chemistry kerja kursus ppsimp sem1.(bhg 2)

8/12/2019 Chemistry Kerja Kursus PPSIMP Sem1.(Bhg 2)

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KAMPUS KOTA BHARU

NAME : AYISY HARIZ BIN SUKIMAN.

NO K/P : 921027-01-6069

MATRIC NO : IPGKB : S11S - 1006 - 0445

SUBJECT : PPISMP: SAINS 2

SEMESTER : SEM.1

INTAKE : JUN 2010

NAME OF : PUAN ROZINAWATI BT. GHAZALLI

SUPERVISORS

DATE OF SUBMISSION :21 SEPTEMBER 2010


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TABLE OF CONTENT

NUM. CONTENT PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 2-3

2. SPIRAL PERIODIC TABLE 4

3. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH SPIRAL AND

CONVENTIONAL TABLE

5-6

4. FIT TRANSITION ELEMENT INTO SPIRAL TABLE 7

5. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 8-10

6. CONCLUSION 11

7. REFLECTION 12

8. BIBILIOGRAPHY 13

9. EVIDENCE 14-17

10. COLLABORATION FORM 18


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Introduction

The first periodic table was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and published in 1869.

Mendeleev found he could arrange the 65 elements that were then known in a grid or

table so that each element had a higher atomic weight than the one on its left and

similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column. He realized that the

table in front of him lay at the very heart of chemistry.

In his table he noted gaps - spaces where elements should be but none had yet

been discovered. In fact, just as Adams and Le Verrier could be said to have discovered

the planet Neptune on paper, Mendeleev could be said to have discovered germanium

(which he called eka-silicon because he observed a gap between silicon and tin),gallium (eka-aluminum) and scandium (eka-boron) on paper, for he predicted their

existence and their properties before their actual discoveries.

Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further

progress because the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom had not yet been formulated.

In 1913, Henry Moseley, who worked with Rutherford, showed it is atomic number

(charge) and not (as Mendeleev had proposed) atomic weight that is most fundamental

to the chemical properties of any element. Like Mendeleev, Moseley was able to predictcorrectly the existence of new elements based on his work.

And today the elements are still arranged in order of increasing atomic number

(Z) as you go from left to right across the table. We call the horizontal rows periods and

the vertical rows groups. We also know an element's chemistry is determined by the

way its electrons are arranged - its electron configuration. The noble gases are found in

group 18, on the far right of each period. The reluctance of the noble gases to undergo

chemical reactions indicates that the atoms of these gases strongly prefer their ownelectron configurations - featuring a full outer shell of electrons - to any other.


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In contrast to the noble gases, the elements with the highest reactivity are those

with the greatest need to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell of

electrons. Elements sitting in the same group (e.g. the alkali metals in Group 1) all have

the same number of outer electrons, leading to similar chemical properties. Likewise the

halogens in Group 17 also have similar properties to one another.

When halogens react, they gain an electron to form negatively charged ions.

Each ion has the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the same period. The

ions are therefore more chemically stable than the elements from which they formed.

There is a progression from metals to non-metals across each period. The block of

elements in groups 3 - 12 contains the transition metals. These are similar to one

another in many ways; they produce colored compounds, have variable valency and are

often used as catalysts.

The rare earth elements can be divided into lanthanides (elements 58 - 71) and

actinides (elements 90 - 103). The naturally occurring rare earths are found on earth in

only very small amounts. The actinides include most of the well-known elements that

take part in or are produced by nuclear reactions. No element with atomic number

higher than 92 occurs naturally in large quantities. Tiny amounts of plutonium and

neptunium exist in nature as decay products of uranium. These elements, and higher

elements, are also produced artificially in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.


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Spiral Table

Comparing

Conventional Table

1) Looks more attractive thanconventional table because itdifferent as usual.

1) Less attractive because peopleusually seen it.

2) People can easily know andimagine how the number of shell ofeach element by look how thenumber of shell at spiral table.

2) People take a lot of time tounderstand how the number ofshell of each element.


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Spiral Table

Comparing

Conventional Table

1) Not all people canunderstand the table.

1) People around the worldcan understand the table.

2) Hard to construct. 2) Easy to construct.

3) Take a long time to easilyunderstand the table. 3) Take a short time to easilyunderstand the table.


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Fit The Transition Element Into Spiral Table

Transition metal is a block of metallic elements in between Groups 2 and 13 in

the Periodic Table. They are much less reactive than the alkali metals. They do not

react as quickly with water or oxygen as alkali metal. These elements are very hard,

with high melting points and boiling points.

