6) kerahsiaan, etika dan isu perundangan

8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/6-kerahsiaan-etika-dan-isu-perundangan 1/22

Oleh:Nasrudin Subhi

Pusat Pengajian Psikologi dan Pembangunan Manusia,Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.



Confidentiality

•

Client have the right to expect that communications will be kept within the bounds of the professionalrelationship.

• The APA (1992) ethics code provides the followingguidelines for disclosure of confidential information: – Psychologists disclose confidential information without

the consent of the individual only as mandated by law, or where permitted by law for a valid purpose, such as (1) toprovide needed professional services to the patient or the

individual or organizational client, (2) to obtainappropriate professional consultations, (3) to protect thepatient or client or others from harm, or (4) to obtainpayment for services in which instance disclosure islimited to the minimum that is necessary to achieve the

purpose.



Confidentiality

• American School Counselor Association (1998)

– The professional school counselor informs the counseleeof the purposes, goals, techniques and rules ofprocedure under which she/ he may receive counselingat or before the time when the counseling relationship isentered. Notice includes confidentiality issues such asthe possible necessity for consulting with other

professionals, privileged communication and legal orauthoritative restraints. The meaning and limits ofconfidentiality are clearly defined to counselees througha written and shared statement of disclose . (2a.)



Confidentiality

American Counseling Association

When counseling is initiated and throughout thecounseling process as necessary, counselors informclients of the limitations of confidentiality and identifyforeseeable situations in which confidentiality must bebreached.



Confidentiality

American Association for Marriage and FamilyTherapy (2001)

Marriage and family therapists have uniqueconfidentiality concerns because the client in atherapeutic relationship may be more than one person.Therapists respect and guard confidences of eachindividual client.



Confidentiality

Kod Etika Kaunselor (PERKAMA) Tanggungjawab Kaunselor Terhadap Klien

2. Kaunselor hendaklah menghormati privasi klien danmerahsiakan segala maklumat yang diperolehi semasakaunseling melainkan jikalau maklumat itu akanmembahayakan klien atau orang-orangdipersekitarannya.

9. Kaunselor hendaklah mencapai persetujuan dengankliennya diperingkat awal sesi kaunseling mengenai

batasan umur kerahsiaan.10. Apa-apa persetujuan di antara kaunselor dan kien

mengenai kerahsiaan boleh disemak semula dan diubahdengan persetujuan bersama.



Confidentiality

Kod Etika Kaunselor (PERKAMA)

Tanggungjawab Terhadap Organisasi dan Majikan

6. Kaunselor hendaklah mewujudkan hubunganinterpersonal dan persetujuan kerja dengan penyelia danstafnya mengenai khidmat kaunseling khususnyakerahsiaan, perbezaan di antara fakta umum atauperibadi, beban kerja dan akauntabiliti.



Confidentiality Kod Etika Kaunselor (PERKAMA)

Penyelidikan dan Penerbitan (Persetujuan Subjek)

5. Sentiasa menjalankan penyelidikan, maklumat peribadisubjek hendaklah dirahsiakan kecuali dengan persetujuansubjek. Jika terdapat sekiranya ada kemungkinan oranglain boleh memperolehi maklumat itu, kemungkinan inibersama dengan perancangan untuk mengawalkerahsiaan perlu diterangkan kepada subjek sebagaisebahagian daripada prosedur memperolehi persetujuanbermaklum.



Confidentiality Kod Etika Kaunselor (PERKAMA)

Latihan

3. Klien hendaklah diberitahu jika diberi khidmat kauselingoleh pelatih dan juga diberitahu implikasi ke atas bataskerahsiaan.



Privileged communication• It is a legal concept that protects against forced

disclosure in legal proceedings that would break apromise of privacy.

• Privilege is the client’s right to prevent a counsellorfrom revealing confidential communications in a legalproceeding.

•

All states (in US) gave enacted into law some form ofcounsellor-client privilege, but the specific of thisprivilege varies from state to state.



Privileged communication

• These laws ensure that clients’ disclosures of personaland sensitive information will be protected fromexposure by counsellor in legal proceedings.

• In other words, counsellor can refuse to answer

questions in court or refuse to produce a client’srecords in court.

• This privilege belongs to the client and is designed forthe client’s protection rather than for the protection of

the counsellor, regardless of his or her license (DeBell& Jones, 1997).

• Both confidentiality and privilege belong to the client,not the practitioner and it is the client who can waivehis or her privacy.



