unud 353 2094604629 thesis perbaikan print seminar

8/10/2019 Unud 353 2094604629 Thesis Perbaikan Print Seminar

1/107

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

English language is an international language used all over the world as a

means of communication. It plays an important role for the people all over the

world for political and commercial purposes and event tourism matters. Therefore

English is a compulsory subject school, as well as university. Mastering good

English is very important in communication. And the important thing in learning

English is Grammar: Grammar is the study of words and their functions; one of its

aspects in learning is adverbial. Adverbials in English are varied in terms of forms

and functions or meanings. In term of forms we have noun phrase, adverb phrase,

prepositional phrase and clause and those forms may state various meanings like

time, place, manner, and others. For example:

He lives in Denpasar ;

The prepositional phrase in Denpasar above belongs to adverbial stating place.

This morning he moved to Denpasar

The noun phrase this morning also belongs to adverbial but it states time.

Prepositional phrase can also be used to state manner, how an action is done. Lets

see the following example:

She sang the song in a good way .

In a good way above is a prepositional phrase as an adverbial that states how the

action of singing was done.

1


2/107

Not only the forms and functions mentioned above, an adverb phrase and a clause

may also function as adverbial stating either time, place, manner and others.

For example:

When I came here as a child , he would always remove the bullets as soon

as soon he walked into the room (Twilight.35)

The underlined word above is adverbial of time initiated by a clause identified

with a subordinator when . And the translation of the adverbial above into

Indonesian is:

Waktu aku kesini ketika masih kanak-anak , Dad selalu mengosongkan

pelurunya begitu ia masuk kerumah. (Twilight.47)

Looking at the data above, we can see that there is a clause that states time.

The clause that expresses time in the data above is when I came as a child. As we

can see that this clause is formed by a subordinate when. This clause may mean

at the time I came as a child. Considering this meaning we can say that this

clause states time, namely period of time. And if we look at its Indonesian

translation we can say that waktu aku ke sini ketika masih kanak-anak is a clause

that states time. Both the English clause and the Indonesian clause carry the same

meaning. The subordinator when is translated into ketika, I came into aku , here

into ke sini, and as a child is translated into masih kanak-kanak.

As explained above, we can see that adverbials can have various forms and

meanings. So if we talk about adverbial it seems wide and complex. Not only that,

if we compare it with the Indonesian language we can see that each language has

its forms of adverbial, and every form of adverbial expresses different meanings.

2


3/107

Since the grammars, structures, as well as the lexical items of Indonesian and

English are different, according to my opinion, it is necessary to compare or to

contrast between English and Indonesian. More specifically, it is necessary to

compare the forms and meaning of adverbial stating time in English and in

Indonesian. This can be done through a translation (from English into

Indonesian.)

Discussing about translation we need a good understanding of the

grammar and structure of the two languages involved. Translation as we know is

known as a process of transferring meaning from one language into another.

Considering this condition, again, to me, writing about adverbial, namely English

time adverbials and their translations in Indonesian, is necessarily done.

1.2 Problem

In this opportunity, I would like to talk about adverbials that state time found

in a novel and their translation in Indonesian, the limitation can be formulated in

the following questions;

1. What are the forms of English and Indonesian adverbials stating time can

be found in the data?

2. What are the meanings of the English and Indonesian adverbials of time

found in the novel?

3. What are their translations in Indonesian and what procedures are used in

the process of translation?

3


4/107

1.3 Aims of the study

Based on the background and problem above, the aims of the writing can be

determined as follows:

1. To find out the type of adverbials stating time occurring in the English

novel

2. To find out the meanings of the adverbials stating time in English

3. To describe how the adverbials time in the SL novel are translated into the

TL novel.

4. To find out the procedure used in the process of translating.

1.4 Scope of the study

As mentioned previously that this study talks about adverbials denoting time.

Since this topic is considered wide enough to discuss, so in this opportunity the

discussion about it is limited on the adverbials denoting time and their translation

in Indonesian with a specific reference to the novel Twilight written by Stephanie

Meyer and its Indonesian translation translated by Lily Devita Sari. And the

discussion of this study will cover:

1. The Identification of the forms of adverbials of time in English that exist in the

novel.

2. The Identification of the functions or meaning of adverbials of time in English.

3. The translation of adverbials of time in Indonesian.

4


5/107

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter, review of literature, concepts of adverbials stating time and

their translations will be discussed to give more understanding of the topic that

will be discussed in this study.

2.1 literatures Review

Research in adverbials stating time and their translations has been done by

some students in the previous years, Yuliana Marlina Lima (2000) In her work of

The Analysis of Adverbial Clauses Found in Novels discussed about kinds of

adverbial clause seen from the structural types found in Novels and the types of

adverbial clauses found in Novels . The theories used were taken from the theory A

Grammar of Contemporary English proposed by Quirk It was stated that

adverbial clause, or clause serving primarily as adjunct or disjunct in the main

clause, may be placed in various semantic categories, such as time, place, manner

(Quirk, 1972:743). From her analysis she concluded Adverbial clause is often

optional, except in SVA clause of type. It can be placed in initial, medial and final

position within the sentence.

Angela Yohana (2003) in her work kinds of Adverbial stating time and

their translation analyzed kinds or forms of adverbials of time found in some

novels and their translations in Indonesian. The theory used in her research is the

5


6/107

theory of English Grammar proposed by Quirk It was stated that adverbials is a

group words which does the same job as adverb, thus giving information about

when where, or in what circumstances something happens. (1990: xviii) . She

also used the translation theory for the research since the topic also discussed the

translation study. The theory itself is proposed by Larson in her book Meaning

based Translation (1984). Larson states that:

Translation consists of studying lexicon grammatical structurescommunication situation and cultural context of the source language text,analyzing it in order to determine its meaning and then reconstructing this samemeaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate inthe receptor language and its cultural context. (1983:3).

