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Tajuk 3 Prosedur Penyelidikan

Pendidikan

Menyatakan masalah kajian

Menetapkan objektif kajian

Membentuk soalan kajian

Membentuk hipotesis kajian

Melakukan tinjauan literatur

Merancang reka bentuk kajian

Menentukan prosedur persampelan

Membina instrumen kajian

Menyatakan kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen

kajianMenentukan prosedur pengumpulan data

Mengumpul data

Menganalisis dan menghurai data

Membincang dan melapor hasil kajian


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INTRODUCTION

The first step in writing an academicresearch is preparing a draft of theresearch proposal, which is a

systematic summary or documentconsisting of a rough sketch of theresearch you will be conducting. Acomplete research proposal generally

contains information about theresearch problems, researchquestions, literature review,methodology of the research and a list

of references.


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WHY WRITE A RESEARCH

PROPOSAL?A research proposal is a plan of the

study comprising a framework of the

research concept, purposes and

objectives of the research, researchquestions and hypotheses, research

significance and limitations, literature

review and previous researches aswell as research tools and data

analysis methods.


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The researcher will conduct research based on this

proposal, with the end result being a research paper,

dissertation, thesis or project paper. By preparing a

research proposal the researcher will be able to:

Identify the problems of the issue researched and

state a set of questions to be answered in the

research

Review literature related to the research problem (this

shows the status of academic knowledge in the field),and identify areas that have yet to be researched or

have not been tackled by researchers;

Produce a hypothesis (a predicted answer to the

research question, if applicable);

Build a matching research methodology to test the

hypothesis or answer the research questions;

Build a research design and proper data collecting

technique; and


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CONTENTS OF THE

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Research Proposal

Chapter One

States theproblems whichwill be studied,

includingpurpose,

questions andsignificance ofthe research.

Chapter Two

Displays therelated literature

and researchconnected to thetopic you have

chosen

Chapter ThreeExplains the

research design,including

choosing ofsamples as wellas how data iscollected and

analysed.


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Chapter 1: Research Problems

(a) Introduction(b) A Background of Research Problems(c) Statement of Problems(d) Concept Framework(e) Research Objectives and Questions(f) Research Significance(g) Research Limitations

(h) Explanation of Terminology(i) Summary


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(a) Introduction

In this section you will introduce theresearch problem with a little

elaboration on its main focus and the

variables involved as well as thepurpose of your research. You should

also highlight several significant

studies in your chosen field. Its lengthshould be approximately 200 words as

shown in the following example.


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(b) A Background of Research

Problems In this chapter, you need to detail the

research problems that you haveidentified and describe why this researchneeds to be done. You should also mapout current issues or issues that need tobe handled, and explain how this study

will produce a solution to or explainthese existing problems. Here you canexplain the literature related to yourresearch and those which produced

significant findings.


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(c) Statement of Problems

This can be written as a generalresearch purpose or in the form of a

research question. Generally, this is

an extremely specific statement andcontains the variables of the research.

If you need to use a hypothesis, as is

usually done in quantitative research,this too needs to be stated.


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The following are examples where a statement of theproblems is done in question form:

What is the professional requirement for a certain groupof science teachers?

Do they need courses in pedagogy, English, scientific

content, recreation, handling the class, or the like? Should professional courses be different for teachers

based on their monthly salary?

Do Form 2A students, who are drilled daily on speechcourses in English, have better oral capabilitiescompared to Form 2B students who undergo the

ordinary English curriculum? Do students who visit orphanages and old folks' homes

get higher points for the empathy and compassionindex (indeks empati dan belas kasihan) compared tostudents who do not?


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(d) Concept Framework

A framework of the concept shows thecause-effect relationship between

independent and dependent variables

which are usually mapped out on achart. For instance, a research to see

the effects of laboratory tools on a

teacher's personality and studentopinion, on results in general science.

f


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An example of the concept

framework is shown in Figure

2.2.

1. Laboratory tools2. Teacher's personality

3. Student opinionScience Results

Figure 2.2: Concept framework: Factors that

influence science results


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(e) Research Objectives and

Questions Your research proposal must clearly

state the research objectives and

questions which you plan to do. The

following are several examples ofresearch objectives to study

cooperative learning:


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The objectives of this research

are:1. To see whether learning using TGT

can improve results in the subject of

Science.

2. To see whether cooperative learningusing TGT can instil love,

compassion, honesty, a rational

attitude and cooperation.


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(f) Research Significance

This part usually talks about the futuresignificance of your research. It shouldalso be able to identify individuals,groups or institutions which may benefit

from this research. For instance,cooperative learning may be usefulspecifically for science teachers, andteachers of other subjects in general,who may be looking for new ways toinstil certain values. It could also beuseful for headmasters who wish toknow how cooperative learning can beused in their schools.


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(g) Research Limitations

Here the limitations of your researchare stated, i.e. how far your findings

can be used in other contexts. For

example, if your cooperative teachingresearch (TGT) involves the instilling

of certain values in 12 government

schools in Selangor, then it is possiblethe findings may be applied only to

schools in that state, rather than

nationwide.


