osha notes(atiya)

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BFC43501: OSHA

OSHA-HAZARD

INSIDEN

[1] DEFINISION:

Insiden ialah Satu yang tidak dijangka atau

peristiwa yang tidak terancang disebabkan oleh

punca-punca tertentu yang mana

mengakibatkan:

bahaya fizikal (kecederaan, keuzuran atau penyakit) kepada individu

Kerosakan kepada harta kerugian gabungan kesemuanya

[2] TYPES:

Minor Incident

luka Major Incident

menyebabkan kecederaan atau kerosakan kepada peralatan atau harta

jatuh tangga, Tumpahan bahan kimia berbahaya

Long Term

Kehilangan pendengaran, penyakit akibat daripada pendedahan kepada bahan kimia

Near miss

Satu kejadian yang tidak menyebabkan kecederaan atau kerosakan kepada harta

tetapi mempunyai potensi untuk ke arah itu

Berkongsi punca yang sama seperti kemalangan. Ia hanya kerana peluang

bahawa tiada bahaya atau kerosakan yang

berlaku

Memerlukan perhatian yang sama seperti kemalangan

HAZARD KIMIA

[1] ASBESTOS

a. Ciri-ciri Khusus

Asbestos - merupakan nama generik bagi sebatian magnesium silikat yang terhasil

secara semulajadi

2 kumpulan: serpentin (Krisotil) dan amfibol (Amosit dan Krosidolit)

Tahan haba

Mempunyai daya ketegangan dan fleksibiliti yang tinggi

Penebat yang baik

b. Jenis-jenis Asbestos

Krisotil

Krosidolit

Amosit

c. Cara Pendedahan

Penyedutan (Inhalation) gentian: jenis, saiz, dos jangkamasa pendedahan tindak-balas biologi sistem pernafasan

Pengingesan

(Ingestion - minor)

d. Perundangan Berkaitan

Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Proses Asbestos) 1986

Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan

Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia

Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000

e. Kegunaan Asbestos

Bahan pembinaan

Bahan geseran (brek kereta)

Bahan penebat

Paip air

f. Pekerjaan Berisiko

Pekerja kilang pembuatan barangan asbestos

Pekerja yang terlibat dengan penggunaan asbestos - pembuatan kapal, loji minyak,

pembinaan dan sebagainya

g. Kesan Kesihatan

Asbestosis

Kanser paru-paru

Mesotelioma (Kaser lapisan paru-paru)

Paru-paru berair

Barah - gaster, ginjal

h. Langkah Kawalan

pengharaman krosidolit

Proses dan amalan kerja

Kawalan kejuruteraan

Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE)

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BFC43501: OSHA

i. Pengawasan Kesihatan

Pemantauan pendedahan (Exposure Monitoring)

Pemeriksaan perubatan (Doktor Kesihatan Pekerjaan)

- Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan, merokok)

- Pemeriksaan klinikal

- X-ray dada

- Ujian fungsi paru-paru

Perlindungan Pemindahan Perubatan (Medical Removal Protection)

[2] HABUK GALIAN (MINERAL DUST)

a. Ciri-ciri Khusus

Habuk galian silika, arang batu, kaolin, kuarza dan

lain-lain

Silika (silikon dioksida) Bentuk bebas : kuarza, kristobalit,

tridimit

Sebatian (silikat): asbestos, kaolin

b. Cara Pendedahan

Penyedutan (Inhalation) jenis habuk galian saiz habuk galian jangkamasa pendedahan intensiti habuk galian di zon pernafasan

c. Pekerjaan Berisiko

Perlombongan

Kuari

Kerja melibatkan batu-batan mengandungi silika

Kerja melebur (penyediaan pasir dan pembagasan pasir (sand blasting)

d. Perundangan Berkaitan

Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Habuk Galian) 1989




e. Kesan Kesihatan

Pneumokoniosis Fibrosis paru-paru disebabkan oleh

inhalasi habuk galian

Barah paru-paru

Kegagalan paru-paru

Risiko penyakit batuk kering

f. Langkah Kawalan

Penghapusan / Penggantian

Kawalan kejuruteraan: semburan air, pengalihudaraan ekzos setempat (LEV)

Kawalan pentadbiran: tatacara kerja, kebersihan, higien, bilik penyalinan, almari,

tanda amaran

Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE) respirator, pakaian jenis yang betul, bersesuaian,

disenggara dengan baik, dibersihkan

g. Pengawasan Kesihatan


Pemeriksaan perubatan (oleh Doktor Kesihatan Pekerjaan)

Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan, merokok) Pemeriksaan klinikal X-ray dada Ujian fungsi paru-paru

Ujian tapisan batuk kering Perlindungan Pemindahan Perubatan

(Medical Removal Protection)

[3] TIMAH HITAM (LEAD)

a. Ciri-ciri Khusus

Dua jenis Plumbum bukan organik - digunakan

sebagai bahan logam, aloi dan campuran

bahan kimia

Plumbum organik - digunakan sebagai bahan aditif minyak untuk pembakaran

dalaman

b. Cara Pendedahan

Penyedutan (Inhalation) saiz partikel, dos partikel jangkamasa dan frekuensi pendedahan

Pengingesan / penyerapan (Ingestion) kurang kebersihan diri dan tatacara kerja

yang tidak cermat

merokok ketika bekerja

c. Perundangan Berkaitan

Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Timah Hitam) 1984




d. Pekerjaan Berisiko

Kilang bateri kereta

Plastik PVC (Pb - `stabilizer)

Cat dan percetakan (Pb - pigmen)

Pembuatan kaca

Aloi plumbum (lapisan paip dan kabel)

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BFC43501: OSHA

e. Kesan Kesihatan

Anemia

Sistem reproduksi - mandul, keguguran

Kegagalan ginjal

Darah tinggi

Sistem saraf - perubahan tingkahlaku, neuropati

f. Langkah Kawalan


Kawalan kejuruteraan

Kawalan pentadbiran Maklumat, arahan, dan latihan Kemudahan bilik salinan, membasuh/

dobi , dan pembersihan diri

Tempat makan, minum dan merokok diasingkan

Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE) Semburan air; vakum dan lain-lain Respirator, pakaian Jenis yang betul, bersesuaian, disenggara

dengan baik dan dibersihkan



Pemeriksaan perubatan (Oleh Doktor Kesihatan Pekerjaan)

Sejarah (pekerjaan, perubatan) Pemeriksaan klinikal: anemia, darah

tinggi,

sistem saraf Hemoglobin, fungsi ginjal Ujian darah plumbum

Perlidungan pemindahan perubatan (Medical Removal Protection)

[4] PELARUT ORGANIK

a. Ciri-ciri Khusus

Pelarut organik adalah bahan kimia dalam bentuk cecair yang mempunyai keupayaan

melarutkan bahan organik yang tidak larut

air.