It is true that this is the same with the topic that I write, but the analysis is

different. This thesis talks about more specifically the form of adverbial and their

translation in Indonesian. It does not about the equivalent and the procedure used

by the translator in the process of translating the text. However, the thesis written

by Angela will give contribution to the analysis of the data in this writing as

findings of the form and function of the adverbial of time in the novel.

Oka Pertama Weda (2004) with his paper entitled Preposition Expressing

time and Their Translation into Indonesian state that there are many kinds of

prepositions expressing time such as at, on, in , before, after, since which are

variously translated into Indonesian. This paper has relation with the topic of the

research since it talks about adverbials.

NI Made Sukarini (2005) in her Paper entitled The Structural Shift of Noun

Phrase in The Process of English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel A Perfect

Stranger talked about the structural shift in the process of English Indonesian

6


7/107

Translation. She also analyzes that structure shift mostly occurred in the process

of transferring Noun Phrase (NP) in the source language text into the target

language text . And she also found that the theory of loss and gain of information

proposed by Nida is also mostly applied in the process of transferring the meaning

of the noun phrase of the SL text in TL text. Considering that her paper talked

about The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase in The Process of English-Indonesian

Translation, it also contributes a great deal to my research, especially to give a

brief explanation of the adverbials are translated into the target language.

Putra Yadnya (2000) in his Paper entitled Transfer Makna Dalam

Penerjemahan Etnografik Cerita Luh Galuh ke Dalam Bahasa Inggris talked a lot

about Indonesian sociocultural aspect and their equivalence in English. He also

analyzes if there is any movement or shift of meaning in the translation. In this

paper it is found that the translator uses procedures of translation in transferring

the meaning of the source language into English. Considering that his paper

discusses transference of meaning in which there is movement in the translation, it

also contributes a great deal to my research, especially when we are talking about

the equivalence of meaning.

There is also an article written by Eli Hinkle about Adverbial markers and

tone in L1 and L2 from Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA. He analyzes

large corpora of published written texts in English for new insights into meanings,

uses, and functions of adverbials of all types.

From the five of the thesis and one article above it is necessary to combine

ideas into one of the theories and problems applied in this study.

7


8/107

This study discusses the English time adverbials and their translations in

Indonesian with reference to Stephanie Meyers Novel Twilight based on the

theory proposed by Larsons (1998).

2.2 Concepts

2.2.1 Adverb and Adverbial

Adverb and adverbial are the two terms that in some cases they are alike

but actually different in term of form and function. In general, ad verb belongs to

word class that modifies adjective and another adverb, while an adverbial belongs

to sentence element that modifies the verb of the sentence or the sentence itself in

terms of time, place, reason, result or others. The differences of the two terms will

be analyzed in the following discussion.

Study about grammar fields is more frequently discussed. One aspect of

grammar is adverbial; it is to known that adverbial and adverb are different. There

are two types of syntactic functions that characterize adverb, but an adverb need

have only one of these adverbials and modifiers of adjective and adverb.

The differences between adverbs and adverbials may be one or several

words that offer information on circumstances connected to the state or activity

named by the verb. Adverbs are one-word items that modify verbs. An adverb

indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as

"how," "when," "where," "how much". While some adverbs can be identified by

their characteristic "ly" suffix , most of them must be identified by untangling the

8
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/wordform.html#suffixhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/wordform.html#suffix


9/107

grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an

adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.

Adverbials may be single words or else phrases that provide information

about when, where, how, or why things happen. So adverbs fall into the category

of adverbials. Adverbs and the wider category of adverbials belong to the

predicate, and there they may be placed next to the verb or after the object. But

they may be found at the beginning of a sentence, provided they do not separate

the subject from the verb.

A general idea which may be useful is this: elements in a sentence

organize around the heart of the sentence, S + V, in a hierarchical manner: the

more important they are, the closer they are to the heart. For instance, an object

(O) is more important than an adverbial of time because it is closer to the verb, so

the adverbial of time can never interfere between the V and its O, and must be

placed after. An adverb describes a verb while an adjective describes a noun.

Many adverbs end in ly - slowly, quickly, smoothly to name a few and

they describe how someone might do something. Examples of adjectives are large,

red, four, etc. They desrcribe the size, shape, number of an object (noun). An

adverbial phrase uses more than one adverb in describing a verb.

There are many definitions of adverbials such as the theory of adverbials

by Quirk et al in their book entitled a comprehensive Grammar of the English

Language it is stated that:

9
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentencehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence


10/107

The adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase oradverbial clause, it may also be noun phrase, and in general, the adverbial is

capable of occurring in more than one position in the clause (1985:729)

He also states that:

Adverbial clause, or clause serving primarily as adjunct or disjunct in themain clause, may be placed in various semantic categories, such as time, place,manner (Quirk, 1972:743)

Adverbials is a group words which does the same job as adverb, thusgiving information about when where, or in what circumstances somethinghappens. (1990: xviii)

And based on the book introducing English Grammar proposed by Leech,

it is stated that:

Adverbial clause is a clause which acts as an adverbial in the main clauseor sentence, most of them begin with conjunctions, signaling and their link withthe main clause. Examples of such conjunctions are when, since, before, after,until, as, while, it, though, unless, because (1992:12)

According to Krohn an adverb is a word to modify a verb, an adjective oranother adverb. Adverb maybe classified from different point of view such as

function and meanings. Adverbials clause are divided into classes correspondingto those of adverbial elements-clauses of place, time, manner, degree, cause,condition, and exception, concession, purpose, ends or means .

