compendium of environment statistics malaysia 2013

7/25/2019 Compendium of Environment Statistics Malaysia 2013

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OMPENDIUMPERANGKAANALAMSEKITAR

C

OMPENDIUMOFENVIRONMENTSTATISTICS

MALAYSIA

2013

Compendium of Environment Statistics

MALAYSIA

2013

ISSN 1511-3396

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

HARGA: RM 50.00

PRICE:

BOLEH DIPEROLEH DARI:OBTAINABLE FROM:

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA,(DEPARTMENT OF STATISTI CS, MALAYSIA),BLOK C6, KOMPLEKS C,

PUSAT PENTADBIRAN KERAJAAN

PERSEKUTUAN,62514 PUTRAJAYA,MALAYSIA

Tel : 03-88857000

Faks/Fax : 03-88889248

E-mel/E-mail : [email protected]

Laman Web/ : http://www.statistics.gov.myWebsite


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KATA PENGANTAR

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar 2013 membentangkan perangkaan alam sekitar,

impak aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar dan langkah yang diambil bagi mengurangkanimpak tersebut. Ia memfokuskan maklumat alam sekitar mengikut empat isu utama iaitu

Udara/Atmosfera, Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (Darat dan Marin), Tanah/Alam Sekitar

Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk.

Penerbitan ini merupakan satu usaha ke arah pembangunan pangkalan data alam sekitar

selaras dengan peranan Jabatan sebagai pusat penyimpanan perangkaan alam sekitar.

Jadual dan carta dimuatkan dalam penerbitan ini bagi memudahkan penggunamenganalisis data.

Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat

dalam menyumbang kepada penyediaan penerbitan ini. Ulasan dan cadangan ke arah

menambahbaik laporan ini pada masa hadapan amatlah dihargai.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN

Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia

Disember 2013


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PREFACE


The Compendium of Environment Statistics 2013 presents statistics on environment,

impacts of human activities on the environment and actions taken to minimise the impact.The report focuses on four main environmental issues namely Air/Atmosphere,

Water/Aquatic Environment (Inland and Marine), Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban

Environment/Human Settlements.

This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental

statistics in tandem with the Departments role as a central repository for environment

statistics. Tables and charts are presented in this publication to facilitate analyses byusers.

The Department would like to express its appreciation and gratitude to all parties involved

in contributing to this publication. Comments and suggestions towards improving future

reports would be greatly appreciated.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN

Chief Statistician, Malaysia

December 2013


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KANDUNGANCONTENTS


KATA PENGANTARPREFACE

SENARAI CARTA

LIST OF CHARTS

SENARAI JADUAL

LIST OF TABLES

SENARAI LAMPIRAN

LIST OF APPENDICES

PENUNJUK PENTING

KEY INDICATORS

RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM

FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM

BAB

CHAPTER

SATU: UDARA/ATMOSFERA

ONE: AIR/ATMOSPHERE

A. LATAR BELAKANG

BACKGROUND

A.1 Iklim

Climate

- PengenalanIntroduction

- Suhu

Temperature

- Taburan hujan

Rainfall distribution

- Purata kelembapan relatif

Mean relative humidity

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KANDUNGANCONTENTS


B. KEADAAN

STATE

B.1 Status kualiti udara

Air quality status

- Pengenalan

Introduction

- Indeks Pencemaran Udara

Air Pollutant Index

B.2 Bahan pencemar udara

Air pollutant

- Ozon

Ground Level Ozone

- Plumbum

Lead

- Karbon Monoksida

Carbon Monoxide

- Sulfur Dioksida

Sulphur Dioxide

- Nitrogen Dioksida

Nitrogen Dioxide

- Habuk Halus

Particulate Matter

C. TEKANAN

PRESSURE

C.1 Punca pencemaran udara

Sources of air pollution

C.2 Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca utama

Emission of pollutants from main sources

- Kenderaan bermotor

Motor vehicles

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13

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KANDUNGANCONTENTS


- Punca tetap

Stationary sources

D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara

National Policy on Climate Change

BABCHAPTER

DUA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT

TWO: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND

A. LATAR BELAKANG

BACKGROUND

A.1 Pengenalan

Introduction

A.2 Sumber air

Water resources

B. KEADAAN

STATE

B.1 Kualiti air sungai

River water quality

- Pengkelasan air

Water classification

- Indeks Kualiti Air

Water Quality Index

B.2 Status kualiti air sungai

River water quality status

- Ammoniakal Nitrogen

Ammoniacal Nitrogen

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29

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KANDUNGANCONTENTS


- Keperluan Oksigen BiokimiaBiochemical Oxygen Demand

- Pepejal Terampai

Suspended Solids

- Logam berat

Heavy metal

C. TEKANAN

PRESSURE

C.1 Punca pencemaran air

Sources of water pollution

C.2 Sumber air mentah

Raw water resources

C.3 Air permukaan

Surface water

- Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar

Freshwater aquaculture production

C.4 Penggunaan baja

The use of fertilisers

- Baja

Fertilisers



D.1 Kempen Cintailah Sungai Kita

Love Our River Campaign

D.2 Program Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

Department of Irrigation and Drainage programmes

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KANDUNGANCONTENTS


BAB

CHAPTER

TIGA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARIN

THREE: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE

A. LATAR BELAKANG

BACKGROUND

A.1 Persekitaran marin

Marine environment

B. KEADAAN

STATE

B.1 Kualiti air marin

Marine water quality

- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai

Marine water quality status at coastal areas

- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala

Marine water quality status at estuary areas

- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau

Marine water quality status at island areas

C. TEKANAN

PRESSURE

C.1 Tumpahan minyak

Oil spills

- Pengendalian kargo

Cargo throughput

C.2 Hakisan pantai

Coastal erosion

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42

45

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KANDUNGANCONTENTS




D.1 Aktiviti Pengurusan Zon Pantai

Coastal Zone Management Activities

BAB

CHAPTER

EMPAT: TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL

FOUR: LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

A. LATAR BELAKANG

BACKGROUND

A.1 Lokasi

Location

- Topografi

Topography

A.2 Tanah bencah

Wetlands

- Pengenalan

Introduction

- Definisi

Definition

- Jenis tanah bencah

Type of wetlands

- Hutan paya gambut

Peat swamp forest

- Hutan paya laut

Mangrove forest

A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan

Terrestrial biodiversity

- Megakepelbagaian

Megadiversity

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KANDUNGANCONTENTS


JADUAL

TABLE

PETA

MAPS

LAMPIRAN

APPENDIX

GLOSARI

GLOSSARY

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187

191

225


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SENARAI CARTALIST OF CHARTS


CartaChart

Muka SuratPage

4.5 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012

Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

59

4.6 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,

Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012

Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

60

4.7 Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor,

Malaysia, 2008-2012

Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2008-2012

62

4.8 Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Production of cement, Malaysia, 2008-2012

