpb ybnie fhembe nhtxvxpbe ybem vhkbj filxbv+ pbemmxt

chebemmxem phlb|bem |ipino tbfb cbpb bnbe fbvbem+ cbctx chemmxebnbe pxclh|

fhembe lbin fbe phlbmbieyb% Themx|xpbe fbe themo|mbeipbpibe pxclh| ybem lbin

bnbe ch}xgxfnbe pbvx th|eibmbbe ybem chexgx nh b|bj th|nhclbembe fbe

nhcbgxbe%

6%0 Blbf Nh#2=

Tbfb blbf nh#2= \i`jb|f @bevikkoe vhkbj cxkb chcth|nhebknbe ipvikbj

nhxpbjb}bebe% Lhkibx cheh|bemnbe lbjb}b nhxpbjb}bebe chkilbvnbe xpbjb}be

phlbmbi pho|bem hghe xevxn chkbnpbebnbe t|ophp themhkxb|be xevxn chemjbpiknbe

t|ofxn ybem lokhj fitbpb|nbe nhtbfb iefiqifx kbie *P`|ilf+


26/55

vhnbebe nhtbfb nhkxb|mb *Joh @jhh Jhh+ Cojf Pbkkhj Fie+ Eo|bpjifbj Jbpjic hv bk+


28/55

t|ofxn th|eibmbbe% Pipvhc ybem vh|pxpxe gxmb chclokhjnbe phmbkb x|xpbe

th|eibmbbe figbkbenbe fhembe kbe`b| fbe tovhepi th|cievbbe vh|jbfbt t|ofxn gxmb

fbtbv figbemnb okhj xpbjb}be% Tovhepi iei theviem xevxn chkijbv phgbxjcbeb t|hpvbpi

o|mbeipbpi fbe kbemnbj phmh|b fbtbv fibclik okhj xpbjb}be phni|beyb th|cievbbe

phlheb| khlij |hefbj lh|lbefiem fhembe tovhepi th|cievbbe ybem vhkbj fivhvbtnbe

okhj xpbjb}be% Fbkbc jbk iei+ fbtbv fikijbv lhmivx theviemeyb pipvhc ybem vh|bvx|

fbkbc chclbevx chemhclbemnbe phphlxbj th|eibmbbe nh|beb bpthn iei ch|xtbnbe

nhnxbvbe fbe nhkhcbjbe lbmi th|eibmbbe ybem vhkbj figbkbenbe%

6%1 Blbf Nh#


29/55

lhkbnbem ybem lh|lhwb% Okhj phlbl ivx+ xpbjb}be th|kx chemx|xp th|eibmbbe fhembe

khlij vh|be`bem fbe vh|pxpxe% Ch|hnb th|kx cheyhpxbinbe themx|xpbe o|mbeipbpi

fhembe lxfbyb thnh|gbeyb ybem chkitxvi bpthn th|poebkivi+ mbyb nhtictiebe fbe

thefhnbvbe fbkbc nocxeinbpi% Bpthn iei theviem xevxn cheiemnbvnbe t|ofxnviqivi

th|eibmbbe nh|beb thnh|gb bnbe lh|bpb khlij phkhpb fhembe inkic o|mbeipbpi ybem

phpxbi fhembe lxfbyb nh|gb ybem fibcbknbe okhj ch|hnb% Th|jxlxembe bevb|b

themx|xp th|eibmbbe fhembe thnh|gb gxmb jb|xpkbj lbin fhci nhtheviembe th|eibmbbe%

%2 Nhxpbjb}bebe fb|itbfb th|pthnvia Ipkbc

Ipkbc fbe noepht nhxpbjb}be vifbn th|ebj vh|tipbj phgbn wbcbe fbjxkx kbmi

}bkbxtxe bfb thexkipbe ybem chembpiemnbe nhxpbjb}be Ipkbc fb|itbfb ybem kbi

vh|xvbcb bki|be thefbtbv fbe th|nhclbembe fi Lb|bv% Ipkbc ybem ch|xtbnbe pbvx `b|b

jifxt vhkbj cheminvi|banbe nhxpbjb}bebe phlbmbi pbkbj pbvx fb|itbfb `blbem ilbfbv

fhembe chembnxi lbjb}b 94( fb|itbfb pxclh| |hwhni fbvbemeyb fb|itbfb jbpik

th|eibmbbe% th|eibmbbe fbkbc ipvikbj airbj fitbemmik gxbk lhki fbe fbkbc lbjbpb

B|bl fiphlxv bk#Lxyx *Eo|ivb Fh|bcbe hv% Bk+


31/55

Xpbjb}be Cxpkic vifbn phjb|xpeyb chegbfinbe xevxem cbvh|ibk phcbvb#cbvb phlbmbi

olghnvia vh|viemmi% Ch|hnb jb|xp phfb| lbjb}b cbexpib bfbkbj njbkiabj ybem

chemx|xp fbe chcbncx|nbe lxci fbe lxnbekbj thcikin cxvkbn%

Phlbmbi njbkiabj ybem chevbfli| fbe chcbncx|nbe lxci Bkkbj+ cbexpib

jb|xpkbj phevibpb chex|xvi phmbkb th|ievbj fbe cheiemmbknbe phmbkb kb|bembe#Eyb%

Cbexpib vifbn chctxeybi nxbpb ybem cxvkbn fbkbc phcxb jbk+ lbjnbe phmbkb#

mbkbeyb bfbkbj fbkbc themhvbjxbe fbe nhvhevxbe Bkkbj phcbvb#cbvb% Ieikbj ybem

chegbfinbe lbeybn noepht ybem lh|lhwb bevb|b th|eibmbbe fbkbc Ipkbc fbe

noeqhepioebk% Phkbie fb|itbfb thcbnpicxcbe xevxem+ lhlh|btb noepht phth|vi

thehvxbe jb|mb gxmb lh|lhwb bevb|b Ipkbc fbe noeqhepioebk% Fbkbc noepht thehvxbe

jb|mb+ Ipkbc lh|thefbtbv lbjb}b jb|mb fi tbpb|be vh|lxnb lh|mh|bn bvbp nhvhevxbe

fbe nhjhefbn Bkkbj% Iei lh|lhwb fhembe thefbtbv bjki hnoeoci lb|bv ybem

cheybvbnbe lbjb}b theyhkb|bpbe jb|mb lh|fbpb|nbe th|cievbbe fbe themhkxb|be

filxbv okhj vbembe ybem mjbil chpnitxe vh|fbtbv nh`hefh|xembe }xgxfeyb

th|e`bembe vxjbe% *jvvt7//tkxp%cbvjp%o|m)