Pelarut organik bersifat larut lemak, mudah meruap dan mudah meletup di dalam suhu

bilik.

b. Cara Pendedahan

Pendedahan biasanya berlaku secara kontak kepada kulit (absorption) dan penyedutan

(inhalation).

Ia masuk ke dalam badan melalui penyerapan kulit dan penyedutan wasap

(fume) pelarut organik.






Pelarut organik digunakan dengan meluas di industri.

Ia digunakan di dalam cat, dakwat, aktiviti pembersihan minyak di mesin dan juga

pembersihan gam di barangan perabut.

Ia turut digunakan untuk aktiviti percetakan.

e. Kesan Kesihatan

Keradangan pada mata, hidung, tekak dan paru-paru.

Dermatitis.

Kesan narkosis kepada otak (pening kepala, loya, mengantuk, berasa lemah dan tidak

sedarkan diri)

Sebahagian pelarut organik adalah toksik kepada sum-sum tulang, hati, ginjal dan

sistem saraf.

Benzena boleh menyebabkan barah sistem darah iaitu leukemia.

f. Langkah Kawalan


Kawalan kejuruteraan Semburan air; vakum dan lain-lain

Kawalan pentadbiran Maklumat, arahan, dan latihan Kemudahan bilik salinan,

membasuh/dobi , dan pembersihan diri

Tempat makan, minum dan merokok diasingkan

Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE) Respirator, pakaian Jenis yang betul, bersesuaian, disenggara

dengan baik dan dibersihkan

g. Pengawasan Kesihatan (Health Surveillance)

Pengawasan perubatan yang dilakukan adalah mengikut jenis pelarut organik yang

terdedah.

Setiap pelarut organik memberikan kesan mudarat yang berbeza. Kesan mudarat boleh

diperolehi dari Risalah Data Keselamatan

Kimia (CSDS).

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BFC43501: OSHA

Di antara ujian yang boleh dilakukan ialah: Soal selidik pelarut organik Ujian khusus terhadap organ sasaran

keracunan

seperti ujian darah bagi fungsi hati dan ginjal

Ujian sistem saraf seperti ujian kelajuan saraf,

ujian tingkahlaku neuro dan sebagainya. Ujian air kencing atau darah bagi pelarut

organik

yang terdedah.

[5] RACUN MAKHLUK PEROSAK

a. Ialah sebarang sebatian atau campuran yang

digunakan untuk mencegah, memusnahkan,

menjauhkan sebarang makhluk perosak.

b. Pendedahan

Petani

Pekerja Kilang

Pekerja Kesihatan dan Penyelidik

Orang Awam

c. Bagaimana Racun Makhluk Perosak

Memasuki Tubuh

Melalui:

Pengingesan (Ingestion)

Penyedutan (Inhalation)

Penyerapan Kulit (Skin Absorption)

d. Pengelasan Racun Perosak

Pengelasan Mengikut Kegunaannya Racun serangga Racun rumpai Racun tikus

e. Pengelasan Mengikut Ketoksikannya

Kelas 1a Tahap ketoksikan sangat tinggi dan berbahaya-hitam

Kelas 1b Tahap ketoksikan yang tinggi-merah

Kelas 2 Tahap ketoksikan yang sederhana-kuning

Kelas 3 Tahap ketoksikan yang rendah-biru

Kelas 4 Tahap ketoksikan yang sangat rendah-putih

f. Tanda-tanda Keracunan

Kesan Jangka Pendek Tanda Umum Kulit dan Kuku Mata Mulut, Perut dan Usus Sistem Pernafasan Sistem Saraf Pusat Lain-Lain

Kesan Jangka Panjang Alahan pada kulit dan kerosakan kuku Barah Kemandulan

h. Langkah Pencegahan

Sebelum Menggunakan Racun Makhluk Perosak

PPE yang sesuai Baca dan patuhi arahan di label Bancuh racun mengikut sukatan yang

ditetapkan

Pilih alat sembur yang bersesuaian dengan racun yang digunakan

PPE dan peralatan semburan dalam keadaan yang baik

Semasa Menggunakan Racun Makhluk Perosak

Jangan merokok, makan atau minum semasa menyembur racun

Jangan meracun ke arah yang bertentangan dengan arah tiupan angin

Pastikan tiada orang menghampiri ketika meracun

Alat penyembur yang tersumbat jangan ditiup

Selepas Menggunakan Racun Makhluk Perosak

Peralatan meracun, pakaian, PPE yang digunakan hendaklah dibasuh dan

disimpan di tempat yang selamat

Segera mandi dengan menggunakan air dan sabun yang banyak

Rekodkan segala penggunaan racun dalam buku yang khas

Bekas racun yang digunakan hendaklah dibuang di tempat yang betul

Pengguna racun perosak hendaklah mengetahui kaedah rawatan kecemasan

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BFC43501: OSHA

HAZARD BIOLOGI

[1] Pengenalpastian agen-agen biologi yang

menyebabkan penyakit Legionnaire,

Hepatitis B dan HIV

[2] Industri-industri seperti pertanian, penjagaan

kesihatan, bioteknologi, penyelidikan dan

makmal klinikal

[3] Agen Biologi

Meliputi organisma hidup seperti virus dan bakteria yang berkeupayaan

mengeluarkan bahan toksik dan

menyebabkan penyakit

[4] Agen Etiologi

Agen yang menyebabkan kejadian penyakit

[5] Infeksi

Serangan organisma pathogenik yang samada menyebabkan penyakit atau

tidak

[6] Bio-Keselamatan

Satu bidang sains yang mengekalkan ketidaksambungan rantaian jangkitan

[7] Agen

Entiti fizikal, radiologi, kimia ataupun biologi yang boleh menyebabkan kesan

akibat pendedahan

[8] Hos

Perumah di mana agen tinggal [9] Persekitaran

Terdiri daripada benda hidup dan bukan hidup (meliputi biosfera, atmosfera,

litosfera, hidrosfera)