62

4.9 Pengeluaran minyak mentah, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2008-2012

63

4.10 Pengeluaran bersih gas asli, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2008-2012

63

4.11 Taburan peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen,Malaysia, 2012

Percentage distribution of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2012

64

Bab 5:

Chapter 5:

Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk

Urban Environment/Human Settlements

5.1 Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Average annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012

69

5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2012

Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2012

70

5.3 Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2012

Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2012

72

5.4 Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012

73

5.5 Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2008-2012

74


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SENARAI CARTALIST OF CHARTS


Carta

Chart

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Page

5.6 Bilangan hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of government and private hospitals, Malaysia, 2008-2012

74

5.7 Bilangan katil hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of government and private hospital beds, Malaysia, 2008-2012

75

5.8 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia,

2008-2012

Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2008-2012

76

5.9 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat),

Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2008-2012

76

5.10 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2008-2012

77

5.11 Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2012

Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2012

78

5.12 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator,Malaysia, 2008-2012

Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2008-2012

79

5.13 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2008-2012

80

5.14 Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2008-2012

80

5.15 Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012

81

5.16 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012

Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2012

82

5.17 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012

Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2012

83

5.18a Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2008-2012

84


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SENARAI JADUALLIST OF TABLES


Jadual

Table

Muka Surat

Page

Bab 2:

Chapter 2:

Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat

Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland

2.1 Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

119

2.2 Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

120

2.3 Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan

kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2012

Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia,

2009-2012

121

2.4 Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori,

Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2008-2012

122

2.5 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2008-2012

122

2.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2008-2012

123

2.7a Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia,

2008-2012

Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

124

2.7b Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,

2008-2012

Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

125

2.7c Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

126

2.8 Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

127

2.9 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013

128

2.10 Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Production and import of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2009-2013

129


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Jadual

Table

Muka Surat

Page

2.11 Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2009-2013

129

2.12 Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

130

2.13 Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2008-2012

131

Bab 3:Chapter 3:

Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: MarinWater/Aquatic Environment: Marine

3.1 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin,

Malaysia, 2009-2013

Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia,

2009-2013

132

3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air

Marin, Malaysia, 2010-2012

Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,

Malaysia, 2010-2012

133

3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,

Malaysia, 2010-2012

Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,

Malaysia, 2010-2012

134

3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air

Marin, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012

Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,

Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

135

3.3 Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2008-2012

136

3.4 Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2008-2012

136

3.5 Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan,

Malaysia, 2009-2013

Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2009-2013

137


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Jadual

Table

Muka Surat

Page

3.6 Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008-2012

Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 2008-2012

138

3.7 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012

Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012

139

3.8 Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2008-2012

140

Bab 4:

Chapter 4:

Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial

Land/Terrestrial Environment

4.1 Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012

Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2012

141

4.2 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

142

4.3 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

143

4.4a Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012

Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

144

4.4b Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012

Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012

147

4.4c Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012

Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012

148

4.4d Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012

Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012

150

4.5 Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2008-2012

152

4.6 Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2008-2012

155

4.7 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

156


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Jadual

Table

Muka Surat

Page

4.8 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri,

Malaysia, 2008-2012

Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

158

4.9 Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012

159

4.10 Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012

160

4.11 Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2008-2012

160

4.12 Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012

161

4.13 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2008-2012

162

4.14 Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2008-2012

163

4.15 Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2008-2012

164

4.16 Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2008-2012

165

4.17 Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar,

Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008-2012

Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, PeninsularMalaysia, 2008-2012

166

4.18 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2008-2012

Forest resource development, Sabah, 2008-2012

167

4.19 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 2008-2012

Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2008-2012

167


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Jadual

Table

Muka Surat

Page

5.12b Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

177

5.13 Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

178

5.14 Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012

178

5.15 Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012

179

5.16 Ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri

di pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports,

Malaysia, 2008-2012

180

5.17 Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2008-2012

181

5.18 Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012

181

5.19 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012

182

5.20 Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

183

5.21 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia,

2008-2012Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2008-2012

184


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SENARAI LAMPIRANLIST OF APPENDICES


Lampiran

Appendix

Muka Surat

Page

1 Model Rangka Kerja Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas

Pressure-State-Response Framework Model

192

2 Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS

List of IACES Members

193

3 Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan

Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures

194

4 Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan

Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants

195

5 Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti AirWater quality classification based on Water Quality Index

196

6 Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air dan kelas air dan kegunaan

Water Quality Index classification and water class and uses

197

7 Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin

Marine water quality criteria and standards

198

8A Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia,

2011 dan 2012

Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

199

8B Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi,

Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012

Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

207

8C Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia,

2011 dan 2012

Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

212

9A Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2010-2012

Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012

213

9B Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2010-2012Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012

217

9C Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012

Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

219

10 Nota dan Simbol

Notes and Symbols

220

11 Rujukan

References

222


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PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1.

Udara/Atmosfera

Air/Atmosphere

a. Purata suhu (oC)

a

Mean temperature (oC)

- MaksimumMaximum

31.8 32.0 31.7 31.9 32.9b

- Minimum 24.0 24.3 24.1 24.2 24.9b

b. Jumlah hujan (mm)a

Total rainfall (mm)2,099.2 2,264.8 1,632.4 2,271.4 623.1

b

c. Purata kelembapan relatif (%)a

Mean relative humidity (%)81.2 83.4 83.6 82.1 78.5

b

d.Bacaan minimum dan maksimum Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) bagi stesen terpilih

Minimum and maximum Air Pollutant Index (API) readings for selected stations

Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

- Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 4 168 26 169 11 150 4 155 - -

- Larkin, Johor Bahru 2 99 15 111 3 84 2 137 - -

- Bandaraya Melaka 4 137 22 139 12 97 3 83 - -

- Seberang Jaya 5 106 28 93 6 98 6 105 - -

- Kuching 10 114 16 54 4 100 16 93 - -

- Miri 6 179 17 89 4 96 5 97 - -

- Kota Kinabalu 1 78 10 68 2 61 1 61 - -

e.Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca ('000 tan metrik)Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source ('000 tonnes)

- Kenderaan bermotorMotor vehicles

1,762.8 1,829.7 1,905.6 2,024.6 -

- Punca tetapStationary sources

762.2 733.1 749.9 779.6 -

i. IndustriIndustrial

166.3 113.9 116.4 86.4 -

ii. Stesen janakuasaPower plant

595.9 619.2 633.5 693.2 -

aMerujuk kepada Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA)Refer to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)

bJanuari hingga JunJanuary to June

IPU/API Status IPU/API status

050 Baik/Good

51100 Sederhana/Moderate

101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy

201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy

>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous


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xxxvi

PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

2. Alam Sekitar Air/AkuatikWater/Aquatic Environment

a. DaratInland

i. Lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi (bil.)Clean river basins monitored (no.)

70 65 76 74 -

ii. Lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemaryang diawasi (bil.)Slighty Polluted river basins monitored (no.)

64 65 53 54 -

iii. Lembangan sungai Tercemar yangdiawasi (bil.)Polluted river basins monitored (no.)