And the Indonesian concept of adverbial according to Hasan (1998: 197) Dalam tataran frasa, adverbial adalah kata yang menjelaskan verba, adjektiva,atau adverbial lain. Sedangkan dalam tataran klausa, adverbial mewatasi ataumenjelaskan fungsi-fungsi sintaksis.

Keraf (1992:112) kata keterangan atau adverbial adalah kata untukmembatasi kata kerja, kata keadaan. Kebanyakan adverbial terdiri atas kata-katadasar, dan juga berupa kata turunan.

2.2.2 Translation

Actually there are many definitions in terms of translation, commonly

referring to the same notion. The differences are in a sense quite understandable;

10


11/107

the differences may depend on the text translated, the target readers, the translator

and the language itself. It is due to the fact that language constantly changes to

different style. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the

form which can be highly different in the target language. Thus a translation

acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a later time.

Nida and taber (1974:12) state that translating consist of reproducing in

the receptor language (RL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language

(SL)message, first in the term of meaning and secondly in terms of style .

Savory (1968:37) believes that translation is made possible by an

equivalent of the idea that lies behind its different verbal expressions.

Larson (1984:10) states translation consists of studying lexicon,

grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source

language. Analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing the

same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which appropriate in

the receptor language and its cultural context.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

Some theories adopted in this thesis will be used to analyze the problems

in this study, which includes the theory of translation and adverbial both in

English and Indonesian.

11


12/107

2.3.1 Theory of Adverbial

Adverbial is a word (an adverb) or group of words (an adverbial phrase or

an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the

verb. The word adverbial is also used as an adjective, meaning having the same

function as an adverb.

An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes verbs. When

adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meanings of that verb. Word groups that

are also considered to be adverbials also modify verbs, for example, a

prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non finite clause

(Biber.2002)

In every sentence pattern the adverbial is a clause element that tells where,

when, why, or how. There can be more than one adverbial in a sentence. In

addition, the same adverbial can be moved to different positions in a sentence.

According to Quirk (1972: 205) in his book entitled University EnglishGrammar Units realizing adverbial function can be; phrases and clauses. Amongthose adverb phrases in which adverb as the head or sole realization; noun

phrases; prepositional phrases; finite verb clauses; nonfinite verb clauses inwhich the verb is infinitive, -ing participle; and ed participle; and verb lessclause.

2.3.1.1 Classes of Adverbial

Adverbial can be divided into two classes, distinguished by whether or not

they are integrated to some extent into the structure of the clause. Those that are

integrated to some extent are termed adjuncts, those that are peripheral to clause

12


13/107

structure are subdivided into disjunct or conjuncts, the distinction between these

two being that conjuncts have primarily a connective function.

An adverbial is integrated to some extent in clause structure if it is affected

by clausal processes. Three criteria have been selected as diagnostic for adjuncts

that is as evidence that an adverbial is affected by clausal processes and is

therefore an adjunct. If an adverbial satisfies one or more of the criteria it is an

adjunct.

1. If an adverbial can not appear initially in a negative declarative clause, it is

an adjunct. For example, although quickly can appear initially in a positive

clause such as in:

a.Quickly they left for home. (Quirk, 1872:421)

b. The time went quickly (Murphy,1987:192)

It cannot do so if the clause is negative (with the negative particle not or

nt ) *quickly they didnt leave for home. Hence, quickly is an adjunct. On

the other hand, perhaps is uneffected by whether the clause is positive or

negative.

2.

If an adverbial can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative

interrogation, it is an adjunct, alternative interrogative, showing that the

adverbial is the focus of clause interrogation. This can be exemplified by:

He writes to his parents because he wants to .

(Quirk, 1972:422)

13


14/107

It is an adjunct because it can be contrasted with another adverbial in

alternative interrogation:

Does he write to his parents because he wants to or does he write

to them because he needs money ? On the other hand, we cannot contrast

two since clauses in this way when the since clauses express reason and

not time. Does he write to his parents since he wants to or does he write to

them since he needs to ?

3. If an adverbial can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative

negation, it is an adjunct, alternative negation showing that the adverbial is

the focus of the clause negation.

For example

On Monday is an adjunct in.

We went to Chicago on Monday

(Quirk, 1972:422)

Disjuncts and conjuncts satisfy none of the above three criteria. That is

to say, the following three statements can be made for both disjuncts and

conjuncts:

1. They can appear initially before a negative clause. Disjunct clauses that

are sequentially fixed in relation to superordinate clauses are an exception;

they cannot, of course, appear initially before even a positive clause.

2. They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative

interrogation.

14


15/107

3. They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation.

(quirk, 1972:423)

Conjuncts are distinguished from disjuncts because they have primarily a

connective function. As an index of their connective function, conjuncts cannot

serve as a response to a question , whether a wh-question or yes-no question, even

when they are accompanied by yes or no. On the other hand, disjuncts can serve

as response to a yes no question, though usually they require to be accompanied

by yes or no. On the other hand, disjuncts can serve as response to a yes no

question, though usually they require to be accompanied by yes or no.

(Quirk, et.al., 1972:423)

For Example.

He will probably be there tommorow (Quirk, at.al., 1972:423)

I will probably not see you (Murphy, 1987:212)

It is an adjuncts, since it can be a response.

Will he be there?,

Yes, probably

Is contrast, therefore in: I sent him a personal invitation. He will therefore be

there tommorow, It is conjunct. We cannot use therefore as a response;

Will he be there tommorow?