[10] Interaksi Agen, Hos dan Persekitaran

Agen o Vektor, pembawa o Penggantian pathogen o Kerentanan antibiotik o Faktor virulen o Faktor jangkitan o Faktor kematian

Hos o Status kesihatan o Sistem pengurusan o Latihan o Pengawasan o Kesihatan o Penggunaan PPE o Persepsi o Takungan

Persekitaran o Kepadatan penduduk o Sokongan kemudahan o perubatan o Iklim (angin, suhu, indeks o uv) o Sosial, politik dan etika o Rekabentuk kemudahan

[11] Faktor-Faktor Kejadian Penyakit

Agen pathogenik (eg: living microorganism such as a bacterium

Kehadiran takungan (reservoir)

Agen berupaya meninggalkan takungan

Keupayaan agen bergerak di persekitaran

Terdapat kemasukan pada hos baru

Hos bersifat rentan (susceptible)

[12] Ciri-Ciri Agen Biologi

Tiada nilai ambang pendedahan Terdapat di mana-mana dalam persekitaran Dipengaruhi oleh persaingan biologi

[13] Keselamatan Bekerja Dengan Agen Biologi

Pengurusan Program Keselamatan-Bio Kawalan Pentadbiran Pengurungan Fizikal Disinfeksi dan Sterilisasi Kemalangan dan Perancangan Kecemasan Pengangkutan Agen Biologi

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BFC43501: OSHA

Komunikasi Risiko Biologi

[14] Klasifikasi Kabinet Keselamatan Biologi

Potensi

Bio-

Hazard

Diskripsi

Agen Contoh Kawalan

Tahap i

Tidak

diketahui

boleh

menyebabkan

penyakit

Bacillus

subtilis

Amalan

mikrobiologi

biasa

Tahap ii

Boleh

menyebabkan

penyakit

kepada

manusia

Salmonella

Hepatitis

Label

biohazard

Autoclave

Tahap iii Agen adalah

endogenius

HIV

TB

Rekabentuk

khas

LEV khas

Tahap iv Agen adalah

merbahaya Ebola

Rekabentuk

khas

HAZARD FIZIKAL

[1] BISING

a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus

Bunyi Perubahan tekanan di udara, air dan dalam media tertentu yang dapat dikesan

oleh telinga manusia

Bising Sebarang bunyi yang tidak dikehendaki

Komponen bunyi Frekuensi- satu hertz ialah satu kitaran

gelombang dalam satu saat

Amplitud = kekuatan bunyi = Intensiti bunyi

Jenis bunyi

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BFC43501: OSHA

b. Perundangan Berkaitan

Peraturan-Peraturan (Pendedahan bising) Kilang dan Jentera 1989: Kandungan utama

Had pendedahan kebisingan yang dibenarkan

Pemantauan pendedahan bunyi Kaedah pematuhan secara kejuruteraan,

pentadbiran dll

Ujian audiometri Kelengkapan pelindung pendengaran Maklumat, arahan dan latihan Pengekalan rekod oleh majikan

Had pendedahan yang dibenarkan Paras bertindak (AL) - 85dB(A) Had pendedahan yang dibenarkan

(PEL)

i. Bunyi berterusan-Untuk 8 jam: 90 dB(A) dan Had siling: 115

dB(A)

ii. Bunyi impuls- Had siling : 140 dB (A)


Aktiviti kuari

Aktiviti perlombongan

Industri tekstil

Aktiviti pembinaan

Aktiviti pertukangan Pembuatan kereta dan sebagainya

d. Kesan Kesihatan

Emosi terganggu dan cepat marah

Masalah komunikasi

Hilang pendengaran dan kecacatan pendengaran

1. Jenis konduksi

i. Pecah gegendang telinga ii. Anjakan tulang osikel di telinga

tengah

2. Jenis sensori-neural

i. Kerosakan sel rerambut telinga dalam Melibatkan kedua-dua telinga

ii. Kepekakan kepada frekuensi yang tinggi

Tinitus

Tekanan psikologi

Peningkatan tekanan darah

e. Langkah Kawalan

Pengurungan proses bising

Minimakan pendedahan o kawalan kejuruteraan o pengubahsuaian proses kerja o kelengkapan pelindungan diri

Kaedah pentadbiran dan amalan kerja selamat

f. Pengawasan Kesihatan

Pemantauan pendedahan Oleh orang yang kompeten

Pemeriksaan kesihatan Sejarah: pekerjaan, hobi, perubatan Pemeriksaan telinga

Ujian audiometri -Setahun sekali :

i. Pendedahan bising = > PEL ii. Ujian audiometri asas

menunjukkan kecacatan

pendengaran

iii. Ujian audiometri tahunan Anjakan Ambang

-Standard Sekali setiap dua tahun

i. Pendedahan : 85 - 90 dB (A)

[2] SNARAN

a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus

Pergerakan kuantum tenaga dalam bentuk partikel ataupun sinaran elektromagnet di

mana tenaga tersebut boleh dipindahkan

kepada media yang dilaluinya dan boleh

menyebabkan media yang menyerap tenaga

tersebut mengalami perubahan

Kesan pemindahan tenaga o Pengionan (ionisation) o Pengujaan (Excitation)

Jenis sinaran: ter-ion dan tidak ter-ion

b. Sumber Radiasi

Sinaran ter-ion 1. Semulajadi

Sinaran kosmik, foton, neutron, zarah alfa (), beta ()

Sinaran gamma (dari batu-batan dan tanah)

Radon 2. Buatan (artificial)