9 13 11 12 -

iv. Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkandengan air paipPercentage of population supplied with

piped water

93.0 94.2 94.4 94.7 -

b. MarinMarine

i. Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin (tan metrik)Annual landings of marine fish (tonnes) 1,393,226 1,428,881 1,373,105 1,472,240p 1,479,555e

ii. Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marinNumber of marine water quality monitoringstations

233 240 240 246 -

iii. Tumpahan minyak di laut (bil.)Oil spills at sea (no.)

21 16 14 21 -

3. Tanah/Alam Sekitar TerestrialLand/Terrestrial Environment

a. Jumlah kawasan berhutan (hektar)Total forested area (hectares)

18,243,922 18,084,029 17,999,847 18,091,013 -

b. Keluasan hutan paya gambut (hektar)Area of peat swamp forest (hectares)

1,067,374 1,068,506 1,067,947 1,067,436 -

c. Keluasan hutan paya laut (hektar)Area of mangrove forest (hectares)

536,291r 539,142

r 538,902

r 544,032 -


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xli

RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM


Rangka kerja

Perangkaan yang diterbitkan di dalam KompendiumPerangkaan Alam Sekitar (KPAS) ini disusun

berdasarkan Framework For The Development of

Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984, United Nations .

Rangka kerja ini telah disesuaikan mengikut situasi

Malaysia sebagai Framework For The Development of

Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998.

Penyusunan data mengikut empat klasifikasi media alam

sekitar dan dianalisis berdasarkan model Tekanan-

Keadaan-Tindak Balas (PSR) dari Rangka Kerja untuk

Pembangunan Perangkaan Alam Sekitar(FDES) yang

dibangunkan oleh Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development (OECD) seperti di

Lampiran 1.

Walau bagaimanapun, untuk kesesuaian di Malaysia,

format ini telah diubahsuai kepada model Keadaan-

Tekanan-Tindak Balas(SPR).

Kompendium ini menerangkan alam sekitar mengikut

klasifikasi media seperti berikut: Udara/Atmosfera,

Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (darat dan marin),

Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar

Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk. Susunan kompendium

ini adalah seperti berikut: setiap bab mengandungi latar

belakang alam sekitar diikuti keadaan semasa

seterusnya menggambarkan bagaimana aktiviti manusia

memberi tekanan ke atas alam sekitar. Akhirnya tindak

balasyang sesuai diambil untuk mengurangkan tekanan

atau impak.

Punca data

Perangkaan dalam KPAS ini telah diperoleh menerusi

sumber data sekunder, rekod pentadbiran dan

perangkaan yang diterbitkan. Beberapa data sosio-

ekonomi berkaitan dengan perangkaan alam sekitar yang

telah dikumpul dan disimpan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan

secara langsung atau tidak langsung juga digunakan

untuk tujuan ini.

Framework

The statistics in this Compendium of EnvironmentStatistics (CES) is compiled based on Framework For

The Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984,

United Nations. This framework was modified according

to Malaysias situation known as Framework For The

Development of Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia

1998. Compilation of data according to four environmental

media classifications and the analyses are based on the

Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model of the

Framework for the Development of Environment

Statistics (FDES) developed by the Organisation for

Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as per

Appendix 1.

However, for Malaysias compatibality, the PSR format

was modified to State-Pressure-Response(SPR) model.

This compendium describes the environment according to

the following media classifications: Air /Atmosphere,

Water /Aquat ic Environment (inland and marine),

Land/Terrestr ial Environment and Urban

Environm ent/Human Sett lements. Its layout adopts the

following approach: each chapter outlines the

background of the environment, followed by a

description of the existing state. It thenproceeds to show

how human activities can put pressure on the

environment leading to appropriate responses taken to

minimise these stresses or impacts.

Data source

The statistics in the CES were obtained from secondary

data, administrative records and derived statistics. Some

of the socio-economic data that has been collected and

kept in Department of Statistics are directly or indirectly

relevant to environment statistics also been used for this

purpose.


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xlii

RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM


Selain itu, data yang dibekalkan oleh Jabatan Alam

Sekitar (JAS) dan agensi kerajaan yang lain, terutamanya

ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Antara Agensi mengenaiPerangkaan Alam Sekitar (JAAMPAS). Senarai penuh

ahli-ahli JAAMPAS seperti ditunjukkan di Lampiran 2.

Kompendium ini merupakan sebahagian daripada

rancangan yang berterusan untuk mempersembahkan

perangkaan alam sekitar yang terpilih. Terdapat ruang

data yang masih perlu diliputi, terutamanya tentang flora

dan fauna, dan kepelbagaian biologi. Usaha telah

dimulakan bagi mengumpul beberapa perangkaan ini

melalui penyiasatan tetap. Beberapa seksyen dalam

kompendium ini telah ditambah baik dengan

pengumpulan data daripada penyiasatan-penyiasatan ini

dan juga lain-lain sumber. Penambahan tajuk bagi

seksyen yang sedia ada adalah berterusan.

Apart from this, data was also sourced from the

Department of Environment (DOE) and other Government

agencies, particularly, members of the Inter-AgencyCommittee on Environment Statistics (IACES). The full list

of IACES members is shown in Appendix 2.

This compendium is part of an ongoing programme to

present selected areas of environment statistics. There

are still data gaps to be covered, especially in the areas

of flora and fauna, and bio-diversity. Efforts have been

initiated to collect some of these statistics through regular

surveys. Some sections of the CES have been enhanced

with data collected from these surveys and also other

sources. The inclusion of new topics within the existing

sections is expected to continue.


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3

A. LATAR BELAKANGBACKGROUND

UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE


A.1 Iklim

Pengenalan

Malaysia terletak di zon khatulistiwa dan mengalami

iklim panas dan lembap. Pada amnya, ia mempunyai

suhu seragam, kelembapan tinggi dan jumlah hujan

yang banyak.

Suhu

Jadual A menunjukkan ringkasan perangkaan iklim di

stesen meteorologi terpilih pada 2012. Suhu tertinggi

direkodkan di stesen Subang (36.6C) dan bacaan

terendah di stesen Cameron Highlands (13.0C).

Taburan hujan

Pada 2012, hujan tahunan tertinggi dan terendah

masing-masing direkodkan di stesen Bintulu

(3,936.2mm) dan stesen Sitiawan (1,833.8mm).

A.1 Climate

Introduct ion

Malaysia is located in the equatorial zone and

experience the warm and humid climate. In general, it

has a uniform temperature, high humidity and abundant

rainfall.

Temperature

Table A shows the summary of climate statistics at

selected meteorological stations in 2012. The highest

temperature recorded at Subang station (36.6C) and

the lowest recorded at Cameron Highlands station

(13.0C).

Rainfall distr ibut ion

In 2012, theyearly highest and lowest rainfall recorded

at Bintulu station (3,936.2mm) and Sitiawan station

(1,833.8mm) respectively.

