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Teaching and Learning with Technology

Introduction to PersonalComputers in the Classroom

Chapter 3


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How Computers Work

A computer is made up of hardware andsoftware that makes the computing cycle

possible. Hardware includes all the physical

components of a computer

Software includes all the programs (set ofcomputer instructions) that instruct thecomputer how to perform operations or tasks

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How Computers Work

The computing cycle consists of

Input

Processing

Storage

Output

Each stage of the cycle has specifichardware devices associated with it

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How Computers Work The Cycle

Or, if the data needs to be stored morepermanently, the CPU may direct data to be

placed on a storage media (disk) When processing is completed, the CPU

moves data to the user as output

This cycle is continuous as long as themachine is on

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NPUT

UTPUT

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

TORAGE

MEMORY

I

o

s

THE COMPUTING CYCLE

INPUT

DEVICES

KEYBOARD

MOUSE

MONITOR

CPU

PRINTER

DISK/CD

GUI WITH ICONS

OUTPUT

DEVICES

STORAGE

DEVICES

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

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Software

Once the BIOS program is read, the nextprogram starts

This program is the Power On Self Test(POST)

The POST checks the computers hardware

to make sure all parts are functional If any problems exist, it writes an error

message to the user on the monitor

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Software

If the POST completes successfully, the nextprogram to load is the Operating System

(O/S)

The O/S operates all the hardware andprovides the user interface, the method for

user and computer interaction Windows (PC) and Mac O/S are the operating

systems for PCs and Macs respectively

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Software

Both Windows and Mac O/S use a GraphicalUser Interface (GUI)

A GUI uses icons to represent objects andprograms and a pointer to select and/or startthem

Menus are also available in a GUI operatingsystems to give users lists of commandoptions from which to choose

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Software

The O/S prepares the machine to run otherprograms

Some programs are called Applicationsbecause they apply the machine to a specifictask

Other programs may be Utility programsbecause they help maintain the machine andits operations

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Software

Academic Applications are programs thathelp teachers or learners in the

teaching/learning process Administrative Applications are programs that

help teachers perform the administrativetasks required in their work

Application programs are sometimes sold asa bundle of related software called anApplication Suite

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Software

Integrated software are mini versions of

applications that condensed into a single

software package

All software is written to run on specificmachines so it is important to check machine

specifications before making softwarepurchases

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Hardware

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the chipthat controls all machine processes

CPU performance is measured in terms of thespeed at which it can process instructions

The higher the speed, the faster the CPU, the

more responsive the computer will seem Speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz)

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Hardware

The CPU uses a special temporary storagelocation for programs and user input

This temporary storage is Random AccessMemory (RAM)

RAM size is measure in Megabytes (Mb)

The larger the RAM the more the CPU canstore for easy, fast access

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Hardware

The CPU can store data in RAM morepermanently in storage devices

Storage devices include floppy disk, harddisk, CDs, and DVDs

Users can issue a SAVE command whichinstructs the CPU to move data from RAM to

disk

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Hardware

Input Devices

Include all devices used to put data or

programs into the machine The most common devices are the keyboard

and mouse

Other input devices include alternativepointing devices such as track balls, joy stickor glide points

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Hardware

Output Devices Include all devices that move processed data

from the computer to the user

Monitors display data in the form of soft-copyoutput

Monitors vary in the clarity (resolution) of their

display as well as their size (measurediagonally across the screen)

LCD monitors using a different displaytechnology offer flat, smaller hardware

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Hardware

Output Devices

Printers display data in hard-copy output

Laser printer use heat to affix toner to paperto create clear, permanent images

Most laser printers are black and white

Ink Jet printers blow small bubbles of ink onpaper to create images

Most Ink Jet printers print in color and black

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Disk Storage

Hard Disks

Are typically permanently fixed inside the

computer Offer the largest storage capacity of all disks

When installing programs, most of theprogram is stored on the hard disk for quickaccess

Hard disks can crash so it is important to

backup data on removable media

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Disk Storage

Floppy Disks

Are portable storage with a limited capacity of

1.44 megabytes Are usually used to store smaller files for

back up or for transportability

Hard disks can crash so it is important to

backup data on removable media

Like hard disks, can store both electronic filesand the electronic folders that organize them

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Disk Storage

Floppy Disks

Are useful in the classroom when each

student is given their own disk on which tostore work

Floppy disks may inadvertently transportviruses as well as files

It is important to use a virus checker programto protect classroom machines from possibleinfection via floppy disks

The 21st Century Classroom: Technology in Teaching and Learning

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Disk Storage

Removable Hard Disks

Some hard disks are designed to be

removable cartridges that work with a specialexternal drive

Removable hard disks vary in capacity from100 megabytes to 1 gigabyte

These disks are good for backup andclassroom storage of files too large for floppydisk


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Disk Storage

CD-ROM

Compact Disks (CD) that are read only

(ROM) can be used only to read programs CD-ROMs cannot be used to store files

CD-ROMs use a laser technology to storeapproximately 600 megabytes of data

These optical discs are typically used bysoftware manufacturers to store programs foruser installation


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Disk Storage

CD-R

Compact Disks (CD) that can be read manytimes AND recorded on ONCE areRecordables

CD-Rs are useful to archive (back up) largeamounts of data

CD-Rs require a specially designed disc (CD-R disc) and drive to record data

Once recorded, data can be read on a CD-ROM drive

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Disk Storage

CD-RW

Compact Disks that can be read andrecorded on many times are Compact Disc-ReWriteable (CD-RWs)

CD-RWs can be used like a portable harddisk with up to 600 megabytes of space

CD-RWs require a specially designed disc(CD-RW disc) and drive to record data

Once recorded, data can be read by mostnewer CD drives

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Disk Storage

DVD

Digital Versatile Discs are optical discs thatcan store up to 17 gigabytes of data

DVDs are typically used to store digital videosince video files require large amounts ofstorage space

DVDs require a DVD drive, but DVD drivescan also play back CD technology

DVD-Rs, recordable DVDs, are an emergingtechnology just becoming available

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Computers in Education

Teachers need to be sufficiently aware ofcomputer hardware and software to use botheffectively in their classroom

While teachers need not be technical experts,they do need to know enough to

Use the technology appropriately

Handle minor computer problem Help students use computers

Recognize when technical support isneeded

kuliah 3 kpt6044

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