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ALEA 2322: REMAJA DAN MASALAH PSIKOSOSIALPREPARED BY: HASLINA MUHAMADWEEK 1 & 2

PENGENALAN KEPADA REMAJA DAN MASALAH PSIKOSIALRemaja biasanya tidak mengalami masalah psikologi atau sosial yang serius Kebanyakan masalah mencerminkan percubaan sementaraTidak semua masalah bermula pada remaja Kebanyakan masalah tidak berterusan sehingga dewasa

DEFINISIREMAJA: Adolescence : Berasal dari perkataan Greek bermaksud berkembang menjadi dewasaKebanyakan masyarakat: awal (10-13); pertengahan (14-17; akhir (18-21)Tahap remaja merupakan satu tahap transisi antara zaman kanak-kanak dengan zaman dewasa biologikal, psikologikal, sosial, ekonomi

DEFINISIMASALAH PSIKOSOSIAL:Masalah yang disebabkan oleh kedua-dua faktor, psikologi dan sosialSuatu keadaan yang menjejaskan kesejahteraan sesetengah atau semua anggota masyarakat Biasanya perkara yang menimbulakan kontroversi awam

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Defining and IdentifyingWhat is abnormal behavior?Not just atypical but harmfulDevelopmentally inappropriateNeed to consider a variety of variables:Culture (ethnicity or race)Gender and SituationThe Role of OthersParents and professionals may differ on their views of a child and what is considered inappropriateSociety has changing views of abnormality

5Table 1-1 behavioral indicators of disordersFigure 1-1 depicts the many variables to consider

Culture: Research indicates that culture can impact how parents and teachers perceive a childs behavior and how a parent or teachers conceptualizes the cause of a childs behavior.Gender: gender norms (e.g., girls passive, emotional, boys active, tough) can impact behavior.

Situation: running and jumping acceptable on the playground, not necessarily in math class.

MASALAH REMAJA SECARA UMUM

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.How Common Are Problems?5.4 to 35.5% of youth aged 4-18 have problemsIn U.S., 13-22% have major emotional and conduct disordersAccording to the APA (2007):10% of youth have serious problems 10% have mild or moderate problemsInfants and toddlers are also at riskDifficult to draw conclusions about secular trends due to:Variation in studiesVariation in methodological issues

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Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Impact of Developmental LevelSome evidence that disorders have a particular age of onsetSometimes onset is insidious

8Figure 1-3 shows typical age of onset for different disordersMay also want to note that earlier onset for disorders typically associated with later ages may mean a more severe course (e.g., substance abuse or conduct disorder).

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Impact of GenderBoys are at higher risk for many disordersGender differences occur in rates of disorderImportant gender differences exist in:TimingDevelopmental changeExpression of problemsMethodological factors/bias account for some reported differencesHowever, numerous factors underlie true gender differences

9Table 1-2 from Hartung & Widiger, 1998 shows disorders higher for males versus females

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Table 1-2

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SINDROM MASALAH TINGKAH LAKUMempunyai lebih dari satu jenis masalah tingkah laku pda satu-satu masaPenjelasan dari segi teori: Sindrom Masalah Tingkah Problem Behavior Syndrome

KENAPA?????Remaja yang menggunakan alkohol, tembakau, atau ubat-ubatan lain kerap mempamerkan gejala gangguan psikologi Faktor-faktor risiko utama ialah: Personaliti - Kemarahan, impulsivity, dan kecuaian Keluarga - hubungan jauh, bermusuhan, atau berkonflik Sosial - Kawan yang terlibat dengan penggunaan substance tersebutKontekstual Mudah mendapatkan bahan-bahan tersebut

FAKTOR PELINDUNGFaktor pelindung utama ialah: kesihatan mental yang positif pencapaian akademik yang tinggi penglibatan di sekolah hubungan keluarga yang rapat penglibatan dalam aktiviti keagamaan