Jadual A: Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2012Table A: Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2012

IklimClimate

RekodRecord

StesenStation

SuhuTemperature

Suhu tertinggi (C)Highest temperature

36.6 Subang

Suhu terendah (C)Lowest temperature

13.0 Cameron Highlands

HujanRainfall

Hujan tahunan tertinggi (mm)Yearly highest rainfall

3,936.2 Bintulu

Hujan tahunan terendah (mm)Yearly lowest rainfall

1,833.8 Sitiawan

Purata kelembapan relatifMean relative humidity

Purata kelembapan relatif tertinggi (%)Highest mean relative humidity

90.8 Cameron Highlands

Purata kelembapan relatif terendah (%)Lowest mean relative humidity

77.4 Petaling Jaya

Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department


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6




Carta 1.2b:Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi Carta 1.2c: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologiterpilih, Sabah, 2011 dan 2012 terpilih, Sarawak, 2011 dan 2012

Chart 1.2b: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological Chart 1.2c: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorologicalstations, Sabah,2011 and 2012 stations, Sarawak,2011 and 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

Purata kelembapan relatif

Pada 2012, purata kelembapan relatif bagi

Semenanjung Malaysia berada di antara 77.4 peratus

(Petaling Jaya) dan 90.8 peratus (Cameron Highlands).

Purata kelembapan relatif di Sabah berada di antara

80.3 peratus (Tawau) dan 84.4 peratus (Sandakan)

manakala di Sarawak berada di antara 82.0 peratus

(Miri) dan 85.5 peratus (Bintulu). [Jadual 1.1]

Mean relat ive hum idi ty

In 2012, the mean relative humidity for Peninsular

Malaysia was between 77.4 per cent (Petaling Jaya)

and 90.8 per cent (Cameron Highlands). The mean

relative humidity in Sabah was between 80.3 per cent

(Tawau) and 84.4 per cent (Sandakan) while in

Sarawak was between 82.0 per cent (Miri) and

85.5 per cent (Bintulu). [Table 1.1]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Kuching Sibu Sri Aman Bintulu Miri

244

224 2

39

229

200

247

230

222

221

203

Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days

2011 2012

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sandakan Kudat Tawau Kota Kinabalu

239

233

201 2

16

217

212

199

195

Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days

2011 2012


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7

B. KEADAANSTATE



B.1 Status kualiti udara

Pengenalan

Udara terdiri daripada komposisi gas termasuk nitrogen

(lebih kurang 78.0 peratus), oksigen (lebih kurang

21.0 peratus) dan gas-gas lain (lebih kurang

1.0 peratus). Kesemua komponen ini memainkan

peranan penting dalam mengekalkan kehidupan.

Indeks Pencemaran Udara

Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) telah membangunkan

sistem indeks kualiti udara yang pertama dikenali

sebagai Indeks Kualiti Udara Malaysia (IKUM) pada

1993. Sistem indeks memainkan peranan penting

untuk memaklumkan status kualiti udara sekeliling,

yang terdiri daripada Baik sehingga Berbahaya. Indeks

Pencemaran Udara (IPU) telah diperkenalkan setelah

JAS mengkaji semula sistem indeks ini pada 1996.

JAS memantau kualiti udara negara melalui 52 stesen

pengawasan yang ditempatkan di seluruh negara.

Bahan pencemar udara yang diambilkira untuk mengira

IPU adalah Ozon (O3), Karbon Monoksida (CO),

Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2), Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) dan

Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).

IPU dikategorikan sebagai Baik, Sederhana, Tidak

Sihat, Sangat Tidak Sihat dan Berbahaya [Lampiran 3]

seperti berikut:

B.1 Air qual i ty status

Introduct ion

Air is a composition of gases including nitrogen

(about 78.0 per cent), oxygen (about 21.0 per cent) and

other gases (about 1.0 per cent). All these components

play an important role in sustaining lives.

Air Pol lutant Index

The Department of Environment (DOE) has developed

its first air quality index system, known as the Malaysian

Air Quality Index (MAQI) in 1993. An index system

plays an important role in conveying the status of

ambient air quality, ranging from Good to Hazardous.

The Air Pollutant Index (API) was introduced when

DOE has revised its index system in 1996.

DOE monitors the countrys ambient air quality through

52 monitoring stations located throughout the country.

The air pollutants which were counted in computing the

API are Ground Level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide

(CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

and Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size

(PM10).

The API is categorised as Good, Moderate, Unhealthy,

Very Unhealthy and Hazardous [Appendix 3] as

follows:

Status Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU)Air Pollutant Index (API) status

IPU/API Status IPU/API status

050 Baik/Good

51100 Sederhana/Moderate

101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy

201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy

>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous


53/278


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9

B. KEADAANSTATE



Carta 1.3c: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2012

Chart 1.3c: Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2012

Carta 1.3d: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2012

Chart 1.3d: Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2012

Carta 1.3e: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2012

Chart 1.3e: Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2012

1

Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 366 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 366 days is due to technical problems

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Kota Bharu Tanah Merah

279

8086

286

BaikGood

(0-50)

SederhanaModerate

(51-100)

BaikGood

(0 - 50)

SederhanaModerate

(51-100)Bilangan hariNumber of days

0

50

100

150200

250

300

350

Bandaraya Melaka Bukit Rambai

174

18

192

348

BaikGood

SederhanaModerate

BaikGood0 - 50

SederhanaModerate(51-100)Bilangan hari

Number of days

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Nilai Port Dickson Seremban

6086

164

305273

202

1 7

BaikGood

SederhanaModerate

Tidak SihatUnhealthy

BaikGood(0 - 50)

SederhanaModerate(51 - 100)


(101 - 200)Bilangan hariNumber of days


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10

B. KEADAANSTATE



Carta 1.3f: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2012

Chart 1.3f: Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2012

Carta 1.3g: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Perak, 2012

Chart 1.3g: Air quality status by station, Perak, 2012

Carta 1.3h: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2012

Chart 1.3h: Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2012

1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 366 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 366 days is due to technical problems

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Balok Baru Jerantut Kuantan

154

295

233212

71

132

BaikGood

(0-50)

SederhanaModerate

(51-100)

BaikGood

(0 - 50)

SederhanaModerate


0

50

100

150200

250

300

350

Pegoh, lpoh Ser i Manjung Taiping Tanjung Mal im Tasek, lpoh

61

275260

231

151

303

90 105 114

215

2 21

BaikGood(0-50)

SederhanaModerate(51-100)

Tidak SihatUnhealthy(101-200)

BaikGood(0-50)


Tidak SihatUnhealhy(101-200)

Bilangan hariNumber of days

0

50

100

150

200

250

Perai Seberang Jaya USM

223

176 173

143

185 192

5 1

BaikGood(0-50)


Tidak SihatUnhealthy(101-200)

