Kuliah POKOK BAHASAN SUB POKOK BAHASAN ARAHAN MATERI

1 Pendahuluan Pengertian Pengenalan Ruang Lingkup

22-Feb-10 Tinjauan Umum Pembahasan mata kuliah

    Tujuan Mata Kuliah Pengantar Ilmu Geologi

2 Prinsip Ilmu Geologi Sistem Ilmu Kebumian Kepentingan/aplikasi Ilmu Geologi

22-Feb-10 Landasan Pemikiran Ilmu geologi Konsep studi dan sejarah geologi

Hukum-hukum dasar Geologi (Tektonik Lempeng, Siklus Geologi)

Uniformitarisma and Katatrofisma

3 Kajian Ilmu Geologi 01-Mar-10 Physical Geology dan Hystorical Geology Cabang dan pembahasan keilmuan Geologi

4 Skala Waktu Geologi 01-Mar-10 Metoda Pentarikhan geologi Determinasi Waktu Geologi

Rekonstruksi Skala Waktu Geologi Pentarikhan Relatif dan absolut

5 Kuliah Lapangan 06-Mar-10 Pengamatan lapangan Pembuatan laporan dan presentasi kelompok

6 Skala Spasial Geologi 08 Mar-10 Rekonstruksi Proses Geologi Skala Mikroskopis - Cekungan

7 Material Bumi 15 Mar-10 Materi Penyusun Bumi Pengenalan dan deskripsi mineral dan batuan

22-Mar-10 Mineral Proses pembentukan batuan

  29-Mar-10 Batuan (Sedimen, Metamorf, Beku) Lingkungan pembentukan batuan

8 Ujian Tengah Semester 5 April - 16 April 2010 Ujian Lisan

9 Dinamika Geologi Deformasi batuan dan metamorfisma Analisis model sederhana bentuk hasil deformasi batuan

19-Apr-10 Vulkanisma Kegiatan ekstrusi dan erupsi, pembentukan dan produk gunungapi

Tektonik Lempeng Pengertian, jenis dan gerakan lempeng

Pemekaran Lantai Samudera Pengertian, jenis dan pemekaran lantai samudera

    Kontinental Margin Pengertian, jenis dan kontinental margin

10 Kebencanaan GeologiFenomena kebencanaan dan geologi lingkungan Pemahaman jenis dan intensitas kebencanaan

26-Apr-10 Gempa Bumi Faktor penyebab dan penyebaran kebencanaan

Gerakan Tanah dan Banjir Pemahaman kondisi Geologi Lingkungan

11 Sumberdaya Air 3 May 10 Jenis dan klasifikasi sumberdaya air Elemen dasar keterdapatan sumberdaya air

  Sumberdaya Mineral 3 May 10 Jenis dan klasifikasi sumberdaya mineral Elemen dasar keterdapatan sumberdaya mineral

12 Sumberdaya Energi 17 May 10 Jenis dan klasifikasi sumberdaya energi Elemen dasar keterdapatan sumberdaya energi

13 Kuliah Lapangan 28-29 May 10 Pengamatan lapangan  

14 Presentasi Kelompok 31 May 10    

15 Ujian Akhir 07 June - 18 June 2010 Ujian Lisan

SATUAN ACARA PERKULIAHAN MATA KULIAH GEOLOGI DASAR

SEMESTER GENAP 2009/2010 KELAS D

The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle

Erosion and transportErosion and transportWeatheringWeathering

DepositionDeposition

Deformation and metamorphismDeformation and metamorphism

MeltingMelting

SolidificationSolidification

Burial and lithification

Uniformitarianism

Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of geologyPlate tectonics is useful in the field of geology because it can be used to explain a variety of geologic processes, including volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain

building.

Plates and Boundaries (Side View)

5McKnight and Hess. 2002. Physical Geography.

• Internal Forces• Tectonism• Volcanism

• External Forces• Erosion• Deposition

• Historical Mixture

Sumatran Forearc Basins

Fields of Geology

Physical Geologyto study aspects of the earth

Historical Geologythe study of the evolution of earth and its life

through time

Geophysics Geochemistry Mineralogy and

Petrology Structural Geology Geomorphology Marine Geology Environmental,

Economic, and Engineering Geology

Sedimentology Stratigraphy Geochronology Paleontology Paleoceanograp

hy and Paleoclimatology

to study aspects of the earth

Geophysics

geologists apply the concepts of physics to the study of the earth.