Yes, therefore. (Quirk, at al., 1972:424)

15


16/107

2.3.1.2 Types of Adverbials

A. Adverbials of time

Quirk states that adverbial of time is introduce by conjunction such as

when, before, after, since, as, until, while, or soon. It is used to say when

something happens by referring to a period of time or another event. The

adverbial of time can be filled by noun phrase, prepositional phrase, adverb

phrase, or clause. For example:

1. Buy your ticket as soon as you reach the station (Quirk et al

1972744)

2. The next time , I come here, Im going to be better

3. I bought in the year (that)I was in Europe (Cum 1996:179)

As we seen in example (1) as soon as you can reach the station i s

adverbial of time filled by a clause. It explains that the event happen a very short

time after another. In example (2) the next time is adverbial of time whch is filled

by noun phrase; the next time is formed by the article the as determiner, next as

modifier, and time as noun, it is used to pint out something which happened

during one occurrence of an event. In the example (3 ) in the year (that) I was in

Europe is adverbial filled with prepositional phrase marked by in

B. Adverbial of Place

Adverbial of place tells us where something happens, which are introduced

by where or wherever. Adverbial of place usually appears in front or in the end of

sentence. Examples:

16


17/107

1. Where the fire had been, we saw nothing, but blackened rain (quirk

et al, 1972:745)

2. Everywhere I went, people were angry or suspicious rain (quirk et

al, 1972:746)

Example (1) where the fire had been is adverbial clause indicating place. It is

introduced by where which occurs in front of the sentence. In example (2)

everywhere I went is adverbial clause, which explains that something happens in

every place where something else happens.

C. Adverbial of purpose

This kind of adverbial is marked by the use of words in order to,so that,

to,so,in order that, so as to. These kinds of adverbial are used to add

information about purpose or aim of an action. Examples:

1. Rose rod with care in order not to spread the dirt (Quirk et al,

1972:735)

2. I left early to the train (Quirk et al, 1972:735)

In example (1) in order not to spread the dirt is to explain that rose does not want

to spread the dirt. In example (2) to catch the train is adverbial of purpose. It

describes the purpose of subjects action.

17


18/107

D. Conditional of Adverbial

Conditional of Adverbial is an adverbial that explains a possible situation and

its consequence or adverbial clause expressing a conditional. It is introduced by if

or unless. Example:

1. Nobody gets anything unless they ask for it

2. You can leave if you like

In example (1) unless they ask for it , is adverbial of conditional, it as the negative

condition, appears in last part of the sentence. In example (2) if you like is

adverbial of conditional. If is used to explain the situation when the subject offer

to do something.

E. Adverbial of Manner

Adverbial of manner is used to describe about someones behavior or the

way something is done. It is introduced by the words like, just, as, as though, or

much as. Example:

1. It swims above the sea floor, just as its ancestor did

2. I dont understand why he behaves as he does

In example (1) just as its ancestor did is adverbial of manner. It occurs in the

last part of the sentence and is introducing by just as . It shows the comparison of

the way something is done with the way of something else does it. In example (2)

as he does is adverbial of manner marked by as he does: it is used to point out

someones behavior.

18


19/107

F. Adverbial of Result

Adverbial of result is an adverbial specifying the result or outcome of the

happening described in the rest of the clause, it is introduced by so that, and so,

so, or, and. Example:

1. She was having great difficulty her car out , and so I had to move my

car to let her out

2. Her boyfriend was shoot in the chest and died

In example (1) and so I had to move my car to let her out, is adverbial of

result and appear in the last part of the sentence. It is marked by and so to indicate

the result of something which happened. In example (2) and died as adverbial of

result which is introduced by and it is used to indicate the result of something.

G. Adverbial of concession

Adverbial of concession is used to indicate supposition that is usually

marked by although, even tough, while, even, it, much as, whereas. (Murthy,

2003: 216)

Example:

1.

Though she is clev er, she is not proud (Murthy 2003: 217)

2. Even though you are my brother , I can allow you to do such a cruel

act. (Murthy, 2003:217)

In example (a) Though she is clev er is the adverbial clause of concession

which is marked by tough and in example (b) Even though you are my brother is

the adverbial of concession marked by even though.

19


20/107

H. Adverbial of Reason

This kind of adverbial is marked by the conjunction because, as, or since.

It is used to indicate the reason for something. Examples:

1. As Cella had gone to school, it seemed good times for lady ravens

croft to invite her sister do say.

2. I didnt know that she had been married, since she seldom talked

about herself.

In example (1) as Cella had gone to school, is adverbial of reason, it is

introduced by the conjunction as, it appears in front of the sentence. In example

(2) since she seldom talked herself, is adverbial of reason, which appears in the

middle of the sentence.

2.3.1.3 Adverbial Based on Position

In general, the adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position

in sentence or clause. They are initial position, medial position and end or final

position. Initial position is preceding any other sentence or clause element. In

effect, this generally means the position is immediately before subject.

Examples :

1. Suddenly, the driver started the engine. (Quirk, 1985:491)

2. By then the book must have been placedon the shelf. (Quirk, 1985:490)

The adverbial suddenly in sentence number (1) above occurs before the subject

the driver, and the adverbial by then in sentence number (2) occurs before the

subject the book.

