impact of human on the environment

7/28/2019 Impact of Human on the Environment

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 32403


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Firman Allah

Berlakulah kerosakan (bencana) di

daratan dan di lautan oleh kerana

usaha manusia sendiri, sehingga

Allah menimpakan pada mereka

sebahagian azab daripada perbuatan

mereka itu, agar mereka kembali kejalan yang benar (bertaubat).

(Surah Ar Rum ayat 41)

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Introduction


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GREEN PEACE


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Malaysia

Why high cancer rates?

Almost 20% of the population

would suffer from at least one form

of cancer, the first National Cancer

Registry report revealed today.Due to:

Contaminated food & water

Polluted environment

Lifestyle


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Risk to swim, drink in polluted lake?

WARNING SIGNPOST:

Lake water contains

high level of arsenic.

Public is stronglyadvised not to fish,

swim and bathe in

the lake or to use

lake water fordrinking or other

purposes


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Arkitek , pemaju & ahli politik seumpama raksaksa yang lapar akan tanahlukisan oleh Malcom Wells


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SEBAGAI RENUNGAN..

Alam sekitar: Wajarkah pemaju sahaja dihukum?utusan.com.my

Saudara Pengarang, APAKAH semuanya telah beres apabila beberapa pemaju telah dijatuhkan hukumandenda beratus ribu ringgit dalam kes melibatkan pembangunan sehingga merosakkan alam sekitar begituteruk di kawasan Bukit Cahaya Seri Alam di Shah Alam, Selangor?

Diharapkan banyak lagi kes-kes sedemikian di tempat lain turut diambil tindakan serupa. Janganlah keranakes kerakusan pemaju tidak mematuhi undang-undang tetapi tidak didedahkan pihak media maka pemajutamak berkenaan boleh lepas bebas sambil mengaut keuntungan ratusan juta ringgit dalam sekelip mata.

Apakah pihak pemaju sahaja yang patut menerima hukuman sekiranya terdapat kes projek pembangunandilaksanakan pihak pemaju yang tidak mematuhi undang-undang?

Bagaimana dengan pihak lain umpama pihak berkuasa sendiri. Tidakkah setiap pihak berkuasa mempunyaitanggungjawab dalam memastikan setiap projek dijalankan mesti mematuhi peraturan, undang-undang dansyarat ditetapkan pihak berkuasa?

Bukankah telah menjadi amalan setiap projek pembangunan dijalankan adalah wajib diawasi sepanjang masasehingga projek siap oleh pihak berkuasa dan jabatan berkaitan?

Adalah difahamkan setiap pihak berkuasa jabatan berkaitan wajib (menerusi jawatankuasa projek)

menyediakan laporan kemajuan projek dan minit mesyuarat kemajuan projek. Laporan mesti dibentangkandalam mesyuarat setiap minggu atau bulanan.

Dengan keadaan tersebut, jika pegawai dan kakitangan pihak berkuasa jabatan berkaitan benar-benarmenjalankan tanggungjawab menerusi peraturan dan amalan seperti membincang, mengkaji secarabersungguh-sungguh dalam setiap mesyuarat mingguan atau bulanan, rasanya amat sukar untuk pemajubertindak macam kes di Bukit Cahaya Seri Alam yang sewenang-wenangnya boleh menarah bukit, malahboleh menjalankan kerja tanah tanpa mendapat kelulusan.


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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING?


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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Environmental engineering is manifest

by sound engineering thought and

practice in the solution of problems of

environmental sanitation (cleanliness),notably in the provision of safe, palatable

(pleasant), and ample of environmental

fields.


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Environmental Scientist

Evaluate source and nature of pollution

problem Evaluate environmental impact

Environmental Engineer

Evaluate possible solutions Design, build and operate pollution control

systems

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Environmental Scientists and

Engineers


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Environmental Science

Identify and quantify pollution problem

Environmental Engineering

Solve pollution problem

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Major Global Meetings Issues

1972 Stockholm United Nations

Conference on the Human Environment

Pollution, rates of depletion of non

renewable fossil fuels and population

growth

1987 World Commission on Environment

and Development (WCED), Brundtlandreport: Our Common Future

1987 Montreal Protocol

Idea of sustainable development

Substances that deplete the ozone layer

1992 Rio Summit in Brazil (Earth Summit):

Agenda 21

Ozone depletion, tropical deforestation,

loss of biodiversity, and global warming

1997 Kyoto Protocol Controlling the emissions of greenhousegases

2001 Johannesburg Earth Summit Energy, freshwater, food security and

health

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE EMERGENCE

OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS


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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

SOILS

SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

AIR

WATER

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS


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SOLID WASTE


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WATER POLLUTION


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Freshwater

Freshwater makes up a very small fraction of all

water on the planet. While nearly 70 % of the

world is covered by water, only 2.5 % of it is

fresh. The rest is saline and ocean-based.Even then, just 1% of our freshwater is easily

accessible, with much of it trapped in glaciers

and snowfields. In essence, only 0.007 % of

the planet's water is available to fuel andfeed its 6.8 billion people.