Prosedur perubatan (ujian radiologi) Ujian tenaga nuklear Sisa buangan radioaktif

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BFC43501: OSHA

Sinaran tidak ter-ion Ultraviolet (contoh: kerja pengimpalan) Cahaya nampak (Visible ray) Laser Infra-merah (Infra-red) (contoh: pekerja

dalam pembuatan besi)

Gelombang mikro (microwaves) Gelombang radio (radiowaves)


Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom 1984

Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom 1984 - Peraturan Perlindungan Sinaran (Perlesenan)

1986

Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom 1984 - Peraturan Perlidungan Sinaran (Asas

Standard Keselamatan) 1988

d. Jenis Pendedahan

Pekerjaan Aktiviti pengimpalan, pembuatan besi,

peleburan, pekerja ujian diagnostik

radiologi, percetakan, komunikasi,

tentera

Perubatan Pesakit: tujuan penyiasatan dan rawatan

penyakit

Komuniti Daripada sumber semulajadi

e. Kesan Kesihatan

Sinaran Ter-Ion Barah Mutagenesis Sindrom sistem saraf pusat Sindrom gastro-usus Kerosakan kanta mata

Kulit terbakar Kehilangan rambut Ketidaksuburan Kerencatan mental dan tumbesaran

kepada kanak-kanak dan kecacatan

anggota

Sinaran Tidak Ter-Ion Kerosakan mata (pengimpal) Kemusnahan kulit (UV and infra-red) Kulit terbakar (laser) Kesan panas (gelombang mikro)

f. Langkah Kawalan

Tiga prinsip asas Justifikasi

o Sebarang kegunaan tidak dibenarkan melainkan ia benar-benar perlu

Perlindungan yang optima o Konsep ALARA (As Low As

Reasonably Achievable), masa,

jarak, perlindungan (shielding)

Had dos (dan risiko) o Tidak melebihi dari pendedahan

yang dibenarkan

Program Perlindungan Sinaran .Penilaian risiko terhadap peralatan baru Pengurangan pendedahan yang optima:

masa, jarak, perlindungan (shielding) pengurungan, pengasingan, kawalan

kejuruteraan

Memantau kadar dos radiasi Prosedur Operasi Standard yang bertulis Latihan juru X-ray, pegawai

perlindungan sinaran

Penyengaraan dan pemerhatian Audit keselamatan sinaran Pelan kecemasan

Komunikasi risiko


Pemantauan pendedahan individu (contoh: film badge) tempat kerja (contoh: ionizing chamber)

Pemeriksaan kesihatan Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan) Pemeriksaan klinikal Perlindungan pemindahan perubatan

[3] GETARAN

a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus

Getaran - ia merujuk kepada pergerakan objek pepejal (solid) di mana amplitud dan

frekuensi yang dihasilkan mendatangkan

mudarat kepada orang yang terdedah

kepadanya.

Organ manusia mempunyai frekuensi yang tersendiri. Apabila badan manusia

mempunyai kontak dengan getaran; dan

frekuensi getaran itu bersamaan dengan

frekuensi sesuatu organ, maka organ itu

akan turut bergetar.

Jenis getaran Getaran keseluruhan badan (Whole-

body vibration-WBV)- Getaran biasanya

dipindahkan ke badan melalui punggung

atau kaki

Getaran tangan-lengan (Hand-arm vibration - HAV)-Getaran dipindahkan

melalui tangan akibat penggunan

peralatan yang bergetar. Faktor risiko:

tenaga genggaman, tenaga menolak,

lama masa dan frekuensi penggunaan

alat, kedudukan postur, suhu

persekitaran.

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BFC43501: OSHA

b. Pekerjaan Berisiko

Getaran keseluruhan badan (Whole-body vibration) - Pekerja kapal, pemandu lori, bas dan traktor

Getaran tangan-lengan (Hand-arm vibration) - Pekerja yang menggunakan peralatan

bergetar dengan tangan contoh: alat

pengisar, gergaji, alat gerudi


AKKP 1994 (umum) Tujuan: Untuk menggalakkan suatu persekitaran pekerjaan

bagi orang-orang yang sedang berkerja yang

disesuaikan dengan keperluan fizikal dan

psikologi mereka

d. Kesan Kesihatan

Getaran keseluruhan badan (Whole-body vibration)

Mata kabur Loya, muntah, pening, sakit belakang Boleh menyebabkan kerosakan paru-

paru dan kegagalan jantung

Getaran Tangan-Lengan (Hand-Arm Vibration)

Merosakkan aliran darah periferi, saraf periferi dan sistem muskuloskeletal

Sindrom getaran tangan-lengan (hand-arm vibration syndrome): jari kelihatan

pucat; rasa kebas dan sakit

Carpal tunnel syndrome

e. Langkah Kawalan

Penaksiran risiko sebelum membeli peralatan bergetar

Penghapusan hazard : peralatan automatik atau menggunakan robot

Penggantian : alat kurang getaran / anti-getaran

Pengurangan pendedahan getaran- Kurangkan masa berkerja dengan alat

bergetar

Latihan, maklumat dan arahan

Penyenggaran perlatan secara berkala

f. Pengawasan Kesihatan

Pemantauan pendedahan Pengukuran magnitud getaran (contoh:

accelerometer)

Pemeriksaan perubatan Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan,

pendedahan getaran )

Pengredan gejala kesan vaskular dan sensorineural

Penilaian objektif o Contoh: ujian provokosi kesejukan,

kekuatan genggaman, ujian ambang

vibrotaktil

[4] TEKANAN

a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus

Laut dan tempat tinggi adalah persekitaran yang tidak sesuai untuk manusia.

Kebanyakan masalah perubatan berkaitan aktiviti penyelaman dan pendakian tempat

tinggi berpunca dari tekanan.

Pada paras laut tekanan = 1 atm

Setiap 10 meter kedalaman tekanan meningkat 1 atm

Pada 20 meter kedalaman tekanan = 3 atm

Di tempat tinggi; peningkatan tekanan adalah tidak berkadar langsung dengan

ketinggian.