The largest subdiscipline in geophysics is seismology, the study of the travel of seismic waves through the earth.

construct models of the earth's interior using seismic tech-niques

Geochemistry

the study of the earth, its materials, and the cycling of chemicals through its sys-tems

has important applications in environmental and economic geology as well as in the fields of mineralogy, petro-logy and energy resources

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Mineralogy and Petrology

mineralogy (the study of minerals)

petrology (the study of rocks)

Mineralogists and petrologists study the origin, occurrence, structure, and history of rocks or minerals

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Structural Geology

Structural geology deals with the form, arrangement, and internal structure of rocks, including their history of defor-mation, such as folding and faulting

The term tectonics is commonly used for large-scale structural geology, such as the study of the history of a mountain belt, or plate tectonics (the study of the crustal plates).

Neotectonics is the study of recent fault-ing and deformation; such studies can reconstruct the history of active faults, and the history can be used in hazard analysis and land-use planning.

Geomorphology

the examination of the development of present landforms;

to understand the nature and origin of these landforms.

is important for a basic under-standing of the active surface that humans live on, a surface that is subject to erosion, landslides, floods, and other processes that affect our daily lives.You should all be able to explain every You should all be able to explain every

province:province: Plate Tectonics, Earth HistoryPlate Tectonics, Earth History

Marine Geology

specific to the ocean environment

has helped the field of pale-oceanography (the recon-struction of the history of the oceans, including ancient ocean chemistry, tempera-ture, circulation, and bio-logy).

Environmental, Economic, and Engineering Geology

The application of geologic knowledge to practical problems is the focus of the fields of environmental, economic, and engi-neering geology

The study of geologic hazards commonly specialize in a particular

aspect of economic geology Two fields of engineering that use

geology extensively are civil engineering and mining engineering: stability of a building or bridge requires an understanding of both the foundation material (rocks, soil) and the potential for earthquakes in the area.

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the study of the evolution of earth and its life through time

Sedimentology

the study of sediments and sedimentary rocks and the determination of their origin.

determine the features of the layers, such as their geometry, or layer shape; porosity, and permeability,

important economically for understanding oil and gas reservoirs as well as ground-water supplies

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Stratigraphy

the study of the history of the earth's crust, particularly its stra-tified (layered) rocks.

concerned with determining age relationships of rocks as well as their distribution in space and time

Biostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphy, Choronostratigraphy, Sequence Stratigraphy, Magnetostratigraphy

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Geochronology

The determination of the age of rocks

The fundamental tool of geochronology is radiome-tric dating (the use of radio-active decay processes as recorded in earth materials to determine the numerical age of rocks)

Paleontology

study of ancient or fossil life

These fields are fundamental to stratigraphy and are used to reconstruct the history of organisms' evolution and extinction throughout earth history.

Paleoceanography

the study of ancient oceans

use carbon and other chemi-cals to reconstruct aspects of ancient oceanographic and climatic conditions

Geologic Time

Time is an important component of geology; this separates geology

from most other sciences

The Geologic Time Scale Geologists have created a geologic time

scale to provide a common vocabulary for talking about past events.

The geologic time scale is generally agreed upon and used by scientists around the world, dividing time into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.

Every few years, the numerical time scale is refined based on new evidence, and geologists publish an update.

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SKALA WAKTU GEOLOGI

Methods to determine geologic time Physical stratigraphy, or the placement of

events in the order of their occurrence. Biostratigraphy, which uses fossils to

determine geologic time. Correlation, which allows geologists to

determine whether rocks in different geographic locations are the same age.

Radiometric dating, geologists use the rate of decay of certain radioactive elements in minerals to assign numerical ages to the rocks.

Physical stratigraphy Stratigraphic Principles and Relative

Time The principle of superposition - in a vertical sequence of

sedimentary or volcanic rocks, a higher rock unit is younger than a lower one. "Down" is older, "up" is younger. 

The principle of original horizontality - rock layers were originally deposited close to horizontal. 

The principle of original lateral extension - A rock unit continues laterally unless there is a structure or change to prevent its extension. 

The principle of cross-cutting relationships - a structure that cuts another is younger than the structure that is cut. 

The principle of inclusion - a structure that is included in another is older than the including structure. 

The principle of "uniformitarianism" - processes operating in the past were constrained by the same "laws of physics" as operate today.

Sedimentary beds in outcrop, a graphical plot of a stratigraphic section, and a "way up" indicator

example: wave ripples.

