bab 2 perkembangan kanak-kanak

7/21/2019 BAB 2 Perkembangan Kanak-kanak

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Bab 2 :Perkembangan Kanak-

kanak

JABATAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

IPG KAMPUS TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM

JOHOR BAHRU



PERKEMBANGAN

KANAK-KANAK KONSEP ASAS PERKEMBANGANKANAK-KANAK

PRINSIP-PRINSIP ASASPERKEMBANGAN KANAK-KANAK



DEFINISI PERTUMBUHAN

– Perubahan Dalam Saiz Dan Kemaan!an" #$ll%$l& An' Mar!e( )*++, .

/ PERKEMBANGAN – Prubahan Dalam 0$ra& Bi$l$!i1&$!nii% Dan

S$(i$em$(i In'i2i'u 3an! Bermula Dari4a'aPerin!&a Per5ambahan Sehin!!a A&hir Ha6a "Sanr$5& )*++7 .



CIRI-CIRI

PERKEMBANGAN Ber(i%a Kualiai%

Berla&u Se5ara Teraur Dan Pr$!re(i%Dalam Arah Terenu

Berla&u Bereru(an Se4an9an! Ha6a DanMelalui Perin!&a-4erin!&a Kemaan!an

Di4en!aruhi Oleh Ba&a Dan Per(e&iaran8



PERBEZAANJENIS PERTUMBUHAN PERKEMBANGAN

:I;IKAL Perubahan Tin!!i1 Bera1

Gi!i Dll8

Kemahiran Men!!una&an

An!$a Ba'an

KOGNITI: Keu4a6aan Ber%i&ir Kemahiran <m1 Ber%i&ir

Se5ara Krii( = Kreai%

EMOSI Pera(aan Gembira1Sa6an!1 Marah

Kemahiran Men!uru(Em$(i

SOSIAL Jalin Hubun!an Den!an

Ibuba4a1 Keluar!a1 Ra&an

= Mere&a Di Per(e&iaran

Kemahiran Mn9alin

Hubun!an S$(ial =

Menun9u&&an Perla&uanBai& = I&u N$rma

Ma(6ara&a



Age Self-Control Development Social Development Emotional Development

Infancy Explores environment usingcare-giver as secure base

Attach with caregiver Basic and complex emotions

Toddler

(1- yrs!

"esponds to external

control

#eparate from caregivers and

interact with others

Expression through play $

behaviour

%omplies to adults& re'uest lays with others interactively Expresses emotions verbally

reschool(-) yrs!

*ollows rules+ tal,s out loudto control behaviours

%ooperates with others #ympathies with others

rimary school()-1.!

/ses thoughts to direct own behaviours

/nderstands perspective ofothers+ conforms to peers grp0norms and standards#olves social problems*air playas primarily same gender

friends

2vercomes fear "egulates strong emotions suchas anger+ frustration

Adolescence 3evelop more sophisticated problem-solving s,ills andmore aware of own

behaviours

Interacts primarily in cli'uesas same $ opposite genderfriends45aunches6 from family

/nderstands relationship between thoughts+ behavioursand emotionsThin,s accurately and rationallyabout self and world



PRINSIP-PRINSIP ASASPERKEMBANGAN Pr$(e( Per&emban!an Berla&u Se5ara

Auran

Perubahan Dalam Perumbuhan =

Per&emban!an Beran(ur Dari4a'aKea'aan Umum Ke4a'a 3an! LebihS4e(i%i&

Perumbuhan = Per&emban!an A'alahSau Pr$(e( 3an! Berla&u Se5araBereru(an



PERKEMBANGAN

KANAK-KANAK



*A7T2"E"7E8BA9:A9

7A9A7-7A9A7

baka persekitaran



BAKA

Ba&a meru9u& &e4a'a 5iri-5iri bi$l$!i aau !en-!en 6! 'i4erurun&an melalui ibu ba4a &e4a'aana&-ana&n6a8

Gen-!en 6an! er&an'un! 'alam &r$m$($mmen!ua(ai 4er&emban!an &ana&-&ana&8

Sema(a 4r$(e( 4er(en6a>aan1berla&u 4r$(e(4eru&aran 'i anara &r$m$($m ibu 'an ba4a8

Ini men6ebab&an >u9u' 5iri-5iri ba&a er(en'iri6an! 'i>ari(i $leh ba6i 6an! 'ilahir&an8



DEFINISI PERSEKITARAN

Semua pengalaman luar individu.