Noepht xlxfiybj iei gxmb chctxeybi th|vbkibe |btbv fhembe noepht eikbi fbe

injpbe ybem chegbfi mb|ip tbefxbe fbe lh|axempi phlbmbi nb}bkbe nhtbfb iefiqifx

xpbjb}be% Iefiqifx xpbjb}be lxnbe pbjbgb fieikbi fhembe t|ofxn bvbx th|njifcbvbe

ybem fivb}b|nbe vhvbti ch|bemnxci th|poebkivi fbe thebctikbe th|ilbfi ph|vb bnjkbn%

Bnjkbn ybem lbin che`h|cienbe nhicbebe ybem bnbe chemb}bk iefiqifx vh|phlxv

fb|itbfb chkbnxnbe phlb|bem pbkbj kbnx fbkbc th|eibmbbe% *Cxjbccbf Pyxn|i

Pbkkhj+


32/55

Phkbie fb|itbfb th|bebe fbkbc hnoeoci fbe popibk+ th|eibmbbe chctxeybi

th|bebe ybem lhpb| fbkbc Ipkbc% Xpbjb}be ybem gxgx| fbe lbin bnbe finbpiji

Bkkbj fbe fivhctbvnbe fi nbkbembe o|bem#o|bem ybem ipvich}b phlbmbicbeb jbfip

ybem fieybvbnbe phlhkxc iei% Theyhlb|be fbe thclbemxebe Ipkbc tbfb wbcbe

fbjxkx gxmb ch|xtbnbe nhpbe fb|itbfb th|bebe bnvia tb|b theibmb fbe thfbmbem%

Iei vh|cbpxnkbj t|ophp theyhlb|be Ipkbc nh Bpib Vhemmb|b njxpxpeyb Cbkbypib%

iii% Phlbmbi th|njifcbvbe chchexji nhthkxbe cbexpibTh|eibmbbe figbkbenbe bfbkbj lh|fbpb|nbe nhtbfb th|cievbbe fbe nhth|kxbe

cbexpib% Nhth|kxbe lh|lhwb#lhwb chch|kxnbe |bcbi xpbjb}be ybem lh|phfib

chchexji th|cievbbe ybem thklbmbi% Noepht lh|njifcbv xevxn chchexji

nhth|kxbe cbexpib iei bcbv fivxevxv okhj Ipkbc% Lbmi xcbv Ipkbc+ mokoembe

xpbjb}be iei bcbv fith|kxnbe chcbefbemnbe ch|hnb chctxeybi thklbmbi

nhth|kxbe xevxn fithexji% Jxnxc jbnbc ybem chehevxnbe bfbeyb jbkbk fbe

jb|bc phpxbvx lb|bembe chclhevxn nhth|kxbe ybem vh|phefi|i fbe xein

lh|lbefiem fhembe cbpyb|bnbv bmbcb kbie% Bvbp phepiviqivi fbe vbemmxemgb}bl

phlbmbi iefiqifx Cxpkic+ theibmb fbe xpbjb}be phtbvxveyb lh|lhpb| jbvi fbe

vh|xp injkbp chegbkbenbe vbemmxemgb}bl ybem lhpb| fbe theviem fi pipi

cbpyb|bnbv *Njbkif Cxjbccbf Njbkif+ 291:)%

iq% Jxlxembe lbin fhembe cbpyb|bnbvPhlbmbi tijbn ybem chchexji nhth|kxbe cbpyb|bnbv+ xpbjb}be th|kx