Semakin tinggi; semakin kurang tekanan

Teori Boyle: Tekanan berkadar tidak langsung dengan isipadu

Teori Henry: Jumlah gas yang terlarut di dalam cecair adalah berkadar secara

langsung dengan tekanan separa (partial

pressure) gas tersebut (konsep in-gassing

dan out-gassing)

b. Perundangan Berkaitan

AKKP 1994 (umum) Tujuan: Untuk memastikan keselamatan, kesihatan dan

kebajikan orang-orang yang sedang berkerja

terhadap risiko kepada keselamatan atau

kesihatan yang berbangkit daripada aktiviti

orang-orang yang sedang berkerja.


Penyelam

Askar laut

Rekreasi (scuba)

Pemotong balak di bawah air

Pencari mutiara Pendaki gunung Juruterbang

d. Kesan Kesihatan

Barotrauma Kemusnahan tisu organ yang

mengandungi udara akibat perubahan

tekanan persitaran (contoh: telinga

tengah, sinus, paru-paru)

a t i y a 8 9 | 10

BFC43501: OSHA

Gejala Telinga sakit, berdarah Susah bernafas Rasa tercekik Pening, mengantuk Khayal dan pengurangan daya

pemikiran

Sakit sendi, lemah otot, kebas Ruam dan gatal Tidak sedarkan diri Perubahan personaliti Sawan

Penyakit dekompresi (Decompression sickness)-Pembentukan buih (bubble) di

dalam darah dan tisu ketika kembali ke

persekitaran tekanan yang rendah

e. Langkah Kawalan

Latihan, maklumat dan arahan -Latihan keselamatan (termasuk memahami proses

penyakit)

Prosedur Standard Amalan keselamatan Peralatan Pemeriksaan perubatan

Peralatan Kaedah penggunaan yang betul Penyengaraan

f. PENGAWASAN PERUBATAN

Pemilihan pekerja (contoh: penyelam)-Pemeriksaan perubatan sebelum berkerja

Pemeriksaan perubatan berkala Tahunan Pengekalan rekod kecederaan penyelam

Penilaian klinikal Ujian kecergasan Ujian audiometri Ujian fungsi paru-paru Ujian neuro-tingkahlaku

[5] TEGASAN HABA

a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus

Mekanisma homeostatik suhu badan Variasi diurnal : 0.5-1.0 C Suhu rehat asas = 37.2 C; julat fisiologi

perubahan suhu adalah rendah (35-41

C).

Tegasan haba : Pengumpulan haba di dalam badan yang melebihi keupayaan badan

untuk mengeluarkannya.

Faktor menentukan risiko: Ciri pekerja Kerja yang dilakukan Persekitaran

b. FAKTOR RISIKO: CIRI PEKERJA

Umur

Jantina

Obesiti

Ubat-ubatan

Penyakit

Faktor pemakanan


AKKP 1994 (umum) Tujuan: Untuk menggalakkan suatu persekitaran pekerjaan

bagi orang-orang yang sedang berkerja yang

disesuaikan dengan keperluan fizikal dan

psikologi mereka


Kilang besi

Peleburan

Mesin dandang

Pembinaan

Tentera

Ahli sukan professional

e. Kesan Kesihatan

Sistem saraf pusat

Aktiviti otot dan kapasiti kerja

Kawalan peredaran darah

Mekanisma perpeluhan

Perubahan keseimbanagan elektrolit badan

Perubahan endokrin

Ruam panas Kekejangan

Keletihan melampau

a t i y a 8 9 | 11

BFC43501: OSHA

Strok haba- Kerosakan organ

f. Langkah Kawalan

Dasar dan prosedur operasi selamat (SOP)

Langkah kejuruteraan Pengalihudaraan Pengadangan / pengasingan

Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (pakaian dan peralatan)

Latihan dan pendidikan Hazard tegasan haba Gejala dan tanda Prosedur pertolongan cemas Kesan ubat-ubatan Tanggungjawab pekerja

Pengurangan pendedahan Hadkan pendedahan dan waktu bekerja Rehat yang mencukupi, hidrasi dan masa

menyejukkan badan yang mencukupi

Jadualkan waktu bekerja pada masa kurang panas

Mengurangkan aktiviti fizikal

Program aklimatisasi (acclimatization programme)

Amalan buddy system

Bekalan air sejuk mencukupi (10 15oC)- minum : 150 200 mL / 15 20 minit


Pemantauan pendedahan (contoh: Suhu Bebuli Basah Glob (WBGT))

Berkerja mengikut had pendedahan yang dibenarkan

Pemantauan perubatan Mengenalpasti kumpulan berisiko -

obesiti

Sejarah (pekerjaan, perubatan) penyakit kulit, ubat-ubatan, sejarah dehidrasi,

strok haba, obesiti

Pemeriksaan klinikal Perlindungan pemindahan perubatan Rekod

OSHA HIRARC

[1] Purpose of HIRARC

To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the hazards);

To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the circumstances

of a particular case and the possible severity that

could come from it (the risks); and

To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure that the

risks are adequately controlled at all times.

[2] Planning of HIRARC Activities

For situation where hazard appear to pose significant

threat;

Uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and

Before implementing corrective or preventive measures.

By organization intending to continuously improve OSH Management System.

It should be the duty of the employer to assign trained personnel to lead a team of employees

associated with one particular process or activity

to conduct HIRARC.

[3] Process of HIRARC

Classify work activities;

Identify hazard;

Conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from each hazard), by calculating or

estimating - likelihood of occurrence, and

severity of hazard

Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary).

a t i y a 8 9 | 12

BFC43501: OSHA

[4] Classify work activities

geographical or physical areas within/outside premises;

stages in production/service process;

not too big e.g. building a car;

not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or

Defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the door.

[5] Hazard identification

The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the critical operations of tasks, that is,

those tasks posing significant risks to the health

and safety of employees as well as highlighting

those hazards pertaining to certain equipment

due to energy sources, working conditions or

activities performed. Hazards can be divided

into three main groups, health hazards, safety

hazards, and environmental hazards.