20


21/107

But in direct questions, it is the position immediately before the operator or wh-

elements.Examples:

1. Seriously, do you believe in ghosts? (Quirk, 1985:491)

2. Anyhow , since when has she been ill? (Quirk, 1985:491)

In the examples above we can find that seriously is adverbial that occurs before

the subject operator do . And anyhow is adverbial that occurs before the wh

element when . On the other hand, in subordinate or coordinate clauses it is in the

position following the conjunction. Example:

1. I had scarecely got into the taxi, when suddenly the driver started the

engine. (Quirk, 1985:491)

2. I know you are very charitable, but seriously how can he be innocent?

(Quirk, 1985:491)

In sentence number (1) above the adverbial suddenly occurs after the conjunction

when or follows the conjunction when . And in the sentence number (2) the

adverbial seriously occurs after the conjunction but or follows the conjunction

but. Medial position can be preliminarily described as that between subject and

verb.Examples:

1.

The driver suddenly started the engine. (Quirk, 1985:491)

2. The soprano really delighted her audience. (Quirk, 1985:492)

In sentence number (1) above the postion of adverbial suddenly is between subject

the driver and the verb started . And in sentence number (2) the adverbial really

occurs between subject the soprano and the verb delighted .

21


22/107

And the end or final position is the position in the clause following all obligatory

elements; it is also the position of the obligatory adverbial when this follow the

other obligatory elements.

Examples:

1. The light was fading rapidly

2. Dr. Blackett is in Tokyo

3. She was digging a trench in the garden

(Quirk, 1985:498)

As we can see the entire sentence above have adverbial in the end position and

they follows the obligatory elements of the sentence.

2.3.2 Theory of Adverbials in Indonesian .

Alwi Hasan states Dalam tataran frasa, adverbial adalah kata yang

menjelaskan verba, adjektiva, atau adverbial lain. Sedangkan dalam tataran

klausa, adverbial mewatasi atau menjelaskan fungsi-fungsi sintaksis.

Keraf (1991: 112) implies that Kata keterangan atau adverbial adalahkata untuk membatasi kata kerja, kata keadaan, kebanyakan adverbial terdiri ataskata-kata dasar, dan juga berupa kata turunan. Accessed at:(http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/ March28 th2011;03:50 PM)

2.3.2.1 Types of Adverbials

A. Adverbial of Time

Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that Adverbia kewaktuan adalahadverbial yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan saatterjadinya peristiwa yang diterangkan oleh adverbial itu. Yang termasuk

adverbial kewaktuan ialah bentuk seperti baru dan segera.

22
http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/


23/107

Example :

1. SL: Ayah baru diberhentikan dari jabatannya. (Alwi: 205)

TLFather just fiffled from his position.

2. SL:Kami berlima akan segera menyepakati masalah itu. (Alwi:205)

TL:We are five will soon agree on that problem

(http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/

comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/ March28 th2011;

03:50 PM) They are:

1. The adverbs of time define/emphasize the progress of event. For

example: Dahulu, kemarin, hari ini, sekarang, dulu, besok, selamanya.

2. The adverbs of time explain the problems that happen and finish or

not. For example: Telah, akan, sudah, sedang, baru, lagi, belum.

B. Adverbial of Frequency

Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that : Adverbia kuantitatif adalahadverbial Yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan tingkatkekerapan terjadinya sesuatu yang diterangkan adverbial itu. Kata yangtergolong adverbial ini, misalnya : selalu, sering, jarang, dan kadang-kadang.

From the statement, we can say that a quantitative adverb is an adverb

which describes the meaning that has a relationship. With the frequency of

something. Here are some examples:

1. Kami selalu makan malam bersama-sama. We usually have dinner

together.

23
http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/%20comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/


24/107

2. Mereka sering mengabaikan tanggung jawabnya. they often disregard

of their responsibility.

C. Adverbial of Manner

Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that Adverbia kecaraan adalahadverbia yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan bagaimana

peristiwa yang diterangkan pleh adverbial itu berlangsung atau terjadi. Yangtermasuk adverbial kecaraan ini adalah bentuk=bentuk seperti diam-diam,secepatnya,pelan-pelan, dengan gembira

Adverbial of manner is the adverb that describes the meaning related to

how the event happened explained by the adverb of manner. Here are some

examples:

1. Ikuti dia diam-diam dari belakang. follow him from the back slowly

2. Kami akan menyelesaikan tugas itu secepatnya. We will finish the duty is

as soon as possible.

2.3.2.2 Function of Adverbials

Nasution (1979: 35) states that: Berdasarkan fungsinya, adverbia dibagi

Lima Based on its function, adverbial in Indonesian is divided into five, they are:

1.

Adverbial of Time

For example: Kami ujian lusa We will have an examination the day

after tommorow

The word lusa , in English is day after tomorrow as an adverb of time. It

explains when we have the examination and the answer is lusa . It functions to

make the subject and predicate the adverb of time lusa is added clear .

24


25/107

2. Adverbial of Situation

For example: Kami belajar didalam ruangan. We are studying in the

room

The word dalam or in English we can say in as adverb of situation. It

explains where we are learning and the answer didalam . The position of adverb of

situation can be put in front, in the middle and in the end of the sentence. It

depends on the sentence that we make.

3. Adverial of Manner

For example: Pemuda itu belajar dengan giat . The young men learn

actively In Indonesian, there are two adverbs of situation based on its function.

But actually it has different perceptions. From the first of adverb of situation, the

word dalam expresses the situation where we are studying. While the second

adverb of situation, the word giat express how the young man learns.

4. Adverbial of Degree

For example: Rumahnya sangat jauh dari kampusnya . His house is very

far from his campus.The word sangat or very in English expresses the adverb of

degree. It explains How far his house from his campus and the answer in very.

5.

Adverbial of Modality

For example: Mereka mungkin akan terlambat datang kesini . They will

probably come late here. The word mungkin or probably in English express the

adverb of degree. It explains how far his house is from his campus and the answer

is very.

