prosedur penyelidikan (4)

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Tajuk 3 Prosedur Penyelidikan Pendidikan Menyatakan masalah kajian Menetapkan objektif kajian Membentuk soalan kajian Membentuk hipotesis kajian Melakukan tinjauan literatur Merancang reka bentuk kajian Menentukan prosedur persampelan Membina instrumen kajian Menyatakan kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen kajian Menentukan prosedur pengumpulan data Mengumpul data Menganalisis dan menghurai data Membincang dan melapor hasil kajian

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Page 1: Prosedur Penyelidikan (4)

Tajuk 3 Prosedur Penyelidikan Pendidikan

•Menyatakan masalah kajian•Menetapkan objektif kajian•Membentuk soalan kajian•Membentuk hipotesis kajian•Melakukan tinjauan literatur•Merancang reka bentuk kajian•Menentukan prosedur persampelan•Membina instrumen kajian•Menyatakan kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen kajian•Menentukan prosedur pengumpulan data•Mengumpul data•Menganalisis dan menghurai data •Membincang dan melapor hasil kajian

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INTRODUCTIONThe first step in writing an academic

research is preparing a draft of the research proposal, which is a systematic summary or document consisting of a rough sketch of the research you will be conducting. A complete research proposal generally contains information about the research problems, research questions, literature review, methodology of the research and a list of references.

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WHY WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL?A research proposal is a plan of

the study comprising a framework of the research concept, purposes and objectives of the research, research questions and hypotheses, research significance and limitations, literature review and previous researches as well as research tools and data analysis methods.

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The researcher will conduct research based on this proposal, with the end result being a research paper, dissertation, thesis or project paper. By preparing a research proposal the researcher will be able to:

Identify the problems of the issue researched and state a set of questions to be answered in the research

Review literature related to the research problem (this shows the status of academic knowledge in the field), and identify areas that have yet to be researched or have not been tackled by researchers;

Produce a hypothesis (a predicted answer to the research question, if applicable);

Build a matching research methodology to test the hypothesis or answer the research questions;

Build a research design and proper data collecting technique; and

Identify the suitable data procedure analysis and its justification.

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CONTENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Research Proposal

Chapter One States the problems

which will be studied, including purpose,

questions and significance of the

research.

Chapter Two Displays the related

literature and research connected to

the topic you have chosen

Chapter Three Explains the research

design, including choosing of samples as

well as how data is collected and analysed.

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Chapter 1: Research Problems(a) Introduction(b)A Background of Research Problems(c) Statement of Problems(d)Concept Framework(e)Research Objectives and Questions(f) Research Significance(g)Research Limitations(h)Explanation of Terminology(i) Summary

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(a) IntroductionIn this section you will introduce

the research problem with a little elaboration on its main focus and the variables involved as well as the purpose of your research. You should also highlight several significant studies in your chosen field. Its length should be approximately 200 words as shown in the following example.

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(b) A Background of Research Problems In this chapter, you need to detail the

research problems that you have identified and describe why this research needs to be done. You should also map out current issues or issues that need to be handled, and explain how this study will produce a solution to or explain these existing problems. Here you can explain the literature related to your research and those which produced significant findings.

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(c) Statement of Problems

This can be written as a general research purpose or in the form of a research question. Generally, this is an extremely specific statement and contains the variables of the research. If you need to use a hypothesis, as is usually done in quantitative research, this too needs to be stated.

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The following are examples where a statement of the problems is done in question form:

What is the professional requirement for a certain group of science teachers?

Do they need courses in pedagogy, English, scientific content, recreation, handling the class, or the like?

Should professional courses be different for teachers based on their monthly salary?

Do Form 2A students, who are drilled daily on speech courses in English, have better oral capabilities compared to Form 2B students who undergo the ordinary English curriculum?

Do students who visit orphanages and old folks' homes get higher points for the empathy and compassion index (indeks empati dan belas kasihan) compared to students who do not?

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(d) Concept Framework

 A framework of the concept shows the cause-effect relationship between independent and dependent variables which are usually mapped out on a chart. For instance, a research to see the effects of laboratory tools on a teacher's personality and student opinion, on results in general science.

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An example of the concept framework is shown in Figure 2.2.

1. Laboratory tools2. Teacher's personality

3. Student opinionScience Results

Figure 2.2: Concept framework: Factors that influence science results

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(e) Research Objectives and Questions Your research proposal must

clearly state the research objectives and questions which you plan to do. The following are several examples of research objectives to study cooperative learning:

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The objectives of this research are:1. To see whether learning using

TGT can improve results in the subject of Science.

2. To see whether cooperative learning using TGT can instil love, compassion, honesty, a rational attitude and cooperation.

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(f) Research Significance

 This part usually talks about the future significance of your research. It should also be able to identify individuals, groups or institutions which may benefit from this research. For instance, cooperative learning may be useful specifically for science teachers, and teachers of other subjects in general, who may be looking for new ways to instil certain values. It could also be useful for headmasters who wish to know how cooperative learning can be used in their schools.

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(g) Research Limitations

 Here the limitations of your research are stated, i.e. how far your findings can be used in other contexts. For example, if your cooperative teaching research (TGT) involves the instilling of certain values in 12 government schools in Selangor, then it is possible the findings may be applied only to schools in that state, rather than nationwide.