BaikGood

(0-50)

SederhanaModerate

(51-100)




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11

B. KEADAANSTATE



Carta 1.3i: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2012

Chart 1.3i: Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2012

Carta 1.3j: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2012

Chart 1.3j: Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2012

Carta 1.3k: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2012

Chart 1.3k: Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2012

1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of EnvironmentNota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 366 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 366 days is due to technical problems

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Keningau Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau

329 324354 341

37 4212

24

BaikGood

(0-50)

SederhanaModerate

(51-100)

BaikGood

(0-50)

SederhanaModerate


BaikGood(0 - 50)


Tidak SihatUnhealthy(101- 200)

Sangat Tidak SihatVery Unhealthy(201- 300)

BerbahayaHazardous(>300)


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ban tin g Klang Kuala Selan gor Petalin g Jaya Sh ah Alam

83 75

251

127100

278 276

109

235255

5 13 5 4 11

BaikGood

(0-50)

SederhanaModerate

(51-100)


(101-200)

BaikGood

(0-50)

SederhanaModerate

(51-100)




57/278


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13

B. KEADAANSTATE



Carta 1.4: Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara1Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2012

Chart 1.4: Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by station, Malaysia, 2012

1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

B.2 Bahan pencemar udara

Bahan pencemar udara merupakan bahan kimia di

udara yang boleh membahayakan manusia dan alam

sekitar. Bahan pencemar boleh berbentuk partikel,

titisan cecair atau gas.

Terdapat enam bahan pencemar utama iaitu

Ozon (O3), Plumbum (Pb), Karbon Monoksida (CO),

Sulfur Dioksida (SO2), Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) dan

Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).

Pencemaran udara berlaku apabila bahan pencemar

ini hadir di atmosfera. Punca dan kesan bahan

pencemar udara ditunjukkan seperti di Lampiran 4.

B.2 Air pol lutant

Air pollutant is a substance in the air that can be

harmful to human beings and the environment.

Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid

droplets or gases.

There are six main pollutants namely Ground Level

Ozone (O3), Lead (Pb), Carbon Monoxide (CO),

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and

Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size

(PM10). Air pollution occurs when these pollutants are

present in the atmosphere. The sources and effects of

air pollutants are shown in Append ix 4.

1

2

3

4

5

7

9

11

13

21

25

37

0 10 20 30 40

Kangar, Kota Tinggi, Langkawi, Nilai dan USM

Larkin, Pasir Gudang, Pegoh, Putrajaya dan Sri Aman

Alor Setar dan Sungai Petani

Petaling Jaya

Banting, Kuala Selangor dan Seberang Jaya

Port Dickson

ILP, Miri

Shah Alam

Klang

Tanjung Malim

Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur

Cheras, Kuala Lumpur



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14

B. KEADAANSTATE



Ozon

Ozon (O3) merupakan gas yang mengeluarkan bau

yang tidak menyenangkan, tidak berwarna dan

bertoksik. Pada lewat tengahari atau awal petang,

lazimnya kepekatan O3adalah tinggi dan mendominasi

bacaan IPU di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah

pengaruh cahaya matahari, Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) dan

Sebatian Organik Meruap (VOC) yang dilepaskan dari

ekzos kenderaan bermotor dan industri bertindakbalas

bagi membentuk O3di permukaan bumi.

Kepekatan tertinggi bagi O3 dicatatkan di kawasan

bandar iaitu sebanyak 0.044 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan

industri, 0.041 ppm dan kawasan subbandar

0.039 ppm. Kepekatan di kawasan backgroundadalah

0.033 ppm. Purata tahunan kepekatan O3 di semua

stesen adalah di bawah Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara

Malaysia, 0.1 ppm.

Ground Level Ozone

Ground Level Ozone (O3) is a pungent, colourless and

toxic gas. By the late afternoon or early evening, O3

concentrations are typically high and dominates the API

readings in some areas. Under the influence of sunlight,

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds

(VOCs) emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and

industry react to form O3in the earth's surface.

The highest concentration of O3 recorded at urban area

at 0.044 ppm followed by industrial area, 0.041 ppm

and suburban area, 0.039 ppm. Background area

recorded concentration at 0.033 ppm. The annual

average concentration of O3 for all stations is under

Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, 0.1 ppm.

Carta 1.5: Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut l and use, Malaysia, 2012Chart 1.5: Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

0.045

lndustriIndustrial

BandarUrban

Sub bandarSub Urban

Background

0.0410.044

0.039

0.033

ppm

Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban

ppm


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17

B. KEADAANSTATE



Sulfur Dioksida

Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) adalah sejenis gas reaktif yang

tidak berwarna, mempunyai bau yang tajam, merengsa

serta mudah larut dalam air. Sumber utama SO2 di

udara ialah aktiviti industri yang memproses

bahan-bahan yang mengandungi sulfur, contohnya

penjanaan elektrik daripada arang batu, minyak atau

gas yang mengandungi sulfur.

Kepekatan tertinggi SO2 direkodkan di kawasan industri

iaitu 0.0022 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan bandar

(0.0018 ppm) dan subbandar (0.0015 ppm). Kawasanbackgroundmencatatkan kepekatan pada 0.0009 ppm.

Sulphur Dioxide

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a colourless, pungent, irritating

and water-soluble reactive gas. The main source of SO2

in the air is industrial activity that processes materials

that contain sulfur, e.g the generation of electricity from

coal, oil or gas that contains sulphur.

The highest level of SO2 concentration recorded at

industrial area which accounted for 0.0022 ppm

followed by urban areas (0.0018 ppm) and suburbanareas (0.0015 ppm). Background area recorded

concentration at 0.0009 ppm.

Carta 1.8: Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012Chart 1.8: Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012


Nitrogen Dioksida

Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) terbentuk di persekitaran

udara melalui pengoksidaan Nitrogen Monoksida (NO).

Gas bertoksik berwarna merah keperangan ini

mempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.

Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is formed in the ambient air

through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide (NO). This

reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungent

odour.

0.0000

0.0005

0.0010

0.0015

0.0020

0.0025

Kawasan industriIndustrial area

BandarUrban

SubbandarSuburban

Background

0.0022

0.00180.0015

0.0009

pp m

Kawasan industri Bandar Subbandar BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban

ppm


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20

C. TEKANANPRESSURE



C.1 Punca pencemaran udara

Sumber utama bagi pencemaran udara di Malaysiaadalah pelepasan daripada punca tetap (perindustrian

termasuk stesen janakuasa), kenderaan bermotor dan

aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.

Kenderaan bermotor menyumbang 68.5 peratus

pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara. Punca tetap dan

punca-punca lain masing-masing menyumbang

26.4 peratus dan 5.1 peratus.

C.1 Sources of air pol lut ion

The main sources of air pollution in Malaysia areemissions from stationary sources (industries including

power plants), motor vehicles and open burning

activities.