chctxeybi jxlxembe ybem lbin fhembe phcxb tijbn vh|cbpxn phpbch xpbjb}be

fbe gxmb cbpyb|bnbv phnhkikiem% noepht bpbp iei th|kx fivh|ghcbjnbe fbkbc lhevxn

x|xpbe th|eibmbbe% Jxlxembe lbin phpbch no|to|bv bvbx ehv}o|niem chegbfi

nxe`i nhgbybbe xpbjb}be tbfb jb|i iei%Ehv}o|niem ybem vifbn lhmivx nxnxj bnbe

cheyxnb|nbe phphlxbj th|eibmbbe xevxn vh|xp lh|nhclbem cbgx% Cbpbkbj iei

gxmb fibkbci okhj xpbjb}be Chkbyx fbe vifbn chctxeybi bpbp ehv}o|niem ybem

nxnxj% Okhj phlbl ivx nh|bgbbe th|kx chkbnpbebnbe lhlh|btb fbpb| xevxn

chclbevx xpbjb}be#xpbjb}be vh|phlxv% *Tbv|i`ib Pkobeh+ 2999)%

Fbkbc x|xpbe cxbcbkbv Ipkbc+ th|phvxgxbe fbe nhphtbnbvbe bevb|b nhfxb#fxb

lhkbj tijbn *thclhki fbe thegxbk) ch|xtbnbe hkhche ybem bcbv theviem% Ibeyb

chegbfi bpbp pbcb bfb phpxbvx noev|bn ivx pbj bvbx phlbkineyb% Iei lh|cbneb


33/55

phvibt x|xpeibmb th|kxkbj fifbpb|i okhj th|phvxgxbe fbe pbcb#pbcb lh|txbpjbvi

fhembe x|xpeibmb vh|phlxv% Phkb|bp fhembe noepht iei tb|b xpbjb}be bvbx theibmb

vifbn phjb|xpeyb chcbnpb bvbx chcthemb|xji thkbemmbe ph`b|b chkbctbx xevxn

chcbpvinbe t|ofxn ch|hnb kbnx% Iei vh|cbpxnkbj chkbnxnbe th|nb|b phth|vi

chcthemb|xji thkbemmbe fhembe chcxgxn ch|hnb xevxn chclhki lb|bembe ybem

vifbn ch|hnb th|kxnbe+ chcthemb|xji fhembe chefbn}b lbjb}b lb|bembe

ch|hnb lh|nxbkivi vieemi bvbx cx|bj phfbemnbe fbn}bbe ivx vifbn lheb| fbe gxmb

chcthemb|xji thkbemmbe fhembe cheiclxknbe th|bpbbe vbnxv bvbx njxbvi|

chemhebi nhnx|bembe lhnbkbe bvbx nhebinbe jb|mb ybem lbnbk lh|kbnx *Ein

Cojbchf Baabefi Ein Yxpoaa+


34/55

@i|i#ì|i+ mhkbmbv ph|vb pinbt#pinbt vh|phlxv lokhj finbvhmo|inbe phlbmbi pinbt

ybem topivia bvbx vh|txgi *cbjcxfbj)% Fbe okhj nh|beb \bpxkxkkbj ph}bnvx

jifxteyb ch|xtbnbe pho|bem theibmb ybem lh|gbyb+ lbmiefb phchcbemeyb

chctxeybi ì|i#ì|i vh|phlxv% Lbmiefb lh|gbyb checlxnvinbe lbjb}b fhembe

chembcbknbe piabv#piabv ybem lbin+ th|eibmbbe cbpij fbtbv nhxevxembe cbkbj

khlij lbin fb|itbfb theibmb ybem vifbn gxgx|% Nhxevxembe ybem chegbfi olghnvia

lbmiefb lxnbekbj phcbvb#cbvb nhxevxembe nhlhefbbe vhvbti nh|hfjbbe Bkkbj

ybem khlij xvbcb% *Tbv|iìb Pkobeh+ 2999)%

Ph`b|b cxfbjeyb+ xpbjb}be Cxpkic jb|xpkbj chembcbknbe pinbt vh|txgi

ybem vhkbj fivxegxnnbe okhj \bpxkxkkbj phlbmbicbeb ybem vhkbj fimbclb|nbe

chkbkxi bk#Rx|be fbe bk#Pxeebj% Phkbie ivx xpbjb}be gxmb th|kx chemjiefb|i

fb|itbfb chembcbknbe kb|bembe Bkkbj phth|vi |ilb+ gxfi+ |bpxbj+ po|on+ chembclik

nhxevxembe chkbctbx+ jbpbf fhemni fbe piabv#piabv cbwcxcbj ybem kbie *Njbkif

Cxjbccbf Njbkif+ 291:)%

6%0 Chclxfbybnbe Cbpyb|bnbv Ipkbc fhembe nhxpbjb}bebe

Phlbmbicbeb ybem vhkbj fith|lie`bemnbe+ lxfbyb nhxpbjb}be phchcbemeyb

phkb|i fhembe eikbi#eikbi Ipkbc fbe jb|xp fivh|bt fbe fibcbknbe okhj xcbv Ipkbc% XcbvIpkbc lxnbe pbjbgb jb|xp chemxlbj th|phtpi ch|hnb vh|jbfbt lifbem th|eibmbbe

vhvbti chemjbybvi eikbi#eikbi ybem }xgxf fbkbc nhxpbjb}bebe ivx phefi|i% Iei theviem

nh|beb eikbi nhxpbjb}bebe th|kx bfb tbfb phvibt o|bem chpnitxe vifbn lhnh|gb

phefi|i% Noepht iei finhebki phlbmbi nhxpbjb}bebe fbkbcbe *Goje @% Btkie G| !

Khqhvo B% M|hm+ 29=1)% Xevxn che`btbi olghnvia iei+ thklbmbi xpbjb okhj thklbmbi

tijbn th|kx fimhclkhem ph`b|b nokhnvia% Bevb|b ieipibvia#ieipibvia ybem lokhj fibclik

bfbkbj phth|vi lh|inxv%

2% Themxnxjbe chkbkxi iepvivxpi nhkxb|mb

Iepvivxpi nhkxb|mb ch|xtbnbe th|cxkbbe thclhevxnbe iefiqifx fbe

cbpyb|bnbv% Chkbkxi th|bebe ilx lbtb+ bebn bnbe filhevxn cheminxv b`xbe ybem

ch|hnb nhjhefbni% Iei lh|phpxbibe fhembe pblfb Ebli ybem lh|cbnpxf7

Blx Jx|bi|bj ch|i}bybvnbe lbjb}b Ebli p%b%} lh|nbvb7


35/55

Phvibt bebn Bfbc fikbji|nbe ph`b|b aiv|bj+ cbnb ilx lbtbeyb ybem cheò|bnnbeeyb

phlbmbi Ybjxfi+ Ebp|bei bvbx Cbgxpi%

Jbfip iei chehmbpnbe lhvbtb nxbveyb themb|xj thefifinbe b}bk nbebn#nbebn

fbkbc cheò|bnnbe th|ilbfi iefiqifx tbfb cbpb bnbe fbvbem% Nbgibe vhkbj

chexegxnnbe lbjb}b ilx lbtb chcthemb|xji pinbt bebn#bebn pbcb bfb lh|ciebv

xevxn lh|nhìctxem fbkbc nhxpbjb}bebe% Bebn#bebn ybem chctxeybi ilx lbtb

bvbx nhkxb|mb vh|fhnbv ybem lhnh|gb phefi|i fifbtbvi khlij `hefh|xem nhtbfb lifbem