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continues.

According to the United Nations, wateruse has grown at more than twice therate of population increase in the last

century. By 2025, an estimated 1.8billion people will live in areas plaguedby water scarcity, with two-thirds of theworld's population living in water-

stressed regions as a result of use,growth, and climate change.


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Threats

The creation of dams and water-diversion systemsblocks migration routes for fish and disrupts habitats.

Water withdrawal for human use shrinks and degradeshabitats.

Runoff from agricultural and urban areas hurts waterquality.

Draining of wetlands for development depleteshabitats.

Overexploitation and pollution threaten groundwater

supplies. Invasion of exotic species can harm native animals

and plants.

Global warming may lead to devastating floods anddroughts.


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Solutions

Restrict the construction of dams.

Provide incentives for farming business

to reduce the use of pesticides.

Establish protected wetlands areas.

Regulate water withdrawal for human

use.


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AIR POLLUTION


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Greenhouse..

One of the first things scientists learned is that thereare several greenhouse gases responsible forwarming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways.

Most come from the combustion offossil fuels incars, factories and electricity production. The gasresponsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide,CO2.

Other contributors include methane released fromlandfills and agriculture (especially from thedigestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide

from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration andindustrial processes, and the loss of forests thatwould otherwise store CO2.


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continues

Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities.

Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. Amolecule ofmethane produces more than 20 timesthe warming of a molecule of CO2.

Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful thanCO2.

Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (whichhave been banned in much of the world because theyalso degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trappingpotential thousands of times greater than CO2. Butbecause their concentrations are much lower thanCO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth tothe atmosphere as CO2 does.


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Impacts

Some impacts from increasing temperatures arealready happening.

Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earthspoles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheetscovering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arcticsea ice.

Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of theAdlie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbershave fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30years.

Sea level rise became faster over the last century.

Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have movedfarther north or to higher, cooler areas.

Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased acrossthe globe, on average.


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Other effects could happen later this

century, if warming continues.

Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches(18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, andcontinued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8inches (10 to 20 centimeters).

storms are likely to become stronger.

Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall inEthiopia, where droughts are already common, coulddecline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.

Ecosystems will changesome species will move farthernorth or become more successful; others wont be able tomove and could become extinct. Wildlife research scientist

Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-1980s, withless ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears havegotten considerably skinnier.


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Solution?

The evidence that humans are causing global warmingis strong, but the question of what to do about itremains controversial. Economics, sociology, andpolitics are all important factors in planning for the

future. Even if we stopped emitting greenhouse gases

(GHGs) today, the Earth would still warm by anotherdegree Fahrenheit or so. But what we do from todayforward makes a big difference. Depending on our

choices, scientists predict that the Earth couldeventually warm by as little as 2.5 degrees or as muchas 10 degrees Fahrenheit.


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continues..

A commonly cited goal is to stabilize GHGconcentrations around 450-550 parts permillion (ppm), or about twice pre-industriallevels.

This is the point at which many believe themost damaging impacts of climate change canbe avoided.

Current concentrations are about 380 ppm,

which means there isn't much time tolose. We'd have to reduce GHG emissions by50% to 80% of what they're on track to be inthe next century to reach this level.


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Is this possible?

Many people and governments are already workinghard to cut greenhouse gases, and everyone can help.

Researchers Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow atPrinceton University have suggested one approachthat they call "stabilization wedges." This means

reducing GHG emissions from a variety of sourceswith technologies available in the next few decades,rather than relying on an enormous change in a singlearea.

They suggest 7 wedges that could each reduce

emissions, and all of them together could holdemissions at approximately current levels for the next50 years, putting us on a potential path to stabilizearound 500 ppm.


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continues

There are many possible wedges, includingimprovements to energy efficiency andvehicle fuel economy (so less energy has tobe produced), and increases in wind and

solar power, hydrogen produced fromrenewable sources, biofuels (produced fromcrops), natural gas, and nuclear power.

There is also the potential to capture thecarbon dioxide emitted from fossil fuelsand store it undergrounda process called"carbon sequestration."


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continues

In addition to reducing the gases we emit to

the atmosphere, we can also increase the

amount of gases we take out of the

atmosphere. Plants and trees absorb CO2 as they grow,

"sequestering" carbon naturally.

Increasing forestlands and making changes to

the way we farm could increase the amount

of carbon we're storing.

impact of human on the environment

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