Motor vehicles contributed 68.5 per cent of the

emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. Stationary

sources and other sources accounted for 26.4 per cent

and 5.1 per cent respectively.

Carta 1.11: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2012Chart 1.11: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source, Malaysia, 2012

1Termasuk hotel, pusat komersial, institusi dan pasar malam Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarIncludes hotels, commercial centres, institutions and night markets Source: Department of Environment

Carta 1.12 menunjukkan pelepasan mengikut bahan

pencemar ke udara pada 2012. CO menyumbang

peratus tertinggi (63.4%), diikuti oleh NO2 (29.7%),

SO2(6.7%) dan PM (0.2%).

Chart 1.12 shows the emission of pollutants to the

atmosphere in 2012. CO contributed the highest

percentage (63.4%), followed by NO2 (29.7%),

SO2(6.7%) and PM (0.2%).

Punca tetapStationary sources

26.4%

Kenderaan bermotorMotor vehicles

68.5%

Lain-lain1

Others

5.1%


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23

C. TEKANANPRESSURE



Carta 1.15: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri, Malaysia,2011 dan 2012

Chart 1.15: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through industries, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CO NO2 SO2 PM

11.9

62.5

30.6

11.39.4

56.9

19.8

0.2

Tan metrik ('000)Tonnes

2011 2012

CO NO2 SO2 PM


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D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITARRESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS



D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara berperanan sebagai

satu rangka kerja untuk menggerak dan memberikan

panduan kepada agensi kerajaan, industri, komuniti

dan juga pihak berkepentingan dalam menghadapi

cabaran perubahan iklim secara menyeluruh dan

bersepadu. Dasar ini menitikberatkan pengukuhan

keupayaan negara agar impak perubahan iklim dapat

dikurangkan di samping menggalakkan langkah

mitigasi yang boleh mempertingkatkan pembangunan

secara lestari.

Menyedari hakikat kesan dan impak negatif perubahan

iklim, Malaysia mengambil tindakan untuk

mengarusperdanakan respons nasional bagi

memantapkan matlamat pembangunan ekonomi, sosial

dan alam sekitar berdasarkan prinsip berikut:

1. Pembangunan Secara Lestari

Mengintegrasikan respons perubahan iklim ke

dalam pelan rancangan negara bagi memenuhi

aspirasi ke arah mencapai pembangunan lestari.

2. Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar dan SumberAsli

Memperkukuhkan pelaksanaan pelbagai tindakan

perubahan iklim yang menyumbang kepada

pemuliharaan alam sekitar dan penggunaan

sumber asli secara lestari.

3. Pelaksanaan Secara Bersepadu

Mengambil kira isu perubahan iklim ke dalam

pelaksanaan program pembangunan di semua

peringkat.

4. Penglibatan yang Berkesan

Meningkatkan penglibatan semua pihak

berkepentingan dan kumpulan utama bagi

pelaksanaan tindakan mengenai perubahan iklim

secara berkesan.

D.1 National Policy o n Climate Change

The National Policy on Climate Change serves as the

framework to mobilize and guide government agencies,

industry, community as well as other stakeholders and

major groups in addressing the challenges of climate

change in a concerted and holistic manner. Emphasis is

on strengthening capacity of the nation to reduce its

vulnerability to climate change whilst promoting

mitigation responses that also enhance sustainable

development.

Malaysia recognises the adverse effects and impacts of

climate change and undertakes to mainstream national

responses that consolidate economic, social and

environmental development goals based on the

following principles:

1. Development on a Sustainable Path

Integrate climate change responses into national

development plans to fulfil the countrys aspiration

for sustainable development.

2. Conservat ion of Environment and Natural

Resources

Strengthen implementation of climate change

actions that contribute to environmental

conservation and sustainable use of natural

resources.

3. Coordinated Implementat ion

Incorporate climate change considerations into

implementation of development programmes at all

levels.

4. Effective Participatio n

Improve participation of stakeholders and major

groups for effective implementation of climate

change responses.


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B. KEADAANSTATE

ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARATWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND


B.1 Kualiti air sungai

Kualiti air sungai dipantau oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar(JAS) berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA). Sampel air

yang diambil dari stesen pengawasan dianalisis untuk

mengukur IKA. Ia bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti status

kualiti air sungai, mengesan perubahan dalam kualiti air

serta mengenal pasti sumber pencemaran. Terdapat

812 stesen manual yang terletak di 140 lembangan

sungai untuk mengumpul dan merekod data kualiti air

sungai di Malaysia. [Lampiran 8A, 8B dan8C]. Kualiti air

sungai diklasifikasikan kepada tiga kategori iaitu Bersih,

Sederhana Tercemar dan Tercemar seperti ditunjukkan

di Lampiran 5.

Pengkelasan Air

Pengkelasan air telah diperkenalkan untuk memudahkan

pihak berkuasa mengawal dan menguatkuasa peraturan

yang diperuntukan di bawah Akta Kualiti Alam

Sekeliling 1974. Ia juga memudahkan penyeragaman

penilaian kualiti air di seluruh negara. Pengkelasansungai dilaksanakan setiap tahun berdasarkan IKA dan

Interim Standard Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (INWQS) iaitu

Kelas I, II, III, IV dan V. [Lampiran 6]

Indeks Kualiti Air

Sampel air diambil dari stesen pengawasan dianalisis

mengikut enam parameter untuk mengukur IKA.

Parameter tersebut terdiri daripada Keperluan Oksigen

Biokimia (BOD5), Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD),

Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Pepejal Terampai (SS),

nilai pH dan Oksigen Terlarut (DO). [Lampiran 6]

B.1 River water quality

River water quality monitored by the Department ofEnvironment (DOE) is based on Water Quality Index

(WQI). Water samples collected from monitoring stations

are analysed to derive the WQI. Its aim is to identify the

status of river water quality, to detect changes in water

quality and also to identify the pollution sources. A total of

812 manual stations are located within 140 river basins

for collecting and recording the river water quality data in

Malaysia. [Append ix 8A, 8B and8C]. The river water

quality is classified into three categories i.e. Clean,

Slightly Polluted and Polluted as shown inApp endix 5.

Water Classi f icat ion

The water classification is introduced to facilitate the

authorities in controlling and enforcing rules stipulated

under Environmental Quality Act 1974. It is also used to

facilitate the standardisation of water quality assessment

throughout country. The classification of river water isimplemented every year based on WQI and Interim

National Water Quality Standards (INWQS) which are

Class I, II, III, IV and V. [Appendix 6]

Water Quality Index

Water samples collected from monitoring stations are

analysed according to the following six parameters to

derive the WQI. The parameters comprised of

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N),

Suspended Solids (SS), pH value and Dissolved Oxygen

(DO). [Appendix 6]


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B. KEADAANSTATE



B.2 Status kualiti air sungai

Ammoniakal Nitrogen

Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N) adalah komponen nitrogen

yang digunakan sebagai penunjuk untuk menentukan

pencemaran oleh kumbahan. Ia terhasil daripada aktiviti

mikrobiologi dan biasanya wujud di dalam air permukaan

dan air bawah tanah. Sumber utama bagi bahan

pencemar NH3-N adalah kumbahan domestik dan ladang

ternakan.