nhxpbjb}bebe lh|lbefie ch|hnb ybem vifbn chctxeybi kbvb| lhkbnbem phth|vi

vh|phlxv *Tbv|iìb Pkobeh+ 2999)%

Okhj ybem fhcinibe+ nhphfb|be chemhebi nhtheviembe nhxpbjb}bebe iei

th|kxkbj }xgxf fb|itbfb fi|i ilx lbtb vh|khlij fbjxkx% Chcbem vifbn fiebainbe

lbjb}b |bcbi+ |bcbi ilx lbtb fi nbkbembe cbpyb|bnbv Ipkbc ybem vifbn

lh|thembkbcbe fbkbc lifbem th|eibmbbe% Iei cheyhlblnbe ch|hnb vifbn fbtbv

chegbfi |okh cofhk nhtbfb bebn#bebn ch|hnb% ]bkbxlbmbicbebtxe ch|hnb jb|xpkbj

chemmbkbnnbe phlb|bem xpbjb bebn#bebn che`xlb lifbem iei fbe vifbn lh|viefbn

chemjbkbem eibv ch|hnb% Ch|hnb gxmb jb|xp cheyhcbi eikbi#eikbi nhxpbjb}bebe

phth|vi lh|bei chembclik |ipino+ n|hbvia fbe pblb| phgbn nhìk kbmi% Iei ph`b|b vifbn

kbempxem bnbe chemhclbemnbe tovhepi fi|i ch|hnb *Njbkif Cxjbccbf Njbkif+

291:)%


36/55

themx|xpbe pyb|inbv chkitxvi bnviqivi#bnviqivi phth|vi fhkhmbpi fbe x|xpbe thembgibe