Biostratigraphyconcerned with determining age relationships of rocks as well as their distribution in space and

time

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Index Fossils

Characteristics that make effective index fossils include: distinctive morphology rapid evolution widespread distribution abundance

Often biostratigraphic correlation is aided by the use of fossil assemblage zones

Correlation

Interpretation of rock exposures includes correlation of rock units; this can be done via: Lithostratigraphy (marker beds) Biostratigraphy (index fossils) Magnetostratigraphy (paleomagnetism) Chronostratigraphy (absolute dating)

Lithostratigraphy

Magnetostratigraphy

2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

STRATIGRAFI POLARITAS GEOMAGNET CEKUNGAN BANDUNG

Absolute dating

Absolute dating is based upon the fact that atoms of radioactive elements decay to form stable isotopes

Important data about atoms: Atoms are the smallest

particles of elements Atoms are composed of a

nucleus containing protons and neutrons and an outer shell that contains electrons

The number of protons determines the type of element and is known as the atomic number

Absolute dating

Not all atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons in their nuclei; these variable forms are called isotopes

Radioactive Decay

Some isotopes are unstable, or radioactive, and decay to a more stable form; this decay rate is constant and mea-surable; geologists measure this rate to determine the absolute ages of rocks

Radioactive Decay

Decay of the original isotope, or parent elements, into its product, the daughter element, is measured in half-lives; the time it takes for half of the original number of parent atoms to decay into the daughter product atoms

Absolute dating is accomplished by measuring the ratio of daughter product atoms to parent atoms, and comparing this ratio to the known quantity of a non radioactive element; measurements are done with a mass spectrometer

Absolute Dating

There are three types of radioactive decay, and a number of elements that undergo radioactive decay with varying half-lives

Radioactive elements useful in absolute dating include: Uranium 235 (Lead 207) Half-life of 713 Million Years Potassium 40 (Argon 40) Half-life of 1.3 Billion Years Uranium 238 (Lead 206) Half-life of 4.5 Billion Years Rubidium 87 (Strontium 87) Half-life of 47 Billion

Years

Absolute dating

Radioactive dating can only be accomplished on rocks that contain radioactive elements, this usually is limited to igneous rocks that have not been secondarily altered; this includes volcanic ash

limited to igneous rocks that have not been secondarily altered; this includes volcanic ash, the whole ages

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How Old is the Earth?

In the early 20th century Pierre and Marie Curie discovered radioactive decay, which led to methods of measuring the decay of radioactive isotope ratios and provided a way to establish absolute dates

Using radiometric absolute dating geologists have dated Earth’s oldest rocks, Moon rocks, and meteorites. These dates provide an estimated age of our planet of 4.6 billion years

The Geologic Time Scale The Geologic Time Scale is a graphical

representation of the history of the Earth, divided into units related to geologic events as evidenced by the fossil record

It was first developed as a relative time scale that was pieced together by numerous researchers at widespread localities over a long period of time, using the techniques of relative dating

The development of absolute dating allowed the relative time scale to be tied to absolute dates, based upon dates from thousands of rock exposures, which provided today’s Geologic Time Scale (2009 Geologic Time Scale)

How relative dating of events and radiometric (numeric) dates are combined to produce a calibrated geological time scale

Lithostratigraphy (i.e. the sedimentary rocks), biostratigraphy (fossils) and radiometric dates

Simplified Geologic Time Scale

In order to understand geologic processes and to reconstruct the geologic past, geologists work at different spatial

Scales that range from microscopic to planetary

The microscopic level: traditional tools include the petrographic

microscope, used to identify minerals and examine rock textures.

microprobes that can obtain very small geologic or mineralogic samples,

mass spectrometers (instruments that measure the quantity of atoms, or groups of atoms, in a geologic sample).

Geologists can also use lasers and particle accelerators for high-precision work, such as in argon-argon radiometric dating, the use of isotopes of the element argon to date geologic samples.

Scales that range from microscopic to planetary

Some geologic features are very large geologists must create detailed maps to

observe them completely to record basic information to examine trends to understand processes and geologic

history Geologic maps can help geologists

understand the history of a mountain belt or locate new mineral deposits

Scales that range from microscopic to planetary

On a planetary scale geologists can map the earth’s surface

using data from orbiting satellites make maps reconstructing a view of the

earth at some time in the past; study Mars map the planet’s surface

features with the help of images and information from spacecraft probes sent to Mars