Pengalaman sebelum lahir:-

Pemakanan ibu

Gaya hidup ibu



Selepas lahir:-

Keluarga

;8a,anan yang berat membantu per,embangan <asmani ,ana,-,ana,0

;Asuhan dan didi,an yang bai, a,anmelahir,an ,ana,-,ana, sempurna dari segiemosi dan ting,ahla,unya0



Rakan sebaya Penin! 'ari (e!i inele&1(ah(iah1em$(i

'an ($(ial8

Kana&-&ana& 6an! ber($(ial 'en!an ra&an

(eba6a 6an! ber($4an (anun a&anmen6era4 nilai-nilai murni 6an! 4$(ii%'r4' mere&a8



Kebudayaan dan kepercayaan

Perbezaan nilai hidup membentuk perbezaan

falsafah hidup individu.

Perbezaan kebudayaan dan agama

melahirkan perbezaan cara hidup serta

tingkah laku manusia.



!"#$I "%#&#GI

'$#()"('$"(("$

Ha(il inera&(i anara alam 4er(e&iaran'en!an &ana&-&ana&8

Ter'a4a lima (i(em?-

Mi&r$(i(em Me($(i(em E&($(i(em Ma&r$(i(em

Kr$n$(i(em



Mikrosistem

Per(e&iaran 6! er'e&a

Inera&(i (e5ara lan!(un!Men!habi(&an 4alin! ban6a& ma(aber(ama8

Mesosistem

Perhubun!an anara mi&r$(i(em

&ea'aan 'i rumah b$lehmem4en!aruhi in!&ah la&u 'i(e&$lah8



Eksosistem Ti'a& meliba&an muri' (e5ara lan!(un!

#u9u' &e(an 'r4' &e4uu(an 6! 'iambil Se&$lah-4a(ar ra6a

Makrosistem Di4en!aruhi n$rma-n$rma1nilai 'an

amalan ma(6ara&a8 0h?9anina



Kronosistem

Perubahan &ea'aan 'alam (uau

em4$h ma(a8 0h? 4ema&anan &ana&-&ana& zaman

'ahulu '!n (e&aran!

Ch t



Mesosystem

Exosystem

Chronosystem

Macrosystem

Microsystem

Mass media, education,

Friends of family

Extended family

Legal serices, !ork,

Community"neighbors

Social !elfare serices

#ntimate $ immediate

effects% Family,

School,&eers,

&layground

'ealth care serices

(eligious institutions

)ronfenbrenner*s Ecological model of deelopment

Child

'istorical

times,etc+ational customs

Cultural alues

Social conditions

Economic patterns

&olitical philosophy



PERBEZAAN INDIVIDU @Seia4 in'i2i'u berbeza 'ari (e!i bi$l$!i 'an

!enei& Perbezaan in'i2i'u a'alah 5ara-5ara ba!aimana

in'i2i'u bera'a 4a'a aha4 umur 6an! (ama

berbeza anara (au (ama lain8 Per&emban!an berla&u 4a'a &a'ar 6an! berbeza

men!i&u &emaan!an 'an 4en!alaman4embela9aran in'i2i'u er(ebu

Kemaanan!an berma&(u' 4er&emban!an 5iri-5iri6an! (e'ia a'a 'alam in'i2i'u 6an!'i4erurun&an $leh !en ma(in!-ma(in!8