25


26/107

2.3.2.3 Form of Adverbials

Kosasih (2008: 25) states that Ada dua bentuk adverbia dalam Bahasa

Indonesia, yakni : Bentuk dasar dan Bentuk turunan. In Indonesian there are two

forms of adverbs, they are: base form and generated form.

1. Base form ( Bentuk dasar )

Examples:

a) Dia masih memiliki rumah yang sangat besar. He has a very big

house

b) Pemuda itu hanya memperhatikan wajah gadit itu . The young

man only paying attention to that girls face

c) Dia segeramengembalikan barang yang dipinjamnya dari

seseorang . She returns the thing that she has borrowed from

someone soon

2. Derivative form ( Bentuk turunan )

a) Diam-diam ia melarikan diri dari rumahnya . He run away from

his house quietly

b) Ia memiliki cita-cita yang setinggi-tingginya. He has the goal as

high as possible

c) Sebaiknya anda mempertimbangkan terlebih dahulu jawaban

anda. It is better for you to consider before you answer

26


27/107

2.3.2.4 Position of Adverbials

The position of adverbial in Indonesian is free. ( http://one.indoskripsi.com

/category/ jurusan/ bahasa-inggris march 29 th 2011; 07:15 PM). Meaning that it

can be put in front, in the middle, and in the end of the sentence depending on the

sentence that we make. For example:

1. SL: Kadang-kadang kami mendiskusikan masalah keuangan keluarga

kami bersama-sama.

TL: Sometimes we discuss about our family finance problems together

The word kadang-kadang or sometimes in English is an adverb of frequency

which is put in front of the sentences.

2. SL: Ia pasti pergi ke kantor pos itu .

TL: She certainly went to the post office

The word pasti or certainly in English as a kind of an adverb of modality is put in

the middle of the sentence.

3. SL: Mereka bertemu dengan ayah saya di rumah sakit

TL: They met my father in the hospital

The word hospital in English as an adverb of place is put in the end of the

sentence.

2.3.3 Theory of Adverbial of Time

Quirk states that adverbial of time is introduced by conjunction such as

when, before, after, since, as, until, while, or soon. It is used to state when

something happens by referring to a period of time or another event..

27


28/107

Next examples of Adverbial expressions of time answer the questions:

When? (1), (For) how long? (2), and How often? (3).

(1) A: When is the meeting?

B: In the evening.

(2) A: (For) how long did you stay there?

B: For a long time.

A: How long have you been here?

B: For two hours. or Since eight o'clock.

(3) A: How often do you visit your uncle?

B: Often.

A basic sentence has the pattern SUBJECT+VERB+ (OBJECT or

COMPLEMENT). An adverbial might take place either in the initial, middle or

final position. When it is at the initial position it occurs at the very beginning of

the sentence (4) when the adverb takes the final position, it occurs at the very end

of the sentence (5) when an adverbial is in the mid-position, it occurs between the

subject and the main verb (6).

28


29/107

(4) Afterwards, they left for France.

(5) They left for France yesterday.

(6) They always go to France for the summers.

(7) I met him after I came to to Adana.

(8) My younger sister was born at 3:15 A.M.

on March 23.

in 1987.

b. .She was born at 3:15 A.M., March 23, 1987.

According to their use in a sentence, adverbs are divided into three

classes (Walsh & Walsh 1951) simple (1B), interrogative (1A, 2A, 3A), and

conjunctive (7). Most of the time expressions fall into the category of simple,

question words inquiring time which are placed in the interrogative class and

the conjunctions referring to time are used in subordinate clauses.

Expressions that answer the when question are generally called time

adverbials. Maclin (1987:39), in her mention of temporal expressions, states

that time adverbials can be a single word (5), a phrase (1B), or a dependent

clause (7). She suggests that these adverbials can be placed before or after the

main clause and asks the learners to place the more specific information

before the general information (8a). She also reminds the learners to "use àt'

before clock time, òn before a day or, ìn' before a month used alone, a year, or

a century (8a). She also warns the learners to separate the time adverbs if

prepositions are not used (8b).

29


30/107

The adverbial of time can be filled by noun phrase, prepositional phrase, adverb

phrase, or clause, as can be seen from the following example:

1. Buy your ticket as soon as you reach the station (Quirk et al

1972:744)

2. The next time, I come here; Im going to be better (Quirk et al

1972:744)

3. The last time we talked he said he needed another two days (Quirk

et al 1972:744)

4. He was surprised when he saw this (Cum 1996:179)

5. I bought in the Year (that) I was in Europe (Cum 1996:179)

6. Since he hesitates we have him (Cum 1996:179)

7. After having finished my work I went to bed (Cum 1996:179)

As we seen in example (1) as soon as you can reach the station as

adverbial of time filled by clause. It explains the event which happened a very

short time after another. In example (2) the next time as adverbial of time is filled

by noun phrase, the next time is formed by article the as determiner, next as

modifier, and time as noun, it is used to pint out something which happened

during one occurrence of an event. In example (3) the last time as adverbial filled

by noun phrase. The last time is formed by article the as determiner, last as

modifier, and time as noun. It is used to point out something happen during one

occurrence on event. In example (4) when he saw this is adverbial which is

marked by when and the idea of time here mingles with that of cause. And in

example (5) in the year (that) I was in Europe is adverbial filled with prepositional

30


31/107

phrase which is marked by in. In example (6) since he hesitates is adverbial which

is marked by since. And in example (7) after having finished my work is adverbial

and it is marked by after as the preposition of the sentence.

Biber and friends (2002: 208) state that time adverbs express position in

time, frequently, duration, and relationship.