Peratusan lembangan sungai bersih daripada NH3-N

menurun kepada 25.0 peratus pada 2012 berbanding

29.3 peratus pada 2011. Penurunan peratusan

lembangan sungai bersih secara tidak langsung

meningkatkan peratusan bagi lembangan sungai yang

sederhana tercemar (47.9%) dan lembangan sungai

yang tercemar (27.1%) pada 2012.

B.2 River water qual i ty status

Ammon iacal Nitrogen

Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) is a component of nitrogen

which is adopted as an indicator to determine pollution by

sewage. It is formed from microbiology activity and

usually exists inside surface water and groundwater. The

main sources of NH3-N were domestic sewage and

livestock farming.

The percentage of clean river basins water that is free

from NH3-N decreased to 25.0 per cent in 2012 as

compared to 29.3 per cent in 2011. The decreased in the

percentage of clean river basins indirectly increases the

percentage of slightly polluted river basins (47.9%) and

polluted river basins (27.1%) in 2012.

Carta 2.1: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen,Malaysia, 2008-2012

Chart 2.1: Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012


Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia

Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5) merujuk kepada

ukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut yang diperlukan untuk

mengurai bakteria dalam sisa organik di dalam sampel

air. Pertambahan BOD5 di dalam lembangan sungai,

kebiasaannya disebabkan oleh sisa kumbahan yang

tidak dirawat atau separa rawat daripada industri asas

tani dan pembuatan.

Bioch emical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) refers to the

amount of dissolved oxygen required for the bacterial

decomposition of organic waste in water samples. The

increase in BOD5 in river basins is due to untreated or

partially treated sewage, discharge from agro-based and

manufacturing industries.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

50.3

39.1

24.529.3

25.026.6

32.9

46.1 45.7 47.9

23.1

28.0 29.425.0

27.1

BersihClean

Sederhana TercemarSlightly Polluted

TercemarPolluted

PeratusPer cent

BersihClean


TercemarPolluted


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B. KEADAANSTATE



Carta 2.3: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai,Malaysia, 2008-2012

Chart 2.3: Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solids pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012


Logam berat

Logam berat ialah logam yang mempunyai molekul tinggi

seperti kuprum, zink, kadmium, nikel, plumbum, arsenikdan raksa yang biasa digunakan dalam industri untuk

menghasilkan pengeluaran. Pencemaran logam berat

biasanya terjadi apabila pembuangan sisa tidak dirawat

dengan sempurna oleh sektor industri disalurkan

ke dalam lembangan sungai. Kewujudan logam berat

melebihi piawaian akan memberi kesan yang

membahayakan kesihatan manusia dan alam sekitar.

Heavy metal

Heavy metals are metals with high molecules such as

copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, arsenic and mercuryusually used by industries in their production. Heavy

metal pollution usually occurs when inadequately treated

waste water by the industrial sector is discharged into the

river basins. The presence of heavy metals exceeding

the standard is harmful and poses risk to human health

and environment.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

39.9 37.8

47.6

56.4

68.6

23.1 22.418.8 18.6 20.0

37.0 39.8

33.6

25.0

11.4

PeratusPer cent

BersihClean


TercemarPolluted

BersihClean


TercemarPolluted


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36

C. TEKANANPRESSURE



C.4 Penggunaan baja

Baja

Baja ialah sebatian kimia yang diberikan kepada

tumbuhan untuk menggalakkan pertumbuhan dan

meningkatkan hasil tanaman. Baja terbahagi kepada dua

jenis:

i. Baja organik

Baja organik atau baja asli dihasilkan menggunakan

bahan organik atau daripada pereputan

tumbuhan/haiwan/organisma hidup.

ii. Bukan organik

Baja bukan organik atau baja kimia/buatan

dihasilkan melalui proses kimia mudah menggunakan

bahan kimia bukan organik atau galian.

C.4 The use of ferti l is ers

Ferti l isers

Fertilisers are chemical compounds applied to stimulate

plant growth and increase crop yield. There are two types

of fertilisers i.e. organic and inorganic.

i . Organic ferti l is er

Organic or natural fertiliser is composed mainly from

organic material or decayed plant/animal/living

organism.

i i . Inorg anic ferti l isers

Inorganic or chemical fertilisers/artificial fertilisers are

manufactured by a simple chemical process with

inorganic chemical materials or minerals.


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41


ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARINWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE


A.1 Persekitaran marin

Malaysia dikurniakan dengan banyak pulau sertakawasan pantai dan laut yang mana persekitarannya

kaya dengan sumber akuatik. Kualiti air marin

memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pemuliharaan

sumber alam semulajadi ini.

Pada 2013, jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air

payau/masin dianggarkan 73.6 peratus daripada jumlah

pengeluaran akuakultur negara manakala 26.4 peratus

daripada pengeluaran air tawar. Pengeluaran ini

meningkat sebanyak 17.0 peratus daripada 634.4 ribu

tan metrik pada 2012 kepada 743.0 ribu tan metrik pada

2013.

A.1 Mar ine environm ent

Malaysia is blessed with numerous islands, coastal andmarine areas where the environment is rich in aquatic

resources. Marine water quality plays an important role in

the conservation of this natural resources.

In 2013, total estimated production of

brackishwater/marine aquaculture contributed

73.6 per cent of the total aquaculture production while the

remaining 26.4 per cent was from freshwater production.

This production rose by 17.0 per cent from

634.4 thousand tonnes in 2012 to 743.0 thousand tonnes

in 2013.

Carta 3.1: Pengeluaranakuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2009-2013Chart 3.1: Productionof freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Sumber: Jabatan PerikananSource: Department of Fisheries

135.2 155.4 122.2163.8

196.1

318.6

425.6 404.3

470.6

546.9

453.9

581.0

526.5

634.4

743.0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

TahunYear

Air tawar Air payau/masin Jumlah pengeluaran

Tan metrik ('000)Tonnes

2009 2010 2011 2012p 2013

e

Freshwater Brackishwater/marine Total production


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B. KEADAANSTATE



B.1 Kualiti air marin

Program Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Kebangsaan

telah dimulakan pada 1978 di Semenanjung Malaysia

dan diperluaskan ke Sabah dan Sarawak pada 1985 bagi

memelihara kualiti air marin daripada pembangunan

sekelilingnya. Stesen pemantauan air marin diwujudkan

di kuala sungai dan pantai bagi memantau perubahan

kualiti air marin.