[6] Analyze and estimate risk

Risk is the determination of likelihood and severity of the credible accident/event sequences

in order to determine magnitude and to priorities

identified hazards. It can be done by qualitative,

quantitative or semi quantitative method.

A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the magnitude of potential severity and the

likelihood that those severities will occur.

Likelihood of an occurrence

Severity of hazard

[7] Risk assessment

Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to make

decision on risk control.

For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method, presenting result

in a risk matrix is a very effective way of

communicating the distribution of the risk

throughout a plant and area in a workplace.

[8] Control

Control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a manner such that the hazard does not

pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an

area or work on equipment in the course of

scheduled work. Hazards should be controlled at

their source (where the problem is created).

Types of Control Engineering control

Redesign Isolation Automation Barriers Dilution

Administrative controls Safe work procedures Supervision and Job rotations and other procedures can

reduce the time that workers are

exposed to a hazard.

Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs

Hygiene Personal protective equipment

Workers must be trained to use and maintain equipment properly.

The employer and workers must understand the limitations of the

personal protective equipment.

The employer is expected to require workers to use their equipment

whenever it is needed.

Care must be taken to ensure that equipment is working properly.

[9] Monitoring controls

is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?

are all new hazards being identified?

are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?

are accident reports being analyzed?

are any other measures required?

a t i y a 8 9 | 13

BFC43501: OSHA

OSHA-HIRARC EXAMPLE

Activity List Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control.

Chemical

Transferred

Explosion could happen

Chemical discharge

Chemical spilled

Death

Serious injury

Property damages

Transfer the chemical in a

suitable place / equipment

Smoking Cigarette butt could drop


Chemical suction

Death

Skin disease

Pneumonia

Put No smoking signboard

Public

walkways

Chemical emissions to public

Chemical could spilled

Death

Skin disease

Pneumonia

Close the walkways to

public temporary

Carry Chemical could spilled

Chemical could drop


Skin disease

Serious injury

Death and property

damages

Carry with suitable tools

Temporary

storage

Explosion could happen Death Put in close storage

Animal nearby Could harm the animal

Chemical could spread through

animal

Death and spread to

another place

No animal allowed

Chemical

laboratory not

suitable at urban

area

Chemical pollution Death

Diseases

Relocated laboratory

a t i y a 8 9 | 14

BFC43501: OSHA

OSHA-ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

CONTENT ANALYSIS FORM

Course Name : Occupational Safety and Health

Course Code : BFC 4111

Pre-requisite : nil

Goal/s : This course is to provide knowledge in occupational safety and health in

construction industry

Total Lessons : Five

Title Topic Risk Assessment

Lesson Breakdown

Lesson Sub Topic Learning Area Learning Outcome/s

1

Hierarchy of

Risk Control

Elimination

Substitution

Isolation

Engineering Control

Administrative Control

Personal Protective

Equipment

Ideal solution.

Most effective strategy and

should always be attempted

first.

May mean discontinuing

dangerous work practices or

removing dangerous

substances/equipment.

e.g., using machine to do repetitive manual

activity, discontinuing a noisy

machine/process or completely removing

asbestos from workplace.

Upon completion of this sub-topic, the

student will be able to:

determine the best method of dealing with a

hazard is to eliminate it.

Once the hazard has been eliminated the

potential for harm has gone.

2 Substitution

Replacing the hazard with

one that presents lower (and

more manageable) risk.

e.g., replacing glass with plastic, using a less

hazardous chemical or vacuuming rather

than sweeping.

This involves substituting a dangerous

process or substance with one that is not as

dangerous.

This may not be as satisfactory as

elimination as there may still be a risk (even

if it is reduced).

a t i y a 8 9 | 15

BFC43501: OSHA

3 Isolation

Isolating or separating the

hazard from the person, or the

person from the hazard.

e.g., enclosing or guarding dangerous

equipment, placing barriers around a spill

until cleaned up, or using remote-controlled

handling equipment for hazardous processes.

Separate or isolate the hazard from people.

This method has its problems in that the

hazard has not been removed.

The guard or separation device is always at

risk of being removed or circumvented.

4

Engineering

Control

Requires thinking about ways

work could be done

differently to make work

safer, such as rearranging

aspects of workplace,

modifying equipment,

combining tasks, changing

procedures to eliminate

hazardous steps, changing

sequence of tasks in job

and/or reducing frequency of

performing dangerous task.

e.g., using a trolley to move heavy loads,

placing guards on moving parts of

machinery, controlling chemicals through

ventilation, or modifying exhaust systems to

reduce noise.

design, isolation at source, barricade,

guarding,

5

Administrative

Control

Reduction of exposure to risk

through use of procedures or

instruction

e.g., job rotation to reduce exposure;

instruction and training in safe work

procedures; or limited entry/time in

hazardous areas.

Administrative solutions usually involve

modification

of the likelihood of an accident happening.

This can be

done by reducing the number of people

exposed to the

danger reducing the amount of time exposed

and providing

training to those people who are exposed to

the hazard.

6 PPE

Worn by people as final

barrier between themselves

and the hazard.

Success dependent on PPE

being chosen correctly; worn;

worn correctly; used

correctly; and maintained in

good condition.

Often more expensive in long

term when costs of

maintenance, supervision and

(potentially more)

injuries/diseases taken into

account.

e.g., ear muffs and ear plugs; respirators;

goggles; masks; hard hats.

Provision of personal protective equipment

should only be

considered when all other control methods

are impractical,

or to increase control when used with

another method higher

up in the Hierarchy of Control.

a t i y a 8 9 | 16

BFC43501: OSHA

Prepared by: Verify by: Approved by:

Name: Name: Name:

Position: Position: Position:

Date: Date: Date:

a t i y a 8 9 | 17

BFC43501: OSHA

Incident Investigation Form (SU-17B)

Injury

Incident

Both injury and incident

Close call / near hit

The SLAC supervisor / UTR / POC of the area where the event occurred must complete this form and submit it within 3 business

days as indicated below. Be as specific as possible and include drawings, photos, additional narrative, as needed.