Example:

1. She doesnt say go away very much now. (Time position)

2. She always eats the onion. (Time frequency)

3. She will remain a happy memory with us always in seven separate

pieces! (Time relationship)

Those examples show how the same adverb can have different time

meanings, depending on its context of use. For example, always in 2 refers to

frequency (i.e. how often she eats the onion); while in 3, always refers more to

duration. Semantically adverbial of time can express most time when adverbs can

serve as a response to a when question:

A: When did he arrive?

B: last night

While you were at the library

When in its various uses is in part pro-form for the time adjuncts. It can point of

time and denoted a boundary of time or in other words point of time but also

imply the point from which time is measured.

Time duration can be divided into two classes, they are those denoting

length of time and those denoting duration from some preceding point of time.

31


32/107

Time duration are normally positioned finally, except for three adverbs normally

positioned at momentarily, permanently, and temporarily.

Time frequency can serve as a response to a how often question, and the

other time relationship. One group consist of adjuncts concerned with the

sequence within the clause of two time relationship, and they co-occur with time

when adjuncts. Many of the same items are also used as correlatives to denote

temporal sequence between clauses or between sentences.

2.3.4 Translation

The theory of translation is described in terms of its meaning, types,

process, and its procedure.

2.3.4.1 Meaning of Translation

Larson states that It is generally understood that the purpose oftranslating is to transfer the meaning of the source language into the targetlanguage, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form ofa second language by way of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3).

In doing translation we must study the lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication situation and cultural context of the source language in order to

find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure in the

target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in translating English text into

Indonesian, a translator must master both English as the source language and

Indonesian as the target language.

32


33/107

Nida (1974: 12) says that translating consists in reproducing the receptorlanguage the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in

terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style .

He also says that, in doing translation, meaning must be preserved as the mostessential issue, then, the translator must pay attention to the style of the author.The result of translation must maintain the naturalness of the massage in thesource language.

Moreover Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of arepresentation of a text in one language by representation of an equivalent indifferent degrees (fully or partial equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis,

etc.) and at different ranks (woeds- dor woeds-, phrase- for phrase, sentence- forsentence)

It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the

meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by

replacing the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way

of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the

lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of

the source language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and

grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in

translating English text into Indonesian, a translator must master both English as

the source language and Indonesian as the target language.

2.3.4.2 Types of Translation

Every text has its own form and meaning in different types of language.

Therefore, there are two kinds of translation. One is form-based translation and

the other one is meaning-based. Form-based translations attempt to follow the

form of the source language and are known as literal translation. Meaning-based

33


34/107

translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language

text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called

idiomatic translations.

1. Literal Translation

An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation. It is done

by reproducing the linguistic feature of the SL text, whether that is in

form of words, clauses, phrase, sentences, etc, into the TL text.

Although it may be very useful for purpose of the study of the source

language, they are little help to the speakers of the receptor language

who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. A literal

translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value

(Larson, 1998: 17).

2. Modified Literal Translation

Except for interlinear translation, a truly literal translation is

uncommon. Most translators who tend to translate literally actually

make a partially modified literal translation. They modify the order and

grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor

language. However, the lexical items are translated literally.

In a modified literal translation, the translator usually adjusts the

translation enough to avoid real nonsense and wrong meanings, but the

unnaturalness still remains (Larson, 1998: 18).

34


35/107

3. Idiomatic Translation

Idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the SL in the natural

form of the TL, both grammatical constructions and in the choice of

lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a

translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the TL.

Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically. This is

his goal. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A

translator may express some parts of his translation in very natural

form and then in other parts fall back into a literal form. Translations

fall on a continuum from very literal, to literal, to modified literal, to

near idiomatic, and then may even move to be unduly free (Larson,

1998: 19).

4. Unduly Free Translation

Unduly free translations are not considered acceptable translation for

most purposes. Translations are unduly free if they add extraneous

information not in the source text, if they change the meaning of the

SL, or if they distort the facts of the historical and cultural setting of

the SL text. Sometimes unduly free translations are made for purpose

of humor or to bring about a special response from the receptor

language speakers. However, they are not acceptable as normal

translations. The emphasis is on the reaction of those reading or

hearing it and the meaning is not necessarily the same as that of the SL

(Larson, 1998: 19).

35


36/107

2.3.4.3 Process of Translation

The process of translation begins by reading the SL text as the first step.

Simply, this step is to get the meaning of the SL text which is going to be

translated into the TL text. This first step is done for two purposes: first, to

understand what the text is about; second, to analyze it from the translator point of

view. By doing so, the translator has to determine its intention and the way of

writing for the purpose of selecting a suitable translation method and identifying

particular and recurrent problem. It has to be remembered that the intention of the

text represent the SL writers style towards the subject matter. All of these should

be done in the context of the SL text.

According to Larsons, there are some steps that have to be attended in the

process of translating shown in the diagram below:

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

Text to be translated Translation

Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning

Meaning

36


37/107

It is clearly described above that when the translator is translating, the first

step that must be done is to discover and understand the meaning or the massage

of the SL text. After discovering the meaning of the SL, the translator then

analyzes it, in order to find the most natural form of the TL.

She also says that, the best translation is the one which: (1) uses the

normal language forms of the receptor language, (2) communicate, as much as

possible, to the receptor language speakers the same meaning that was understood

by the speakers of the source language, and (3) maintains the dynamics of the

original source language text. Maintaining the dynamics of the original source

text means that the translation is presented in such way, that it will hopefully

evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke (Larson, 1998: 6).

To be able to understand the meaning of the SL text totally and perfectly, a

translator must be able to understand the lexicon and the grammatical structure

of the SL and also able to understand the roles of non-linguistic factors. Since this

factors represent the communication situation and cultural context of the SL text.

