20131205121202sabah & sarawak lecture (eng)

8/10/2019 20131205121202Sabah & Sarawak Lecture (Eng)

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AMM3083 Malaysian Traditional Music

Dr. Clare Chan Suet Ching

"

The musical instruments in the folk music of Sabah and Sarawak are made up of

knobbed gongs (gong chimes), lutes, xylophones, wind instruments (flute), jews

harp.

Folk music also comprise of songs, instrumental pieces, and dance

Types of Ensemble

A. Gong-Chime Ensemble

B. Large Gong Ensemble

C. Idiophone Ensemble

D.

Chordophone EnsembleE. Solo/ musical instruments

F. Singing / Vocal

A. Gong-Chime Ensembles (Gong Chime)

1.1 Kulintangan (Sabah)(pg189) Ensemble Kuri-Kuriyan Bertitik

1.2 Engkerumong (Sarawak)(pg 160)

The gong-chime ensemble consist of:

i. A row of small gongs (5-8) is placed horizontally on top of two strings

stretched across a wooden frame. These gongs are struck on the knob bywith padded beaters.

ii. 1-2 drums (ketebong, dumbar or long drum)

iii. 2 or more knobbed gongs

a. Tawak (padded beater, a large gong with a thick rim beater)

b. Bandil / Bandai (a wooden beater of sharp timbre, large gong, or

gong moderately thick rim, the rim is not thick)

Example of Gong-chime ensemble:

1.1 Engkerumong Sarawak (pg. 160)

i.

An Iban musical ensembleii. Gawai Day accompanied by gendang gawai

iii. Ngajat Dance (War) accompanied by gendang ngajat

iv. Gendang Berumah accompanies the construction of a house

ceremony

v. gendang ngambu bini accompanies weddings

vi. These were once perforemd by females only, however, everyone can

perform it


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1.2 Musical instruments

i) Engkerumong

ii) Dumbak (drums) or ketebong

iii) Bandai / Selegai

iv)

Tetawak

Music

i) Texture: Layered, staggered entrances (step-by-step entry)

ii) Rhythm: The rhythm is repeated (in dance)

iii) Meter: Duple

iv) Rhythm is more important than melody, overall (total) effect

Figure 1 Ensemble Engkerumong Sarawak


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Example 1 Music Ensemble Engkerumong Sarawak


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2. Large Gong Ensemble

i. Large knobbed Gongs

ii. Accompany dance, celebrations and rituals such as funerals

iii. Performed during Gawai Day

iv. Large gong is family heritage, of high value

v.

Thick bronze wallsvi. Padded beaters/ wooden beaters

Examples of the types ensemble

i. Large Gong Ensemble by The Kajang-Sekapan (pg 198)

ii. Large Gong Ensemble by Bidayuh (pg215)

iii. Ensemble Sopogandangan in Sabah (pg 203)

Musical instruments

Tawak (tawag) Large gong, thick wall, deep rim, 1 or 2 knobs, padded

rubber beaters

Agong (gong) Gong large, thin walls, narrow rim, 1 or 2 knobs two wooden

beaters

Bandil (selegai) Average size drums, narrow rim, one knob, one wooden

beater

Canang (gan) Small sized gong, narrow rim, one knob, one wooden beater

Katoa Cylindrical drum, single headed drum, one pair of wooden

beaters

Diagram 2 Large Gong Ensemble


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Music Sample 2

Large Gong Ensemble by the Kajang-Sekapan group

C. Idiophone Ensemble


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Made from wood or bamboo

Percussion Idiophone and stamping idiophones

Beaten/ Struck

Earliest tools in Sarawak; associated with work activities; planting rice, repelling

rodents / insects in the long house, healing the sick or parade for guests

Example of an ensemble:

i. Alu (Alok) and Tangbut (pg 223)

ii.

Kesut (pg 227)

iii.

Togunggak / Togunggu (pg 232)

iv. pestle and mortar (pg 234)

v. Lansaran Floor (pg 233)

Other tools idiophone

vi) Tigarlerg / krumboi (snail shells)

vii) Jatung Utang

Music

Polyphonic: multi-layered

Rhythm: interlocking

Resultant Rhythm pattern

Diagram 3 Alu (Alok) and Tangbut


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Example 3 Rhythm Music Alu (Alok) and Tangbut

4. Chordophone Ensemble

Musical Instruments

Sapeh (pg 342) Plucked lute, 3-4 metal stings, rectangle-like body,

plucked with fingers

Tongkungan (pg 339) Plucked bamboo tube zither

Sundatang (pg 345) 2 plucked strings, long neck, fretted

Gagayan (pg 345) 2 plucked strings, very long neck, fretted

Serunai 1 string, bamboo resonator is framed with monkey skin,

strings are made from rattan

Terunjang 2 strings made from nylon (previously rattan), made from

wood, bamboo resonator, skin made from diaphram of

goat or monkey. Plucked with a wooden pick.

Example of ensemble

Ensemble Jatung Utang and Sapeh

* Jatung Utang (tuned wooden xylophone, a pair of wooden beaters)

Sapeh 1 & Jatung Utang (melody)

Sapeh 2 - drone / ostinato

Meter duple

Scale anhemitomic, pentatonic


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E. SOLO MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

Keluri/ Engkerunai (pg 311) 6-7 yg bamboos wrapped in a circle (pentatonic

scale)

Sompotan (pg 315) 8 bamboo in two parallel lines (pentatonic scale)Suling/ Seruling (pg 319) Open ended cylindrical tube, blown with breath

from the mouth, 4-6 finger holes, one thumb hole

Jews harp (pg 350)

Tong (Kajang, Sarawak)

Ruding (Iban of

Sarawak)

bungkau / uriding

(Dusun, Sabah)

Idiophone that has a flexible slit. This slit sounds

when it is plucked with a finger

Tun-ton Made from bamboo. The strings are made from 3-

4 bamboo slits (idiochordic)

F. Vocal Singing

i. Pantun (Sabah and Sarawak) (pg 295)

ii. Wa (Kajang, Sarawak) (m / s 300)

Greeting guests, funeral, travelling and healing, building a new home, hunting

animals and rituals associated with rice cultivation.

Performed during weddings, childbirth and lulling child to sleep or receive a

regular member.

20131205121202sabah & sarawak lecture (eng)

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