PNR #

Injury incidents: Ensure that the injured party goes to SLAC Medical to

complete an Employee First Report of Injury Form SU-17A within 24 hours

of the incident. If the injured party is a non-employee, the supervisor / UTR

/ POC completes the SU-17A if the non-employee does not. Submit this

completed form to the SLAC workers compensation administrator, Human

Resources Department, Mailstop 11.

For additional information, see http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/hr/wc/.

Non-injury incidents: Send original to the ES&H incident investigation

program manager, ES&H Division, Mailstop 84. (For additional information,

see the ES&H Manual, Chapter 28, Incident Investigation: http://www-

group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/general/incident/policies.htm )

Non-injury accident involving a government-owned vehicle: report

directly to SLAC Site Security (ext. 5555) and do not complete this form.

SUPERVISOR CONTACT INFORMATION

Supervisor / investigator / UTR / POC name:

Title: Directorate / dept: Ext: Mailstop:

Date of incident: (mo/day/yr) Time of incident:

a.m.

p.m.

Time of first knowledge of incident::

Date of report:

Subcontractor involved? If yes, name and contact information..

INJURED PARTY

If no injury, check

box and skip this

section.

No injury

Injured partys name: Injured partys contact information:

Injury description:

WITNESSES AND/OR WITNESS STATEMENT

Witnesses (name and contact information)

Witness statement attached? Yes

No

PROPERTY DAMAGE

List property / material damaged (use control numbers if available):

Nature of damage:

a t i y a 8 9 | 18

BFC43501: OSHA

Object / substance inflicting damage:

Approximate cost:

THE INCIDENT

Required analysis type (to be determined by incident investigation program manager)

Root cause analysis Apparent cause

Describe what happened.

Investigate scene of incident or conditions. Describe who was involved, when and where the incident happened, what happened, and how.

(In addition, check events and substandard conditions boxes on next page.)

Why did it happen?

What actually caused the illness, injury, or incident?

List immediate actions taken and results.

What should be done to prevent a recurrence?

Use descriptive constructive statements (such as: worker should wear safety glasses; worker needs training in lifting techniques; a ladder should have

been used.

a t i y a 8 9 | 19

BFC43501: OSHA

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS TRACKING SYSTEM ITEMS

List action(s) that have or will be taken to prevent a recurrence. By whom Scheduled date Actual end date

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION (JHAM) REVIEW

Is there a JHAM or non-routine JHAM that applies to the task being performed when the injury or incident occurred?

If yes, review the JHAM, answer the following questions, and attach a copy to this report.

If no, please explain why the JHAM did not include the task.

Were hazards sufficiently identified? If not, please explain.

Were identified controls adequate and implemented? If not, please explain.

Were the identified controls not implemented? If not, please explain. No

AREA HAZARD ANALYSIS (AHA) REVIEW

Is an AHA available for this area?

If yes, review the AHA, answer the following questions, and attach a copy to this report.

If not, please explain.

Was the AHA available and reviewed by the injured party?

Is the AHA adequate for the hazards? If not, please explain.

Were adequate controls in place?

a t i y a 8 9 | 20

BFC43501: OSHA

OCCURRENCE REPORTING AND PROCESSING SYSTEM (ORPS)

ORPS reportable? (If yes, FMD completes this section, if no skip to authorizing signatures) ORPS #

ORPS title:

System/building/equipment: Plant area:

Date discovered: Time discovered:

Notifications (name, date, time, organization)

Date categorized Time categorized

a.m.

p.m.

FMD (name and signature) Significance category

ORPS reporting criteria

Group:

Subgroup:

Sequence:

Group:

Subgroup:

Sequence:

Group:

Subgroup:

Sequence:

Cause codes (List all that apply. See Workbook for Occurrence Reporting, Appendix F) Integrated Safety and Environment Management System

(ISEMS) review (Select step(s) that should be reviewed to

prevent a similar incident.)

Scope of work

Hazard analysis

Hazard control development and implementation

Work performed within controls

Continuous improvement feedback

Not applicable (as determined by management review)

AUTHORIZING SIGNATURES

(Print and sign.)

Completed by (name, title) (date)

Reviewed by (name, directorate ES&H Coordinator) (date)

Investigation approved by (name, Incident Review and Assistance Team chair)

(date)

Investigation approved by (name, ES&H Director / ES&H Deputy Director)

(date)

Reviewed by (name, Associate Lab Director) (date)

a t i y a 8 9 | 21

BFC43501: OSHA

MEMORANDUM

To : Mr Andrew Neary

General Manager, SURIA KLCC

From : Major (R) Mohd Rahim Wahab

Corporate Safety

Date : 2nd

May 2001

Our ref : KLCC/CS/MM/05/010

Subject :FATAL AND SERIOUS ACCIDENT/INCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT OCCURRED AT

LEVEL 3, 1 AND CONCOURSE, SURIA KLCC ON 26TH

APRIL 2001 (THURSDAY)

1. Date of Accident/Incident

26th April 2001 (Thursday).

2. Time of Accident

Approximately 0030 a.m.

3. Location

Level 3, 1 and concourse, SURIA KLCC, Kuala Lumpur City Centre, 50088 Kuala Lumpur.

4. Nature of Accident

Fell from height.

5. Particulars of the Deceased

a) Name : Mohammed Nurul Islam d) Passport No : C 0907760

b) Age : 32 years e) Nationality : Bangladeshi

c) Address : RZE Site Office f) Marital status : Married

4-2B Tingkat 2 Wisma Sinar

Jln PDS-1-AU-3 Taman Sepakat , 54200, Ampang Selangor

g) Cause of Death : Face and Head fractures (RZE will arrange for the post-mortem report)

