chapter 1a - impact of human on the environment
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Impact of Human on the EnvironmentTRANSCRIPT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EGINEERING
BFC 32403
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Introduction
Firman Allah
“Berlakulah kerosakan (bencana) di daratan dan di lautan oleh kerana usaha manusia sendiri, sehingga Allah menimpakan pada mereka sebahagian azab daripada perbuatan mereka itu, agar mereka kembali ke jalan yang benar (bertaubat).”
(Surah Ar Rum ayat 41)
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation (cleanliness), particularly in the provision of safe, palatable (pleasant), and ample of environmental fields.
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Environmental Engineering is the integration of science and
engineering principles to improve the natural environment, to
provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for
other organisms, and to remediate pollution sites.
Wikipedia
Environmental Scientists and Engineers
• Environmental Science – Identify and quantify pollution problem
• Environmental Engineering – Solve pollution problem
• Environmental Scientist 1. Evaluate source and nature of pollution problem 2. Evaluate environmental impact
• Environmental Engineer 1. Evaluate possible solutions 2. Design, build and operate pollution control systems
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Major Global Meetings Issues1972 Stockholm United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
Pollution, rates of depletion of non renewable fossil fuels and population growth
1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Brundtland report: Our Common Future1987 Montreal Protocol
Idea of sustainable development
Substances that deplete the ozone layer
1992 Rio Summit in Brazil (Earth Summit): Agenda 21
Ozone depletion, tropical deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and global warming
1997 Kyoto Protocol Controlling the emissions of greenhouse gases
2001 Johannesburg Earth Summit Energy, freshwater, food security and health
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE EMERGENCEOF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
SOILS
SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE
AIRWATER
Human Activities = Impacts
Ozone depletionOzone depletion
Loss of Loss of biodiversitybiodiversity
Population increasePopulation increaseEconomic growthEconomic growth
Global warmingGlobal warming
Air ,water & land pollution
Resource depletionResource depletion
WHAT IS GLOBAL CHANGE ? Global change includes
natural and human- induced changes in the Earth's environment .
Global change can be defined as changes in the global environment (including alterations in climate, land productivity, oceans or other water resources, atmospheric chemistry, and ecological systems) that may alter the capacity of the Earth to sustain life.
Human Population Growth
Population growth is the central cause of the environmental crisis.
It also depends on the nature and degree of industrialization.
The world’s population presently grows by about 250,000 people per day.
Latest official current world population estimate, for mid-year 2011, is estimated at 6,928,198,253.
Year Population
1 200 million
1000 275 million
1500 450 million
1650 500 million
1750 700 million
1804 1 billion
1850 1.2 billion
1900 1.6 billion
1927 2 billion
1950 2.55 billion
1955 2.8 billion
1960 3 billion
1960 3 billion1965 3.3 billion
1970 3.7 billion1975 4 billion1980 4.5 billion1985 4.85 billion1990 5.3 billion1995 5.7 billion1999 6 billion
2006 6.5 billion
2009 6.8 billion
2011 7 billion2025 8 billion2043 9 billion
2083 10 billion
Over-population leads to:
Resource depletion
Resource degradation
Pollution Loss of
biodiversity
Impact of Over Population
Environmental Pollution
Pollution : A Silent Killer
People are exposed to harmful pollutants in the air they breathe, the liquids they drink, the food they eat, the surface they touch, and the products they use.
When the environment can not process the load of pollutants , pollution takes place. Every environmental system has a carrying capacity.
Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water supplies, while 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation.
Water-associated infectious diseases kills 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally.
The burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8 million deaths.
Water Pollution
Water Pollutants
Industrial Effluents Mining and Agricultural
Wastes Agricultural pesticides,
fertilizers and herbicides
Sewage Disposal and Domestic Wastes
Impact of Water Pollution
Nutrient loading may lead to eutrophication . Organic wastes cause oxygen depletion. Industrial discharges contain heavy metals ,
organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids. Discharges from power stations can also have
thermal effects, and these too reduce the available oxygen.
Impact of Water Pollution
Heavy metals cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning.
Organic pollutants deplete DO and mass fish-kills. Suspended particles reduce quality of drinking
water, amount of light penetration and growth of photosynthetic plants and microorganisms.
Risk to swim, drink in polluted lake?
SIGNPOST WARNING : “Lake water contains high level of arsenic. Public is strongly advised not to fish, swim and bathe in the lake or to use lake water for drinking or other purposes”(Lembaga Sumber Air dan Persekitaran Sarawak)
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AIR POLLUTION
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Causes of Air PollutionAnthropogenic (man-made) sources: Stationary Sources include smoke stacks of power
plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood, crop waste and dung.
Mobile Sources include motor vehicles Chemicals, dust and controlled burned practices in
agriculture and forest management. Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol spray and
other solvents Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic
gases, germ warfare and rockets
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Causes of Air PollutionNatural sources: Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land
with few or no vegetation Methane emitted by the digestion of food by animals,
for example cattle Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth’s
crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette smoking.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and
ash particulates
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GHGs
Carbon Dioxide Nitrous oxide
Methane
Halons (halocarbons) Fire-extinguisher
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) (e.g. Freon) A refrigerant
Green House Gases
Greenhouse Gases..
One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways.
Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide, CO2.
Other contributors include methane released from landfills and agriculture (especially from the digestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2.
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Green House Gases
Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities.
Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2.
Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2.
Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been banned in much of the world because they also degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.
Heat trapping cause GLOBAL WARMING!!!!!!!!26
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Impact of Air Pollution Visibility reduction - airborne
particles Material damage - damage to
rubber goods and textiles Agricultural damage – damages all
kinds of crops Psychological effects –
psychosomatic diseases (such as stress)
Physiological and health effects – respiratory / cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer
Impacts… Some impacts from increasing temperatures are
already happening. Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s
poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.
Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adélie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.
Sea level rise became faster over the last century. Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved
farther north or to higher, cooler areas. Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across
the globe, on average. 31
Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues…. Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches
(18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters).
storms are likely to become stronger. Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall
in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.
Ecosystems will change—some species will move farther north or become more successful; others won’t be able to move and could become extinct. Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier.
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Acid Rain
Acid Rain
Impact of Acid Rain on the Environment
Contamination of lakes and forests. Reducing the populations of small invertebrates and decomposers. Reducing agricultural yields. Causing extensive structural damage by corroding marble, metal, and stonework. Degrading water supplies by leaching heavy metals from the soil. Increasing lung cancer and colon cancer.
Impact of Acid Rain
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Trees killed by acid rain in Republic Czech
Acid rain had also impacted Taj Mahal, the historical grand
monument
Health Effects of Pollution-Overview
GREEN PEACE
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GREENPEACE Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental
organization with offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity” and focuses its campaigning on world wide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclearissues.
Greenpeace uses direct action, lobbying and research to achieve its goals.
The global organization does not accept funding from governments, corporations or political parties, relying on 2.9 million individual supporters and foundation grants.
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High cancer rates in Malaysia
“Almost 20% of the population would suffer from at least one form of cancer, the first National Cancer Registry report revealed today.” Probably due to: Contaminated food & water Polluted environment Lifestyle
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