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(h) Explanation of

Terminology Most, but not all, theories on research

proposals contain parts that define importantterminology used, especially technologicalones. For instance, in the research "The

Inculcation of Values Using CooperativeLearning in Science" the terminology definedincluded: cooperative learning, TGT, science,achievements/results and values. Theseterminologies needed to be defined in thecontext of this research, which can be writtenin conceptual or operational form. Anoperational definition is one on variables inmeasurable form, especially in quantitative

research. For instance:


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(i) Summary

This is a short paragraph that statesthe purposes for the research and a

summary of what has been written.


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Chapter 2: Literature Review

a) Introduction

b) Related Literature

c) Related Research

d) Summary


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(a) Introduction

In this section, you will state thepurpose of your research with a small

topic on "Related Literature" and

"Related Research" which will befurther explained in the later pages.


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(b) Related Literature

You need to give a rough sketch of allliterature related to your research.

This includes theories and principles

in your research topic.

For example:

Methods of teaching thinking skills forquadratic functions and similarities.


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In researching this topic, the relatedliterature would be about:

Thinking skills;

The approaches taken in teachingthinking skills; and

Teaching strategies.


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(c) Related Research

In this section, you will focus onprevious researches carried out both

locally and abroad, connected to the

research question you have chosen.You must summarise each research

and explain its findings. Then, state

your views on the similarities anddifferences between those studies.


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(d) Summary

Based on the literature review youhave done, write a critical account of

previous studies as well as their

significance to your research.


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Chapter 3: Research

Methodology

a) Introduction

b) Research Design

c) Populations and Samples


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(a) Introduction

Here the purpose for your research isonce again stated. You must inform

the reader that this chapter will contain

several sub-topics including researchdesign, research population and

samples, research tools, data

collection methods and data analysismethods.


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(b) Research Design

Here you need to state the type ofresearch you will be conducting, whether

it will apply quantitative or qualitative

methods, and justify your choice. Youmust also explain the design of your

research. For instance, if it is an

experimental- research, you may use the

pre-test-post-test-equivalent groupdesign. If you are conducting research in

the form of a survey, it may use the

cross-sectional or longitudinal designs


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(c) Populations and

Samples In this section, you will state the

population covered in your research

and the techniques in choosing

respondents from it. The size andlocation of the population, as well as

its samples need to be explained

clearly.


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(d) Research Tools

Research tools are used to measure thevariables of your research. For instance, aweighing instrument is used to measureweight and a measuring tape for the length of

a classroom. In an educational research, youneed tools to measure student achievement,manipulative skills or attitude. You need tostate the research tools which may compriseof various tools such as questionnaire forms,observation forms, interview forms,behavioural measurement scales and varioustypes of tests (achievement tests, thinkingskills, physical activeness and attitude).


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Data Collection Technique

You should state who will be collectingthe data, how it will be collected and

when, plus whether you will be collecting

the data yourself or ask someone else(for instance, the class teacher) to collect

it. The main technique in getting data

includes giving tests to the respondents

and asking them to fill up a survey form.Other techniques include recorded

interviews and using video equipment to

do observations.


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(ii) Data Analysis Methods

This is what you will be using to analyse your researchdata. Data analysis begins with the form of researchyou will be conducting: Is it in descriptive or inferentialform? State the most suitable types of statisticalanalysis to analyse the type of research data. If you areusing a statistics software package, do not forget to

state this in your research proposal. If you are using aquestionnaire form, what descriptive statistics will yoube using? If it is a qualitative research how will youprocess the interview report and your observation of thedata? The purpose of this section is to explain step-by-step how the data you have collected will be processed

and analysed to get an inference and researchoutcome. Data needs to be analysed to get answers tothe research questions and test the hypotheses


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(iii) Summary

In this segment, you will be giving ashort summary on all the subtopics

that you had written previously,

including research questions, samplesand designs, as well as data tools and

analyses.


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Format Penulisan

Besides the contents given in Table 2.1, the format for writing a research proposal is asfollows:

Topik Tesis/Thesis Title

Pengesahan/Declaration

Abstrak/Abstract (in Bahasa Melayu or English) Jadual Kandungan/Table of Contents

Senarai Jadual/List of Tables

Senarai Rajah/List of Figures


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Bab 1: Masalah Kajian/Chapter

1: Research Problem

1.1 Pengenalan/Introduction1.2 Pernyataan Masalah/Statement of theProblems

1.3 Kerangka Konsep/Conceptual Framework

1.4 Matlamat Kajian/Aim of the Research

1.5 Kepentingan Kajian/Significance of theResearch

1.6 Batasan Kajian/Limitations of theResearch

1.7 Definisi Istilah/Definition of Terms

1.8 Ringkasan/Summary


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Bab 2: Tinjauan Literatur/Chapter

2: Literature Review

2.1 Pengenalan/Introduction

2.2 Literatur Berkaitan/Related

Literature

2.3 Kajian Berkaitan/Related

Research



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Bab 3: Kaedah Kajian/Chapter 3:

Research Methodology

3.1 Pengenalan/Introduction3.2 Reka Bentuk Kajian/Research Design

3.3 Populasi dan Sampel/Population andSample

3.4 Alat-alat Kajian/Research Intruments3.4.1 Pembangunan Alat-alatKajian/Development of Research Instruments

3.4.2 Variabel Kajian/Research Variables

3.5 Tatacara Pengutipan Data/Data CollectionProcedure

3.6 Tatacara Penganalisisan Data/DataAnalysis Procedure



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