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(h) Explanation of Terminology Most, but not all, theories on research

proposals contain parts that define important terminology used, especially technological ones. For instance, in the research "The Inculcation of Values Using Cooperative Learning in Science" the terminology defined included: cooperative learning, TGT, science, achievements/results and values. These terminologies needed to be defined in the context of this research, which can be written in conceptual or operational form. An operational definition is one on variables in measurable form, especially in quantitative research. For instance:

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(i) Summary This is a short paragraph that

states the purposes for the research and a summary of what has been written.

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Chapter 2: Literature Reviewa) Introductionb) Related Literaturec) Related Researchd) Summary

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(a) IntroductionIn this section, you will state the

purpose of your research with a small topic on "Related Literature" and "Related Research" which will be further explained in the later pages.

 

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(b) Related LiteratureYou need to give a rough sketch of

all literature related to your research. This includes theories and principles in your research topic.

For example:Methods of teaching thinking skills

for quadratic functions and similarities.

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In researching this topic, the related literature would be about:

Thinking skills;The approaches taken in

teaching thinking skills; andTeaching strategies.

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(c) Related Research In this section, you will focus on

previous researches carried out both locally and abroad, connected to the research question you have chosen. You must summarise each research and explain its findings. Then, state your views on the similarities and differences between those studies.

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(d) Summary Based on the literature review

you have done, write a critical account of previous studies as well as their significance to your research.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology

a) Introductionb) Research Design c) Populations and Samples

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(a) Introduction Here the purpose for your

research is once again stated. You must inform the reader that this chapter will contain several sub-topics including research design, research population and samples, research tools, data collection methods and data analysis methods.

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(b) Research Design Here you need to state the type of

research you will be conducting, whether it will apply quantitative or qualitative methods, and justify your choice. You must also explain the design of your research. For instance, if it is an experimental- research, you may use the pre-test-post-test-equivalent group design. If you are conducting research in the form of a survey, it may use the cross-sectional or longitudinal designs

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(c) Populations and Samples In this section, you will state the

population covered in your research and the techniques in choosing respondents from it. The size and location of the population, as well as its samples need to be explained clearly.

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(d) Research ToolsResearch tools are used to measure the

variables of your research. For instance, a weighing instrument is used to measure weight and a measuring tape for the length of a classroom. In an educational research, you need tools to measure student achievement, manipulative skills or attitude. You need to state the research tools which may comprise of various tools such as questionnaire forms, observation forms, interview forms, behavioural measurement scales and various types of tests (achievement tests, thinking skills, physical activeness and attitude).

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Data Collection Technique

 You should state who will be collecting the data, how it will be collected and when, plus whether you will be collecting the data yourself or ask someone else (for instance, the class teacher) to collect it. The main technique in getting data includes giving tests to the respondents and asking them to fill up a survey form. Other techniques include recorded interviews and using video equipment to do observations.

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(ii) Data Analysis Methods  This is what you will be using to analyse your

research data. Data analysis begins with the form of research you will be conducting: Is it in descriptive or inferential form? State the most suitable types of statistical analysis to analyse the type of research data. If you are using a statistics software package, do not forget to state this in your research proposal. If you are using a questionnaire form, what descriptive statistics will you be using? If it is a qualitative research how will you process the interview report and your observation of the data? The purpose of this section is to explain step-by-step how the data you have collected will be processed and analysed to get an inference and research outcome. Data needs to be analysed to get answers to the research questions and test the hypotheses

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(iii) SummaryIn this segment, you will be

giving a short summary on all the subtopics that you had written previously, including research questions, samples and designs, as well as data tools and analyses.

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Format PenulisanBesides the contents given in Table 2.1, the format for writing a research

proposal is as follows:

 

Topik Tesis/Thesis Title

Pengesahan/Declaration

Abstrak/Abstract (in Bahasa Melayu or English) Jadual Kandungan/Table of Contents

Senarai Jadual/List of Tables

Senarai Rajah/List of Figures

 

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Bab 1: Masalah Kajian/Chapter 1: Research Problem

1.1 Pengenalan/Introduction1.2 Pernyataan Masalah/Statement of the Problems1.3 Kerangka Konsep/Conceptual Framework1.4 Matlamat Kajian/Aim of the Research1.5 Kepentingan Kajian/Significance of the Research1.6 Batasan Kajian/Limitations of the Research1.7 Definisi Istilah/Definition of Terms1.8 Ringkasan/Summary

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Bab 2: Tinjauan Literatur/Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Pengenalan/Introduction2.2 Literatur Berkaitan/Related Literature2.3 Kajian Berkaitan/Related Research2.4 Ringkasan/Summary

 

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Bab 3: Kaedah Kajian/Chapter 3: Research Methodology3.1 Pengenalan/Introduction3.2 Reka Bentuk Kajian/Research Design3.3 Populasi dan Sampel/Population and Sample3.4 Alat-alat Kajian/Research Intruments3.4.1 Pembangunan Alat-alat Kajian/Development of Research Instruments 3.4.2 Variabel Kajian/Research Variables3.5 Tatacara Pengutipan Data/Data Collection Procedure3.6 Tatacara Penganalisisan Data/Data Analysis Procedure3.7 Ringkasan/Summary

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