The first ten transition element are placed in Period 4 in periodic table. This is

because, it have 4 shell in their electron arrangement. So that, I get an idea how to fit

the transition element in my spiral diagram of periodic table. I fit them all in the fourth

shell in my spiral table. It shows that the elements have 4 shell in their electron

arrangement.

For the conclusion, I think that either conventional periodic table that look

usual and spiral table that look more attractive can help students to improve their

knowledge in Chemistry.


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Group 1

Physical properties:

> Has low densities and low melting point as compared to other metals such as iron and

copper.

> They have silvery and shiny surfaces.

> They are good conductor of heat and electricity.

Chemical properties:

> React vigorously with water to produce alkaline hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas.

> Reacts rapidly with oxygen gas to produce white solid oxide.

> Burns in chlorine gas to produce form white solid chloride.

> Burns in bromine gas to form metal bromide.


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Group 17


> All group 17 are non-metal.

> Have low melting point because their molecules are attracted to each other by inter-

molecular force.

> When going down the group, the melting and boiling points increases.

Chemical properties:

> Will form 2 acids when reacts with water.

> Will form iron when reacts with hot iron.

> Will form sodium halide, sodium halite and water when reacts with sodium hydroxide

solution.

Group 18


> Insoluble in water but soluble in organic substances.

> Cannot conduct electricity and heat.

> Low melting and boiling point.

Chemical reaction:

> Doesnt react with any substances.


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They have 3 shells.


Shiny surface.

Ductile.

Malleable.

High tensile strength.

High melting and boiling points.

High densities.

Good conductor of heat and electricity.


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CONCLUSION

The Periodic Table of Elements has developed into a very important item for the

chemist. It can supply much needed information about the atoms, such as atomic mass,

atomic number and electron configuration. It is set up in such a way as to also allow us

an idea of activity. The arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table allow us toknow better how a substance will react with another substance.

Many innovators have developed periodic tables which are chemical element

displays different from the well known Mendeleyev periodic table. Several have been

devised purely for better reasons, as not all correlations between the chemical elements

are effectively captured by the conventional or standard periodic table.

Other alternative periodic tables existed. Some versions of the table show a dark

stair-step line along the metalloids. Metals are to the left of the line and non-metals to

the right. The alternative form of periodic table like spiral shape, circular shape and

many more, that more attractive, will help students or anybody to understand more in

their studies. Periodic Table has been designed to help students and teachers in their

chemistry classes, and also allow enthusiasts to explore the periodic table in expert

mode.

The conclusion, whether it is a conventional table or in spiral form, both provides

with a simple way to visualize the chemical elements, their properties, and interactions.


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Reflection

Assalamualaikum. In the name of Allah, the Greatest. The most Generous and the most

Merciful. I would like to thank to God because at last I had finished my assignment for

Science 2 subject. I also would like to thank to my chemistry lecturer, Madam

Rozinawati for all of her supports and guidelines. Without her, I cannot finish my

assignment properly. Besides that, thank also to my classmates for their cooperation.

I had received this assignment at 28

th

July 2010. When I read the instruction, I thoughtthat this assignment was quite difficult. I have to ask my friends guidelines to do my

work. However, this matter does not make me give up doing my assignment. Then, I

had another problem how to find the information from the internet because the wireless

connection is very slow at my hostel.

Talk about to my sciences assignment, after I do some research about periodic table

especially how to construct spiral diagram of periodic table. Ive got a lot of information

from the internet and some of reference books such as STPM Chemistry Volume 2,Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd and Pre-U text STPM Chemistry, Chemistry For

Matriculation, Thomson Asia Pte Ltd. This source gives me a lot of information and

makes me easier to finish my assignment.

As the information, it is very interesting to complete about periodic table in the form of

spiral diagram. Besides I had to complete the assignment, I also got more knowledge

about transportation. Even sometime I have to face so many problem and to complete

the assignment, I still know how to solve my own problems and completed my

assignment. I really hope, my assignment have all the kind of the criteria that needed in

the scheme. Thats all. Thank you.


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Bibliografi

Book:

1) Azilah Abd. Rahman, Aishah Mohamed Jelan, Mazdida Sulaiman, John C Kotz

dan Paul Treichel, 2006,Chemistry For Matriculation, Brooks/Cole, a division of

Thomson Learning, Inc. 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002.

2) Loh Yew Lee & N.Sivanson, STPM Physical Chemistry Volume 2, 2009,

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Internet:

1) http://allperiodictables.com/aptpages/gridlink/grid07_spiral.htm

2) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiral_diagrams

3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table

4) http://www.chemicool.com/

5) http://www.meta-

synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?Button=Spiral+Formulations

6) http://www.webelements.com/


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Evidence

1)Periodic Table http://www.chemicool.com/

The first periodic table was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and published in

1869.