Perbezaan In!"!#De%ini(i

Henson & Eller )CCC 'alam bu&uE'u5ai$nal P(65h$l$!6 %$r e%%e5i2e

ea5hin!8

@88 The erm diversity $ mean h$(e

human 5hara5eri(i5( ha ha2e b$h he4$enial $ eiher enri5h $r limi a (u'en(

5a4a5i6 $ learn %r$m he (5h$$len2ir$nmen8

m8( *



EMBRYOEMBRYO

2-8 weeks2-8 weeks

FETUSFETUS

9 weeks -9 weeks -

The Beginnings of Life The Beginnings of Life



how they workhow they work

Genetics - .he branch of biology that deals!ith the mechanisms of heredity+

Chromosomes - Structures that contain /0

molecules in the form of genes+

/eoxyribonucleic 0cid 1/02 - .he structure

of a chromosome that carries genetic

information+

Genes - .he biochemical units of hereditythat goern the deelopment of an indiidual

life+



B#%!ksB#%!ks

* the +,rd chromosome pair determines se

either : female //0 or male: /1

2 chromosome is a single piece of

3(2 that contains many genes4

regulatory elements and other

nucleotide se5uences.



Pen!alaman 4embela9aran ialah4er&emban!an 6an! meliba&an laihan'an u(aha8

Se$ran! &ana&-&ana& bela9armen!!una&an 4$en(i 6an! 'i4er$lehimelalui 4embela9aran )Hurl$5&1C,7



Perbezaan antara individu boleh dilihat daipada

beberapa aspek iaitu6 %ognitif

)izikal Sosial

"mosi

%ecerdasan

Potensi

&atar-belakang



%ebanyakan ahli teoris percaya baha7aperbezaan individu adalah interaksi antara bakadan persekitaran.

'aka kaiatan dengan kualiti semulaadi padaseseorang dan pengalaman peribadimenentukan atau menyebabkan ciri-ciri fizikaldan tingkah laku dalam diri seseorang individu.

Pengalaman peribadi membentuk individu4ketabahannya4 kemahiran bersosial sertakepercayaan dan amalannya.



Ke$erasan Ke5er'a(an 'ia&ri%&an (eba!ai &emahiran

bela9ar 'an mem4er$leh 4en!eahuan

Ke5er'a(an a'alah bu'a6a (4e(i%i&8

Te$ri-e$ri &e5er'a(an (e4eriF Pen'e&aan 4(i&$meri& $leh :ran5i( Gal$n

)7**-C

Te$ri riar5hi5 $leh R$ber Sernber!

Te$ri Pelba!ai Ke5er'a(an $leh H$>ar' Ga'ner)C7<



Ke$erasan E%&s! Di4er&enal&an $leh Peer Sal$2e6 'an

J$hn Ma6er 'an 'i4$4ular&an $leh DanielG$leman

Di&ai&an 'en!an &eu4a6aanmen6ele(ai&an ma(alah Ke5er'a(an ialah &eb$lehan in'i2i'u

memahami 'an mena%(ir 4era(aann6a

(en'iri 'an men!!una&an ma&luma ini(eba!ai 4an'uan (ema(a ber%i&ir 'anberin'a&



PERINGKAT-PERINGKATPERKEMBANGAN KANAK-KANAK

Perin!&a 4er&emban!an &ana&-&ana& a'alahha(il 'ari4a'a 4en!aruh 4r$(e(-4r$(e( bi$l$!i1&$!nii% 'an ($(i$-em$(i8

Se5ara rin!&a(1 4erumbuhan 'an 4er&emban!an

&ana&-&ana& melalui 4erin!&a-4erin!&a (4F Perin!&a ba6i )+-* ahun

Perin!&a a>al &ana&-&ana& )<-7 ahun

Perin!&a &ana&-&ana& )C- ahun

Perin!&a a>al rema9a )*- ahun Perin!&a rema9a )-*+ ahun



TEORI PERKEMBANGANKANAK-KANAK

Per&emban!an &ana&-&ana& ialah (au&a9ian 6an! meran!&umi (emua a(4e&4erubahan (era 4erumbuhan 6an!bermula 'ari4a'a 4erin!&a 4er(en6a>aan(ehin!!a 4erin!&a rema9a8 Kemaan!an Bi$l$!i

K$!nii%

S$(ial



REF'EKSI

Ba!aimana 4en!eahuan enan!4er&emban!an manu(ia 'a4a membanu!uru 'alam 4en6e'iaan 4en!a9aran

mere&a

TERIMA KASIH

bab 2 perkembangan kanak-kanak

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