Privileged communication The legal concept of privileged communication does

not apply to group counselling, couples counselling,marital and family therapy or child and adolescenttherapy.

Members from the above groups can assume that theycould be asked to testify in court concerning certaininformation revealed in the course of a group session



Privacy• Privacy, as the matter of law, refers to the

constitutional right of an individual to decide thetime, place, manner and extent of sharing oneself withothers (Stromberg et al., 1993).

• The use of telecommunication devices can pose anumber of potential ethical problems regarding theprotection of privacy of clients.

• Counsellors need to exercise caution in discussingconfidential or privileged information with anyoneover the telephone.



Privacy• Remley and Herlihy (2001, p. 124-125) offer these guidelines

for counsellors using the telephone:

– Do not acknowledge that client are receiving services or giveout information regarding clients to unknown callers.

– Strive to verify that you are actually talking to the intended

person when you make or receive calls in whichconfidentiality information will be discussed.

– Be aware that there is no way to prevent your conversationfrom being recorded or monitored by an unintended person.

–

Be professional, brief, and very careful in talking aboutconfidentiality information over the phone.

– Avoid making any comments that you would not want yourclient to hear or that you would not want to repeat in a legalproceeding.



Privacy

• There are also privacy issue involved in using

answering machines, voice mail, pagers and mobilephone; thus some precautions: – Answering machine: do not allow unauthorized persons

to hear answering machine messages as they are beingleft or retrieved.

– If you use voice mail or an answering service ensure that your access codes are not disclosed to unauthorizedpersons.

– When you leave a recorded message, there is no way for

you to know that the intended person will be the one who retrieve your message.

– If you are talking to a client by mobile phone assumethat the client is not in a private place.

– If you use a pager exercise the same cautions as sending

a message using answering machine.



Privacy• Fax machine: It is the counsellor’s responsibility to

make sure fax transmissions arrive in a securedenvironment in such a way as to protect confidentialinformation.

• Before sending a confidential fax, it is a good idea tomake a phone call to ensure that the appropriateperson will be able to retrieve this information in a safeand sensitive manner (Cottone & Tarvydas, 1998).



Privacy• Communication via email is fraught with potential

privacy problems. If you use email to make contact with your clients, realize that there are a number ofethical and legal issues, one of which is the

impossibility of ensuring client confidentiality.• It should not be assume that email is private because

email messages can easily be accessed by people otherthan the intended recipients (Shapiro & Schulman,

1996).

• Avoid sending clients email messages at their workplace because employees have no right to privacyin that situation.



The duty to warn and protect• Counsellors have a double professional responsibility:

to protect other people from potentially dangerousclients and to protect clients from themselves.

•

Bednar et al., (1991) maintain that counsellor mustexercise:

– Identifying clients that are likely to pose harm to thirdparties.

–

Protecting third parties from those clients judgedpotentially dangerous.

– Counsellors are recommended to take precautions inrecord keeping and to conduct a mutually respectful

consultations with clients.



The duty to warn and protect• Counsellors faced with potentially dangerous clients

should take specific steps to protect the public and tominimize their own liability:

– Should take careful histories

– Advise clients of the limits of confidentiality

– Keep accurate notes of threats and other clientstatements

– Seek consultation

– Record steps they have taken to protect others



The duty to warn and protect Most states permit counsellors to breach

confidentiality to warn or protect victims.

Many states grant counsellors protection from beingsued for breaching confidentiality if the counsellor candemonstrate that he or she acted in good faith toprotect third parties (Stromberg et al., 1993).



Kajian kes• Maria seorang kaunselor di sebuah agensi kesihatan di mana

beliau seringkali berhadapan dengan kes-kes mencabarberhubung kesihatan mental klien-kliennya. Untukmembantu Maria menangani stress kerjanya, beliau telahberkongsi maklumat dengan suami beliau yang juga seorang

kaunselor (bekerja di tempat lain). Di dalam perbualannyabersama suami, Maria tidak menggunakan nama klien tetapiberkongsi hal-hal intervensi dengan mendalam. Mariaberasa yakin tindakannya ini tidak bercanggah dengan etika

dan merasakan dia akan kurang berkesan sekiranya tidakbertindak sedemikian rupa. Tambahan suaminya jugaseorang kaunselor yang faham keperluan kerahsiaan dalamsesebuah kes. Adakah anda bersetuju dengan pandangan

Maria di dalam soal ini?

6) kerahsiaan, etika dan isu perundangan

Documents