Mendeleev found he could arrange the 65 elements that were then known in a

grid or table so that each element had:

1. A higher atomic weight than the one on its left.

2. Similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column.

He realized that the table in front of him lay at the very heart of chemistry. In

his table he noted gaps - spaces where elements should be but none had yet

been discovered.

In fact, just as Adams and Le Verrier could be said to have discovered the

planet Neptune on paper, Mendeleev could be said to have discovered

germanium (which he called eka-silicon because he observed a gap between

silicon and tin), gallium (eka-aluminum) and scandium (eka-boron) on paper,

for he predicted their existence and their properties before their actualdiscoveries.

Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further

progress because the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom had not yet been

formulated.

In 1913, Henry Moseley, who worked with Rutherford, showed it is atomic

number (charge) and not (as Mendeleev had proposed) atomic weight that is

most fundamental to the chemical properties of any element. Like Mendeleev,

Moseley was able to predict correctly the existence of new elements based on

his work.

And today the elements are still arranged in order of increasing atomic

number (Z) as you go from left to right across the table. We call the horizontal

rows periods and the vertical rows groups.
http://www.chemicool.com/http://www.chemicool.com/


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We also know an element's chemistry is determined by the way its electrons

are arranged - its electron configuration.

The noble gases are found in group 18, on the far right of each period. The

reluctance of the noble gases to undergo chemical reactions indicates that theatoms of these gases strongly prefer their own electron configurations -

featuring a full outer shell of electrons - to any other.

In contrast to the noble gases, the elements with the highest reactivity are

those with the greatest need to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a full

outer shell of electrons.

Elements sitting in the same group (e.g. the alkali metals in Group 1) all have

the same number of outer electrons, leading to similar chemical properties.

Likewise the halogens in Group 17 also have similar properties to one another.

When halogens react, they gain an electron to form negatively charged ions.

Each ion has the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the same

period. The ions are therefore more chemically stable than the elements from

which they formed.

There is a progression from metals to non-metals across each period.

The block of elements in groups 3 - 12 contains the transition metals. Theseare similar to one another in many ways; they produce colored compounds,

have variable valency and are often used as catalysts. The rare earth

elements can be divided into lanthanides (elements 58 - 71) and actinides

(elements 90 - 103). The naturally occurring rare earths are found on earth in

only very small amounts. The actinides include most of the well-known

elements that take part in or are produced by nuclear reactions. No element

with atomic number higher than 92 occurs naturally in large quantities. Tiny

amounts of plutonium and neptunium exist in nature as decay products ofuranium. These elements, and higher elements, are also produced artificially

in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.


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2) Media in category "Spiral diagrams"

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiral_diagrams

The following 65 files are in this category, out of 65 total.

Aligned

Orbits.gif

48,843 bytes

Archimedean

spiral f...

233,056 bytes

Archimedean

spiral h...

42,450 bytesArchimedean

spiral r...

288,142 bytes

Archimedean

spiral s...

165,193 bytes

Archimedean

spiral2.png

47,204 bytes

Milky Way

Spiral Arm...

10,867 bytes

Padovan

triangles.png

32,174 bytes

Parker

spiral.gif

18,282 bytes

Periodic table

(spir...

453,826 bytes

Pohl

Wheel.svg

21,490 bytes

Polygon

spiral.svg

38,162 bytes

Preferred

values 01 ...

48,396 bytes

Preferred

values 02 ...

70,507 bytes Preferred

values 03 ...

65,455 bytes

Preferred

values 04 ...

28,192 bytes

Preferred

values 05 ...

44,924 bytes

Ressort spiral

theor...

23,400 bytes
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18/18

3) Periodic tableFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Group

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Period

11

H

2

He

23

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

3

11

N

a

12

M

g

13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

419

K

20

Ca

2

1

S

c

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

5

37

R

b

38Sr

3

9

Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

6

55

C

s

56

Ba*

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Tl

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

787

Fr

88

Ra

**

10

4

Rf

10

5

Db

10

6

Sg

10

7

Bh

10

8

Hs

10

9

Mt

11

0

Ds

11

1

Rg

11

2

Cn

11

3

Uut

114

Uu

q

115

Uu

p

116

Uu

h

11

7

Uus

118

Uu

o
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_9_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_9_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_10_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_11_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_12_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_1_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_1_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_2_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_2_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitneriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitneriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitneriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_2_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_1_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_12_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_11_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_10_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_9_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_group

chemistry kerja kursus ppsimp sem1.(bhg 2)

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