6. Particulars of the Injured

a) Name : Mohd Yasser Bin Megat Hamid d) I/C No. : 830713-02-5949

b) Age : 18 years e) Nationality : Malaysian

c) Address : Kg Tanah Merah, Mukim Naga f) Marital status : Bachelor

06000 Jitra Kedah.

a t i y a 8 9 | 22

BFC43501: OSHA

7. Witness I :

a) Name : Rusli Bin Mustam d) Passport : 691129

b) Age : 32 years e) Nationality : Indonesian

c) Address : No: 1138 Jln Abu Samah f) Marital Status : Married Kg

Pasir, Ulu Kelang, Selangor

8. Witness II:

a) Name : Ramli Bin Johari d) I/C No. : 630329-01-5133

b) Age : 38 years e) Nationality : Malaysian

c) Address : 4-2B Tingkat 2 Wisma Sinar f) Marital status : Married

Jln PDS-1-AU-3 Taman Sepakat

54200, Ampang Selangor

9. Methodology

This is an internal investigation and was conducted on 28th April 2001 (Saturday) from 10.00 a.m - 3.30 p.m at KLCC

Corporate Safety Office by the following Officers:-

1. Major (R) Mohd Rahim Wahab - KLCC (Holdings) Bhd Corp. Safety Dept. - Chairman

2. Major (R) Anuar Itam - SURIA KLCC Sdn Bhd - Member

3. En. Shuib Ibrahim - KLCC Urusharta Sdn Bhd - Member

The above members also visited the scene of incident at Ampang Mall levels 3, 1 and concourse, SURIA KLCC and

interviewed few workers who worked near-by the incident area.

10. Objective

The objective of the investigation is to find fact and the root cause as to why and how the incident happened and also to

advise SURIA KLCC Management to take corrective action in order to prevent the same incident from recurring.

11. Facts of the Case

The management of SURIA KLCC awarded the work to RZE Construction & Renovation to repair leaked ceiling at level 3

above rotunda adjacent to the escalator where the incident happened.

a t i y a 8 9 | 23

BFC43501: OSHA

On 25th April 2001 at about 10.00 p.m. a group of workers from RZE Construction & Renovation were working at level 3

SURIA KLCC. Prior to work commencement, they erected the temporary scaffolding without supervision of a competent

scaffold erector. On completion of one and half frame erection, they extended the scaffolding ledger to enable them to lay a

wood plank on it to be used as a working platform.

At approximately 0030 a.m on 26th April 2001, an incident was reported that 2 workers fell from level 3 to level 1 and

concourse. The deceased known as Mohammed Nurul Islam had fallen and landed on concourse level in Delifrance Cafe

external seating area. He was reported dead.

The injured person on the other hand was Mohd Yasser who fell and hit the escalator external wall and bounced back and

finally landed at level 1 in the rotunda area. He had head injuries and semi conscious and was sent to Hospital Kuala

Lumpur by Red Crescent ambulance for immediate medical treatment and was discharged on the same day.

Police was called in for their necessary action immediately after the incident. DOSH office was informed via JKKP 107

form which was submitted in the morning by the immediate employer (RZE Construction & Renovation). Corporate Safety

department of KLCC (Holdings) Bhd was also informed and requested to conduct the investigation of the incident by

SURIA KLCC.

12. Investigations

a) From interviews conducted on the witnesses and the inspection of the incident areas, the investigation committee

found that the deceased was quite a safety ignorant worker. The deceased was reminded by his colleagues to put on

safety gears before climbing the scaffolding. However, he responded to his colleagues `Kamu semua takut mati

(you all so scared to die). This confirmed that he was not concerned about his personal safety.

b) The extension of half frame of the scaffold was not secured properly with the locking pin. (This caused the top half

frame of the scaffold to tilt).

c) Wooden plank used for working platform was not wide enough to comply with KLCC standard. KLCC standard is

minimum 640 mm wide.

a t i y a 8 9 | 24

BFC43501: OSHA

13. Opinions of Investigation Team Members

This incident should not have happened if proper safety precaution had been taken prior to works commencement and

adherence to the procedures laid town in KLCC Safety Rules and Regulations. After installing the scaffold, the deceased

who was the most senior worker in the group, should have ensured the following measures were taken:-

a) Condition of the scaffold and safety of workers working on it.

b) Ensure workers who climb the scaffold shall wear safety belt and secured to a substantial object.

c) Timber planks used as a working platform must be secured and close-boarded minimum 640 mm wide.

14. Recommendations

To prevent the similar incident from recurring, committee recommended to SURIA KLCC Management to take the

following remedial and preventive actions:-

a) SURIA KLCC to send maintenance supervisor and any other relevant personnel to attend scaffolding training with

NIOSH and to register with DOSH. This will enable him to check any deficiency/discrepancies of contractors

scaffolding work.

b) Ensure identified contractors posses Safety Policy and Safe Working Procedure before letter of award is released.

c) Ensure that contractors comply to Work and Hot Work Permit System as practiced by KLCC.

d) All works exposed to risk shall be regularly checked and closely monitored by the contractors competent

supervisors to the related job.

e) Ensure that contractor conduct Safety Induction training for their workers and recorded before the commencement

of works.

f) Ensure contractor provides necessary safety gears (Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) ) to their workers and

record it.

g) Ensure contractor provides insurance coverage for workers.

h) The above requirement shall be included in the Bidders Quotation.

a t i y a 8 9 | 25

BFC43501: OSHA

15. Conclusion

Incident can be avoided if proper preventive measures are taken with full cooperation from everyone to prevent the above

incident. KLCC (Holdings) Bhd and SURIA KLCC Management have committed to Zero Loss Time Injury and have for

this purpose produced safety/incident preventive measures in appropriate procedures. However the contractors and workers

shall also implement procedures for their own good otherwise the procedures will remain good only on paper. The middle

management shall regularly promote Safety Awareness Programme for workers by giving them regular safety talk.

By doing this workers will realise the importance of safety and in the end improving their behavior, attitude and mentality

towards safety.

We are of the opinion that this incident occurred due to Human Errors

Prepared and concluded this 30th April 2001.

MAJOR (R) MOHD RAHIM WAHAB

Chairman, Investigation Committee

c.c: Yg Bhg Tan Sri Dato Ir Hj Omar Ibrahim Mr S Sen Gupta

Pn Arlida Ariff

Tn Hj Yusof Johor Ali

Mr Murali Menon

Major (R) Anuar Itam

Major (R) Zainudin Abu Bakar

En Shuib Ibrahim

a t i y a 8 9 | 26

BFC43501: OSHA

osha notes(atiya)

Documents