Pada 2012, JAS telah membangunkan Indeks Kualiti Air

Marin (IKAM). IKAM merupakan bacaan yang digunakanuntuk mengukur status kualiti air marin mengikut

kategori. Indeks ini dibangunkan berdasarkan tujuh

parameter utama terdiri daripada Oksigen Terlarut (DO),

Nitrat (NO3), Fosfat (PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3),

Koliform Tinja, Minyak & Gris (O&G) dan Jumlah Pepejal

Terampai (TSS).

Nilai indeks dengan skala di antara 0 hingga 100

menetapkan kategori kualiti air daripada tahap Tercemar

hingga Terbaik.

B.1 Marine water qu ality

Marine Water Quality Monitoring Programme

commenced in 1978 for Peninsular Malaysia and was

extended to Sabah and Sarawak in 1985 to protect the

quality of marine water from surrounding development.

Monitoring stations has been established at estuaries

and coastal areas to monitor marine water quality.

In 2012, DOE has developed Marine Water Quality Index

(MWQI). The MWQI reading is used to measure thestatus of marine water quality by category. The index

was developed based on seven main parameters which

are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate

(PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3), Faecal Coliform, Oil &

Grease (O&G) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).

The index value with scales between 0 to 100 designate

the assigned categories of water quality ranging from

Excellent to Poor.

Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin

Marine Water Quality Index classification

Nilai indeksIndex value

KategoriCategory

90 -100 Terbaik/Excellent

80 -


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D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITARRESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS



D.1 Aktiviti Pengurusan Zon Pantai

Menyedari kejadian hakisan pantai yang semakin

meningkat dan mengancam penduduk pantai serta

mengakibatkan kerugian sepanjang garis pantai,

Kerajaan telah menjalankan Kajian Hakisan Pantai

Kebangsaan dari November 1984 hingga Januari 1986.

Untuk menangani masalah ini, Kerajaan telah

menubuhkan Pusat Kejuruteraan Pantai di Jabatan

Pengairan dan Saliran pada 1987 untuk melaksanakan

rancangan kawalan hakisan pantai di seluruh negara.

Rancangan ini melibatkan dua strategi, iaitu strategijangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Strategi jangka

pendek melibatkan pembinaan projek kawalan hakisan

manakala strategi jangka panjang melibatkan

penambahbaikan pengurusan zon pantai dengan cara

yang bersepadu supaya kejadian hakisan pantai tidak

akan bertambah.

Antara langkah Tebatan Hakisan Pantai:

a) Kejuruteraan Berstruktur

i. Lapis lindung

ii. Groin

iii. Pemecah ombak

iv. Blok konkrit

v. Tembok pengawal muara

b) Kejuruteraan Tanpa Struktur

i. Penambakan pasir pantai

ii. Penanaman semula bakau

iii.Geotekstil tiubiv.Modul Penyamaan Tekanan

D.1 Coastal Zone Management A ctivit ies1

Realising the increasing incidences of coastal erosion

which threatens coastal population and leads to loss of

properties along the coastlines, the Government has

carried out the National Coastal Erosion Study from

November 1984 to January 1986.

In order to cope with this problem, the Government has

set up the Coastal Engineering Centre in the Department

of Irrigation and Drainage in 1987 to implement coastal

erosion control program throughout the country. The pro-

gram involves two strategies, i.e. short-term and long-term strategies. The short-term strategy involves con-

struction of erosion control projects and the long-term

strategy involves improving coastal zone management in

an integrated manner so that incidences of coastal

erosion will not increase.

Among Coastal Erosion Mitigation measures:

a) Hard Engineering

i. Revetment

ii. Groynes

iii. Breakwater

iv. Concrete blocks

v. Training wall

b) Soft Engineering

i. Beach nourishment

ii. Mangrove replanting

iii. Sediment filled geotextile breakwatersiv. Pressure Equalization Module

1Laman web Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (http://www.water.gov.my)Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia official web site
http://www.water.gov.my/activities-mainmenu-184/417?task=view&lang=myhttp://www.water.gov.my/activities-mainmenu-184/417?task=view&lang=myhttp://www.water.gov.my/activities-our-services-350/431?task=view&lang=myhttp://www.water.gov.my/activities-our-services-350/431?task=view&lang=myhttp://www.water.gov.my/activities-mainmenu-184/417?task=view&lang=my


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TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIALLAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT


A.1 Lokasi

Malaysia terletak di Asia Tenggara dengan garisan

khatulistiwa di antara latitud 1odan 7

outara dan longitud

100odan 119

otimur. Ia terdiri daripada 13 negeri dan tiga

Wilayah Persekutuan dengan keluasan tanah sebanyak

330,290 kilometer persegi. Ia dipisahkan oleh Laut China

Selatan kepada dua kawasan, Semenanjung Malaysia

dan Malaysia Timur (Sabah, Sarawak dan W.P. Labuan).

Topografi

Topografi Semenanjung Malaysia bertunjangkan

Banjaran Titiwangsa yang mengunjur utara ke selatan.

Banjaran Titiwangsa adalah yang terpanjang di

Semenanjung Malaysia, panjangnya 480 kilometer

dengan ketinggian di antara 900 meter hingga 2,100

meter dari aras laut. Gunung tertinggi di Semenanjung

Malaysia adalah Gunung Tahan.

Topografi Sabah adalah gabungan kawasan

bergunung-ganang, berpantai dan hutan hujan tropika.

Di bahagian barat adalah bergunung-ganang dengan tiga

gunung tertinggi di Malaysia, manakala di bahagian timur

pula merupakan zon tanah rata, kawasan rendah berpaya

dandelta. Banjaran Crocker adalah banjaran terpanjang

dan tertinggi di Malaysia yang memisahkan dataran

pantai barat daripada sebahagian Sabah di selatan

Gunung Kinabalu.

Topografi Sarawak menunjukkan pesisirannya yang

mendatar, bukit bukau yang sempit dengan banjaran

bergunung-ganang yang tinggi dan mengunjur sepanjang

negeri. Dua gunung yang tertinggi di Sarawak ialah

Gunung Murud dan Gunung Mulu.

A.1 Locat ion

Malaysia is located in South East Asia and lies between

1o

and 7olatitude north of the equator and longitude 100

o

and 119oeast. It consists of 13 states and three Federal

Territories and has a total land area of 330,290 square

kilometres. It is separated by the South China Sea into

two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia

(Sabah, Sarawak and W.P. Labuan).

Topography

The topography of Peninsular Malaysia is characterised

by the Titiwangsa Range which running from north to

south.Titiwangsa Range is the longest mountain range in

Peninsular Malaysia, extending 480 kilometre in length

and 900 metres to 2,100 metres in height above sea

level. The highest mountain in Peninsular Malaysia isGunung Tahan.

The topography of Sabah is a mix of mountainous region,

beaches and tropical rainforest. The western side is

mostly

compendium of environment statistics malaysia 2013

Documents