lh|lbefiem pyb|inbv#pyb|inbv cikin lxnbe Chkbyx njxpxpeyb @ieb *Tbv|iìb Pkobeh+

2999)%

Fbkbc h|b vhneokomi cbnkxcbv+ themhvbjxbe ch|xtbnbe pxclh| ybem bcbv

theviem fbe pv|bvhmin% Ipkbc vhkbj kbcb cheyh|x xcbveyb xevxn chexevxv ikcx ybem

ch|xtbnbe t|ophp lh|vh|xpbe phtbegbem jbybv% Iei lh|vhtbvbe fhembe pblfb \bpxk

ybem lh|cbnpxf7

Fb|itbfb Bebp lie Cbkin lbjb}b \bpxkxkkbj lh|pblfb7

Chexevxv ikcx bfbkbj }bgil nh bvbp phvibt Cxpkic%

Okhj ybem fhcinibe+ lxfbyb chexevxv ikcx iei th|kxkbj fijbybvi okhj phcxb

tijbn+ khlij#khlij kbmi xpbjb}be Cxpkic ch|xtbnbe mokoembe ybem fiphmbei fbkbc

lifbem ikcx themhvbjxbe fbe lh|nhcbji|be viemmi% Thefhnbvbe thefifinbe iei gxmb

jb|xp fivhnbenbe okhj tijbn#tijbn lh|}bgil fbkbc chefifin cbpyb|bnbv% Nx|pxp#

nx|pxp fbe phcieb| ph`b|b ao|cbk cbjxtxe vifbn ao|cbk th|kx fith|lbeybnnbe xevxn

chcbpvinbe lxfbyb iei fbtbv finoempi okhj phvibt kbtipbe cbpyb|bnbv% *Njbkif

Cxjbccbf Njbkif+ 291:)%

0% @oevoj ybem lbin okhj xpbjb}be

Th|bebe chclxfbybnbe cbpyb|bnbv fhembe nhxpbjb}bebe th|kxkbj

fivxegbemi okhj xpbjb}be phefi|i% xpbjb}be th|kx chexegxnnbe òevoj ybem lbin fbe

chegbfi |okh cofhk nhtbfb cbpyb|bnbv% Th|phtpi lx|xn vh|jbfbt ch|hnb th|kx

fith|lhvxknbe fb|i phcbpb nh phcbpb% Xpbjb}be th|kx cheòevoji tb|b pbjblbv \bpxk

ybem phevibpb chegbfi theyonoem nxbv vh|jbfbt th|nhclbembe Ipkbc% Phlbmbi òevoj

Blfxk \bjcbe Bxa vhkbj chemieabrnbe lb|bem fbmbembeeyb ybem lb|x txkbem fb|i

Pybc phlbeybn =44 vxemmbembe thexj fhembe lb|bem fbmbembe% Phkbie ivx+ lhkibx

gxmb vhkbj cheyxclbem phlbeybn ph|bvxp vxemmbembe thexj fhembe cxbvbe xevxn

tb|b thgxbem Ipkbc fi Cbfiebj *Njbkif Cxjbccbf Njbkif+ 291:)%

Phkbie Blfxk \bjcbe Bxa+ Pbyfieb Xvjcbe gxmb ch|xtbnbe xpbjb}be ybem

phevibpb lh|cx|bj jbvi% Tbfb pxbvx nhvinb+ lhkibx vhkbj chefh|cb phlbeybn 044

vxemmbembe fhembe cxbvbeeyb phnbki nhtbfb vhevh|b Ipkbc% Lhkibx gxmb vhkbj

cheyxclbem mbefxc+ cieybn fbe nipcip phgxckbj cxbvbe 2444 hno| xevb nhtbfb


37/55

xcbv Ipkbc tbfb wbcbe thch|ievbjbe Pbyfieb Blx Lbnb| nhvinb lh|kbnx nhchkhphvbe

hnoeoci% Tbfb nhvinb ivx vh|fbtbv thfbmbem#thfbmbem Cbfiebj ybem pbemmxt

chclhki lb|bembe vh|phlxv fhembe jb|mb ybem viemmi phjiemmb 8 nbki mbefb% Iei

chclxnvinbe nhicbebe lhkibx ybem khlij |hkb chkhtbpnbe nhch}bjbe fi fxeib fbe

nhicbebe khlij chcheviemnbe gbegi Bkkbj ybem gbxj khlij lbin fi bnji|bv%

*Cxjbccbf Pyxn|i Pbkkbj+


38/55

6%6 Thexvxt Nhxpbjb}bebe Ipkbc

Nhxpbjb}bebe ch|xtbnbe lifbem pv|bvhmin ybem th|kx fi`hlx|i okhj khlij

|bcbi xcbv Ipkbc fi Cbkbypib% Phkbie fb|itbfb olghnvia hnoeoci+ nhxpbjb}bebe

chembefxemi eikbi#eikbi cx|ei ybem jb|xp fijbybvi okhj cbpyb|bnbv Ipkbc% Bevb|b

eikbi#eikbi ybem }xgxf chkitxvi piabv pblb|+ lh|bei chebemmxem |ipino+ n|hbvia+

lh|themhvbjxbe viemmi+ lh|pxemmxj#pxemmxj fbe thklbmbi piabv cbjcxfbj ybem kbie%

@i|i#`i|i fbe eikbi fbkbc nhxpbjb}bebe iei phlheb|eyb ch|xtbnbe eikbi#eikbi ybem

phgbgb| fhembe vxevxvbe Ipkbc% Phkbie ivx+ th|eibmbbe fbe nhxpbjb}bebe ivx phefi|i

ch|xtbnbe nh|gbyb ybem chefbtbv vhctbv ybem `xnxt ipvich}b fbkbc Ipkbc%

]bkbx lbmbicbebtxe+ cbpyb|bnbv Ipkbc niei vifbn kbmi chcthkoto|i lifbem

iei jbeyb khlij phkhpb phlbmbi mokoembe themmxeb fbe thclhki pbjbgb% Iei

cheiclxknbe thklbmbi cbpbkbj vh|jbfbt xcbv Ipkbc ph`b|b nhphkx|xjbe% Okhj ybem

fhcinibe+ xpbjb th|kxkbj fimhclkhem bmb| lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe fbe th|eibmbbe iei

chegbfi lifbem tikijbe xcbv Ipkbc phcxkb phlbmbicebeb ybem vhkbj fivxegxnnbe

chkbkxi phgb|bj \bpxkxkkbj fbe tb|b pbjblbv% Phlbmbi th|cxkbbe+ nhphfb|be th|kxkbj

fivh|btnbe nhtbfb nhphkx|xjbe kbtipbe cbpyb|bnbv Ipkbc chkbkxi thclxfbybbe eikbi

fbe pinbt xpbjb}be% Fhembe chemjbybvi fbe chclxfbybnbe eikbi#eikbi

nhxpbjb}bebe iei+ cbpyb|bnbv Ipkbc bnbe ph`b|b kbempxem bvbx vifbn kbempxem bnbe

lh|xpbjb fhembe khlij nh|bp fbe `xlb cheiemnbvnbe nhcbctxbe fi|i xevxn

cheiemnbvnbe vb|ba popibk fbe hnoeoci ch|hnb% Iei bnbe chefhnbvnbe ch|hnb fbe

phvh|xpeyb chegbfinbe th|eibmbbe fbe nhxpbjb}bebe phlbmbi lifbem nh|gbyb tikijbe

fi cbpb bnbe fbvbem%


39/55

FB\I PXFXV POPIOKOMI

Nhxpbjb}bebe chex|xv nbcxp fh}be *


40/55

xevxn chefbtbv nhcxfbjbe vh|vhevx cheyhlblnbe ch|hnb chclh|oevbn fbe che`b|i pbvx

bkvh|ebvia lbmi chemxlbj nhjifxtbe ch|hnb pxtbyb khlij vh|gbcie% Nbgibe iei fiponoem okhj

Hqh|hvvh Jhmhe ybem chefbtbvi nhfxfxnbe pvbvxp popibk ybem |hefbj chclxbvnbe bjki

nxctxkbe lh|pinbt chclh|oevbn fbe fiwbji|nbe fbkbc lhevxn phcbembv nhxpbjb}bebe lbmi

chcth|lbini colikivi hnoeoci popibk ch|hnb *Pbkkhj+


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\bgbj 2Cofhk Popiokomi Nhcxe`xkbe Phpho|bem xpbjb}be%

FO\OEMBE NHTBFB @I\I PIVXBPI

NHXPBJB]BEBE

Pxclh| 7 B% Pjbth|o fbe K%Ponok+ Vjh Po`ibk Fichepioep oa Hev|ht|hehx|pjit+ ie @% Nhev F%

Phzvoe bef N% Qhpth|+ hfp+ He`ykothfib oa Hev|ht|hehx|pjit%

Vhctoj Th|bkijbe

Cikivb|i+ Phnokbj+

Thegb|b

Begbnbe Ehmbvia

Pvbvxp Icim|be+

Filh|jhevinbe Nh|gb+

Lopbe+ Cb|bj+ N|ipip

th|vhembjbe xcx|+

Lh|`h|bi+ Nhcbvibe

Tbpbembe%

Vb|inbe Topivia

Fb|itbfb |bnbe

noempi+ chevo|+thkblx|+ thkbemmbe

Vokbnbe Topivia

Lbtb+ Nh|gbyb+

Thefifinbe+

Thembkbcbe

B`b|b Bnviqivi

Nhxpbjb}bebe

Chembclik ieipibvia+

themmblxembe pxclh|+

Themx|xpbe pxclh|+

Themx|x|pbe

o|mbeipbpi+

Chebemmxem |ipino+

Chclxbv th|be`bembe%

Th|phtpi

Nhlokhjkbnpbebbe

Ponoembe/ Lbevxbe+

Fhcoepv|bpi+

Cofhk+ Chevo|+

\bnbe Noempi+

Thkxbem

Th|phtpi Fo|oembe

Lxfbyb/Eikbi/Pinbt+

Nhkxb|mb+ \bnbe

phnh|gb+ Chevo|+

\bnbe phlbyb+

Cbpyb|bnbv

NHXPBJB]BEBE


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Ch|xgxn nhtbfb |bgbj 2 fibvbp+ cofhk vh|phlxv chctxeybi 6 abnvo| ybem chefo|oem

phpho|bem nhb|bj nhxpbjb}bebe% Ibivx 7 #

b)

Begbnbe Ehmbvia

Begbnbe ehmbvia lh|cbnpxf theyipijbe phpho|bem bvbx nxctxkbe fb|itbfb cbpyb|bnbv

xcxc% Mokoembe iei libpbeyb vifbn chctxeybi phpibtb xevxn lh|mbevxem fbkbc

jifxteyb fbe nhbfbbe iei chch|kxnbe ch|hnb xevxn khlij lh|finb|i% @oevoj ybem

ghkbp bfbkbj phth|vi nh`hefh|xembe mokoembe icim|be xevxn chegbfi pho|bem

xpbjb}be fi L|ivbie fbe o|bem Bpib ybem chegbfi xpbjb}be fi Bxpv|bkib%

Begbnbe ehmbvia gxmb lokhj fiphlblnbe okhj phpho|bem ybem filxbem nh|gb

bnilbv themh`ikbe pbiw o|mbeipbpi bvbx nhchkhphvbe hnoeoci ybem lokhj cheyhlblnbe

phpho|bem lh|bkij nhtbfb lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe% Lopbe fhembe thnh|gbbe phfib bfb

nh|beb vh|kbkx |xvie bvbx vibfb bxvoeoci gxmb ch|xtbnbe pbkbj pbvx lhevxn begbnbe

ehmbvia ybem chclxbvnbe phpho|bem lh|bkij nhtbfb lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe%

@oevojeyb+ |bcbi themx|xp fbe hnphnxvia ybem cheiemmbknbe thnh|gbbe ch|hnb

xevxn che`hlx|i lifbem th|eibmbbe ybem khlij che`blb| fbe khlij lhlbp% Xpbjb}be

gxmb lokhj cxe`xk bnilbv n|ipip th|vhembjbe xcx|+ th|`h|bibe+ fbe nhcbvibe

tbpbembe%

l) Vhctoj Th|bkijbePhpho|bem ybem lh|bfb bevb|b nhfxfxnbe ybem vh|vhevx *vhevx th|bkijbe) gxmb khlij

vh|fo|oem xevxn chegbfi xpbjb}be% Phth|vi mokoembe icim|be+ ch|hnb gxmb fibemmbt

phlbmbi o|bem kxb| fb|itbfb cbpyb|bnbv vh|bp% Vimb `oevoj vhctoj th|bkijbe bfbkbj

bevb|b nhjifxtbe phlbmbi bpnb| fhembe o|bem b}bc+ nhjifxtbe thkbgb| fhembe

nh|gbyb fbe nhjifxtbe fi thegb|b fhembe o|bem lhlbp%


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`) Vb|inbe topiviaThemb|xj topivia ybem finhebki phlbmbi vb|inbe topivia gxmb cbctx cheb|in phpho|bem

chclxbv nhtxvxpbe xevxn chegbfi pho|bem xpbjb}be% Themb|xj iei lokhj fbvbem

fb|itbfb lbnbk |bnbe noempi+ chevo|+ bjki nhkxb|mb+ thkblx|+ thkbemmbe fbe thclhnbk%

\bnbe noempi chemmbkbnnbe phpho|bem ivx xevxn chegbfi xpbjb}be fhembe vb}b|be

xevxn lh|noempi cofbk+ thembkbcbe+ chclbevx nh|gb+ fbe chemx|bemnbe |ipino%

Phchevb|b chevo| txkb lokhj cheiemnbvnbe nhybniebe fi|i fbe th|bpbbe jo|cbv

phpho|bem% Chevo| fbe |bnbe noempi gxmb lokhj chcth|nhebknbe phpho|bem xpbjb}be

nhtbfb gb|iembe popibk fbe hnofiebcin lbmi chkbe`b|nbe th|eibmbbe ch|hnb%

Vh|fbtbv gxmb jxlxembe ybem nxbv bevb|b nh|gbyb bvbx kbvb| lhkbnbem nhkxb|mb

fhembe thcikijbe nh|gbyb xpbjb}be% Vh|fbtbv nbgibe ybem figbkbenbe ybem

chexegxnnbe |bcbi xpbjb}be ybem lh|gbyb chctxeybi nhkxb|mb ybem vh|kilbv

fhembe lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe% Thkblx| fbe lbnbk thkbemmbe gxmb chctxeybi

themb|xj vh|jbfbt phpho|bem xevxn che`hlx|i lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe%

f) Vokbnbe Topivia%Abnvo|#abnvo| vokbnbe topivia iei vh|cbpxnkbj kbkxbe nh|gbyb ybem cheb}b|nbe

thkxbem#thkxbem xevxn chegbkbenbe nhmibvbe nhxpbjb}bebe fbe gxmb abnvo|

thefifinbe ybem chclh|inbe themhvbjxbe fbe thkxbem xevxn iefiqifx chegbfi

pho|bem xpbjb}be% Abnvo| iei chclh|i vokbnbe topivia nhtbfb iefiqifx fbe

chefo|oem phpho|bem xevxn chegbfi xpbjb}be%

Tbfb lbjbmibe nbebe cofhk iei chexegxnnbe `i|i#`i|i pivxbpi ybem fbtbv

chclbevx phpho|bem chehevxnbe th|eibmbbe lbjb|x fbtbv fi|hbkipbpinbe fhembe

gbybeyb% Fxb abnvo| pivxbpi ivx ibkbj 7


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2% Th|phtpi fo|oembeAbnvo| ybem chcthemb|xji th|phtpi fo|oembe fbvbemeyb fb|itbfb kbvb|

lhkbnbem lxfbyb phpho|bem+ nhkxb|mb+ pbjblbv jbefbi+ cbpyb|bnbv bvbx chevo|%

Iei lokhj fikijbv lbmbicbeb lbempb `ieb ybem nhlbeybnbeeyb chegbfi

xpbjb}be nh|beb themb|xj lxfbyb+ nhkxb|mb fbe cbpyb|bnbv%

I% Popiokomi tbfb wbcbe b}bk%Phgb|bj nhxpbjb}bebe vhkbj fi|xemnbinbe cheminxv pv|xnvx| fbe wbcbe fbe blbf

ybem che`h|ivbnbe vhevbem th|nhclbembe ybem lh|kbnx fbkbc nhxpbjb}bebe% Ch|xgxn

nhtbfb phgb|bj nhxpbjb}bebe wbcbe b}bk+ nhlbeybnbe xpbjb}be vh|fi|i fb|itbfb pbxfbmb|

ybem ch|xtbnbe thmhclb|b% Cb|`o Toko ch|xtbnbe pho|bem thmhclb|b ybem vhkbj

chcth|nhebknbe ipvikbj mo#lhv}hhe fi cbeb lhkibx `xlb ch}xgxfnbe kbkxbe th|eibmbbe

lbmi chegxbk t|ofxn nh vicx| gbxj% Fbkbc t|ophp iei+ thfbmbem chebefbvbmbei noev|bn

fhembe thcikin }bem nbtivbkip lbmi chegxbk t|ofxneyb *Bl% Bwiw+


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Blbf nh


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khlij chefhpbn phni|beyb th|cievbbe ch|hnb vifbn fithexji% Th|nb|b iei gxmb chegbfi

`blb|be nhtbfb xpbjb}be xevxn ligbn chebmbei btblikb mokoembe thnh|gb cxkb

chembclik viefbnbe ybem f|bpvin phth|vi chefbn}b xpbjb}be nh cbjnbcbj+ chembfx

nh nhpbvxbe phnh|gb+ cbkbj cxemnie bnbe chkhvbnnbe gb}bvbe fbe cheyh|vbi pyb|inbv

thpbiem% Jbk iei nh|beb+ th|nb|b iei ch|xtbnbe colikivi thnh|gb chemhebi jbn ch|hnb

ybem akhnpilhk%

Q% Nhxpbjb}bebe fi Cbkbypib%

Lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe vhkbj chembkbci hqokxpi fbe th|nhclbembe ybem nhvb|b fi

Cbkbypib ginb filbefiemnbe fhembe wbcbe Nhpxkvbebe Chkbyx Chkbnb tbfb cbpb fbjxkx

ybem chembcbknbe pipvhc lb|vh|% Jbk iei fi inxvi fhembe themmxebbe kombc phlbmbi

cbvb}bem fbe phvh|xpeyb themmxebbe cbvb}bem phlbmbi chfixc th|vxnb|be pbcb bfb

gxbkbe bvbx lhkibe% Th|nhclbembe nhxpbjb}bebe fi Cbkbypib phlhkxc }xgxfeyb Fbpb|

Hnoeoci Lb|x *FHL) *29=2#2994) ibivx phcbpb thch|ievbjbe L|ivipj *298=#29=4)+

nhmibvbe nhxpbjb}bebe finxbpbi okhj }b|mbehmb|b bpiem fbe lxnbe lxcitxvh|b%

Lxcitxvh|b cbgo|ivieyb tbfb nhvinb ivx vh|fi|i fb|itbfb mokoembe thvbei fbe ehkbybe ybem

jbeyb chctxeybi \c2=< phlxkbe ibivx filb}bj tb|bp nhcipniebe *Eo|bpcbj


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Vh|fbtbv lbeybn abnvo| kbie ybem chclb}b nhtbfb th|nhclbembe nhxpbjb}bebe fi

cbkbypib% Cheyhfb|i jbninbv lbjb}b cxkb }xgxfeyb lxfbyb nhxpbjb}bebe fbkbc fi|i

cbpyb|bnbv Cbkbypib+ cbnb thexlxjbe Cbpyb|bnbv Th|fbmbembe fbe Th|iefxpv|ibe

Lxcitxvh|b *CTTL)% CTTL fikbnpbebnbe lbmi vxgxbe chkbji|nbe cbpyb|bnbv lxcitxvh|b

ybem chctxeybi gbvifi|i+ fbyb vbjbe+ fbe cbctx lh|pbiem fhembe lbempb kbie fbkbc

lifbem th|fbmbembe fbe th|iefxpv|ibe% Phkbie ivx+ lbmi cheiemnbvnbe kbmi themkilbvbe

lxcitxvh|b+ cbnb nh|bgbbe vhkbj chcth|kxbpnbe nhmibvbe bmhepi phfib bfb phth|vi Cbgkip

Bcbebj \bnybv *CB\B)+ Th|lbfbebe Ebpioebk Lh|jbf *TH\EBP)% Phlbmbi

vbclbjbeeyb+ thexlxjbe bmhepi lb|x gxmb fikbnpbebnbe phth|vi Khclbmb Thclbemxebe

Lbefb| *XFB)+ Khclbmb Thcbpb|be Th|vbeibe Th|phnxvxbe *ABCB) fbe phlbmbieyb%

Fbkbc cheyonoem th|nhclbembe nhxpbjb}bebe iei gxmb+ Nhchevh|ibe

Thclbemxebe Xpbjb}be fbe noth|bpi *CH@F) ybem bnbe lh|vbemmxemgb}bl cheyhkib

th|nhclbembe lifbem nhxpbjb}bebe% Phkbie fb|itbfb ivx+ nh|bgbbe vhkbj chexlxjnbe

Iepvivxv Nhxpbjb}bebe Ehmb|b *IEPNHE) ybem bnbe lh|vbemmxemgb}bl chemx|xp

th|nhclbembe nhxpbjb}bebe fi Cbkbypib fbe lh|xtbyb chefhfbjnbe lifbem iei nhtbfb

mokoembe cxfb% Thklbmbi t|om|bc kbvijbe lh|lhevxn vhneinbk fbe qonbpioebk ybem

chclh|inbe kbvijbe nhxpbjb}bebe fbe cheyhfibnbe pxclh| nh}bembe ybem fith|kxnbe

nhtbfb xpbjb}be ybem lb|x chcxkbnbe th|eibmbbe%

Lbmi cheiemnbvnbe kbmi th|nhclbembe nhxpbjb}bebe fi Cbkbypib fbe

chcth|lbeybnnbe themkilbvbe cheyhkx|xj fb|itbfb nbxc lxcitxvh|b fbkbc lifbem iei+

cbnb Fbpb| Thclbemxebe Ehmb|b *FTE) fivxlxjnbe tbfb


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finhebki phlbmbi Iepvivxpi Thclbemxebe Nhxpbjb}bebe fbe Noth|bpi *@HFI) *Pxclh|7

Kbcbe ]hl @HFI+XXC)% Lhmivx gxmb fhembe thexlxjbe Txpbv Thclbemxebe Xpbjb}be

*CHFH@) tbfb 29:4 fi Xeiqh|pivi Vhneokomi Cb|b *XIVC)% *pxclh|7 Kbto|be ybem

lh|vbgxn Themhebkbe nhtbfb CHFH@+ 29:4)% Vbclbjbe kbmi+ chfib chegbfi chfixc

xevxn cheybctbinbe cbnkxcbv nhtbfb phcxb mokoembe cbpyb|nbv lxcitxvh|b

njxpxpeyb xevxn lh|ciebv che`hlx|i lifbem nhxpbjb}be fi Cbkbypib phjiemmb niei%

Thklbmbi th|xlbjbe fhci th|xlbjbe vhkbj lh|kbnx fbkbc th|nhclbembe

nhxpbjb}bebe fi Cbkbypib+ chex|xv Eo|jbpjic *2996)+ th|eibmbbe nh`ik fi Cbkbypib

vhkbj cheiemnbvnbe gxckbj thkxbem thnh|gbbe fbe thclbemxebe xpbjb}be% Ebcxe

fhcinibe+ }xgxf nhvifbn phiclbembe fbkbc thmbembe hnoeoci bevb|b nbxc fi Cbkbypib%

Jxcbe *299


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\bgbj < 7 Cofhk Nhcbji|be Mheh|in Xpbjb}be Cbkbypib *NhMXC)

VIMB FOCBIE NOCTOEHE NHPBE

NHCBJI\BE

Pxclh| 7 Cxjbccbf Jb|oe Jxpbiei fbe Njbi|xk Bexb| Bjcbf+ fbkbc Nhcbji|be

Nhxpbjb}bebe 7 pbvx nbgibe bebkipip nbefxembe lxnx#lxnx vhnp%)

Ch|xgxn nhtbfb |bgbj fibvbp+ inbvbe ybem fivxegxnnbe bevb|b nhvimb#vimb focbie

nhcbji|be fibemmbt phlbi nhcbji|be mheh|in fbe phvibt focbie cbctx chclh|inbe ictbn

nhtbfb th|cievbbe vh|jbfbt t|ofxn+ gxbkbe fbe thefbtbvbe th|eibmbbe% Jb|mb ybem

THEMX\XPBE

TH\CIEVBBE

VH\JBFBT

T\OFXN

THCBPB\BE

THEMX\XPBE

KONBPI T\OFXN BMBCB JXLXEMBE THEMBKBCBE XEFBEM#XEFBEM

JB\MB NOCTHVIVA JXLXEMBE

FHEMBE

THKBEMMBE

T\OCOPI TBPB\BE

BNBXE MBGI GXBKBE

GXBKBE

T\OFXN

THEFBTBVE

TH\EIBMBBE


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fivhvbtnbe gxmb lokhj chefbvbemnbe nhpbe nhtbfb th|cievbbe fbe phkhtbp gxbkbe filxbv+

nhcbji|be fbkbc chemx|xp thefbtbvbe th|eibmbbe chclh|inbe ictbn nhtbfb t|hpvbpi

nhphkx|xjbe th|eibmbbe% Lbmi chemxnxjnbe themxbpbbe fbkbc phvibt focbie lh|nhebbe+

tb|b xpbjb}be vhkbj che`h|ivbnbe kbemnbj#kbemnbj ybem th|kx fikbnxnbe ch|hnb vh|xp

lh|fbyb pbiem fbe lh|vbjbe fbkbc pxbpbeb th|eibmbbe ybem phcbnie nocthvivia%

Phvibt `blb|be ybem fijbfbti okhj xpbjb}be th|kx fivbmbei fhembe ligbn fbe t|obnvia+

fb|itbfb phgb|bj nhxpbjb}bebe cheminxv n|oeokomi ybem vh|bvx| fbe gxmb theghkbpbe

chemhebi thclbemxebe xpbjb}be fi Cbkbypib phlheb|eyb fbtbv chclh|i phfiniv phlbeybn

themhvbjxbe vhevbem thkxbem#thkxbem phfibbfb fbe theghkbpbe chemhebi nbivbe nhtbfb

popiokomieyb ibivx pivxbpi th|xlbjbe fbe th|nhclbembe phtbegbem xpbjb}be cxkb lh|vbtbn fi

lxci phjiemmbkbj chegbfi lxfbyb nhxpbjb}bebe njxpxpeyb fi Cbkbypib%


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Lilkiom|bai

Nhchevh|ibe Thclbemxebe Xpbjb}be fbe Noth|bpi # CH@F kbji|


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Eo|jbpjic Eo|fie% *2996)% Vo}b|fp Pv|hemvjheiem Pcip% Vjh Lben Thclbemxebe

Th|pth`viqh% Nh|vbp Nh|gb Filhevbemnbe Fi 2pv Ebvioebk @oeah|he`h Ao| Pcip+

Nxbkb Kxctx|+ Cbkbypib%

Pjbj|ik Cb|wxni% *2990)% Thefifinbe Fi Cbkbypib% Nxbkb Kxctx|7 Xvxpbe Txlki`bvioe%

Wbifbvok Bncbkibj Koth Tijih% *2990)% T|htb|bvioe Bef V|bieiem Ehhfp Oa Vhb`jh|p Vo

Vhb`j Hev|ht|hehx|pjit Ie Qo`bvioebk T|om|bcp% Th|vbeinb G Po`% P`i% Jxc% 2*


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P`|ilf *

sejarah keusahawanan mengikut kronologi abad dari perspektif psikologi, ekonomi, sosial dan islam

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