This is in agreement with what Larson stated on translation:

Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text,analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this samemeaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate inthe receptor language and its cultural context (1998: 3).

Since the process of translation is built up for any linguistic and cultural

differences, it should be able to cover those entire possible problems that might

37


38/107

occur in translation unless the process or procedure does not work in solving the

problem.

In general, Nida argues that the system of translation consists of a

procedure comparing three stages. They are (1) analysis in which the surface

structure is analyzed in terms of grammatical relationship and the meaning of the

words and combinations of words, (2) transfer in which the analyzed materials is

transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and (3)

reconstructing in which the transferred materials is reconstructed in order to make

the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language (1974: 34).

Although they are basically the same, the operational approach built up by

Bell who explains the process of translating in rather different way. The

transformation of a source language text into a target language text by means of

processes which take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one language-

specific text (the source language text, the SLT) into a universal (non-language-

specific) semantic representation and (2) the synthesis of that semantic

representation into a second language-specific text (the target language, the TLT)

(1991: 20).

2.3.4.4 Equivalence

Theory proposed by Nida will be applied to analyze the equivalence in the

data. According to Nida (2000:19) there are two kinds of equivalents, namely:

formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The first formal equivalence is

oriented to the form and content of the source language. In formal equivalence

38


39/107

translation, a translator intends to reproduce as closely and meaningfully as

possible the form and the content of the source language. In short, formal

equivalence translation is principally source-oriented. This means that a translator

reveal as much as possible the form and content of the original message.

Meanwhile, dynamic equivalence is oriented to the complete naturalness of

translation. In this case, the translator is not so concerned with the matching of the

receptor language message but with dynamic relationship. This means that in this

kind of translation the relationship between the receptor and the message should

be substantially the same as that which exists between the original receptor of the

message. In other words, dynamic equivalence is aimed at producing in the target

language the closest natural equivalent to the source language message.

Newmark says communicative translation attempts to produce on its

readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the

original and that semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the

semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact

contextual meaning of the original (1981:39)

New adjectives have been assigned to the notion of equivalence

(grammatical, textual, pragmatic equivalence, and several others) and made their

appearance in the plethora of recent works in this field. An extremely interesting

discussion of the notion of equivalence can be found in Baker (1992) who seems

to offer a more detailed list of conditions upon which the concept of equivalence

can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence at different levels, in

relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation and

39


40/107

hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She

distinguishes between:

Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when

translating from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottom-

up approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be

taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts

analyzing the ST s/he looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct

equivalent term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of the term word since it

should be remembered that a single word can sometime be assigned different

meanings in different languages and might be regarded as being a more complex

unit or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to number

factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense.

Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical

categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary across

languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct

correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claims that different grammatical structures

in the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or

message is carried across. These changes may induce the translator either to add

or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical

devices in the TL itself. Amongst these grammatical devices which might cause

problems in translation, Baker focuses on number, tense and aspects, voice,

person, and gender.

40


41/107

Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text

and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important

feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and

analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a

cohesive and coherent text for the TT audience in a specific context. It is up to the

translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the

coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by three main factors,

that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type.

Pragmatic equivalence refers to implicates and strategies of avoidance during the

translation process. Implicative is not about what is explicitly said but what is

implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in

translation in order to get the ST massage across. The role of the translator is to

recreate the authors intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TT

reader to understand it clearly.

2.3.4.5 Equivalence in Translation Studies

In the framework of systemic functional grammar, Matthiessen (1999)

discusses translation equivalence in the environments of translation, and identifies

the environments relevant to translation in different dimensions of

contextualization. He says the wider the context, the more information is

available to guide the translation and the wider the environment, the more

congruent languages are likely to be; the narrower the environment, the more

incongruent languages are likely to be. Form his perspective, equivalence is a

41


42/107

matter of degree rather than that of dichotomy, and so is the difference between

free and literal translation.

The concept of equivalence has been one of the key words in translation

studies. In earlier work on translation equivalence, Catford (1965:20) defines

translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by

equivalent textual material in another language (TL). He distinguishes textual

equivalence from formal correspondence. The former is any TL text or portion of

text which is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL

text or portion of text and the latter is any TL category (unit, class, structure,

element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible, the

same place in the structure of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the

SL.

Wilss (1982a: 134) states that the concepts of TE (translation

equivalence) has been an essential issue not only in translation theory over the last

2000 years, but also in modern translation studies and that there is hardly any

other concept in translation theory which has produced as many contradictory

statements and has set off as many attempts at an adequate, comprehensive

definition as the concept of TE between SLT (source language text) and TLT

(target language text). In his definition, translation is a transfer process which

aims at the transformation of a written SL, text into an optimally equivalent TL

text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic

understanding and analytical processing of the SL text(1982b : 3). I think his

42


43/107

phrase optimally equivalent is reasonably appropriate, but in my view the

problem is that he fails to present what makes the optimality.

1. The concepts of equivalence have been discussed in various dichotomous

ways such as formal vs. dynamic equivalence (Nida). Semantic vs

communicative translation (Newmark). Semantic vs. functional equivalence

(Bell), and so on. According to Nida and Taber (1969: 12), translating consist in

reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source

language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. The

closest natural equivalent is explained by Nida (1962:166) as follows;

equivalent, which points toward the source language message.

2. Natural, which points toward the receptor language

3. closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the

highest degree of approximation.

Nida cities his examples from bible translation, where the phrase Lamb of

God would be rendered into Seal of God for the Eskimos because the lamb does

not symbolize innocence in their culture. In this case, a literal translation (formal

equivalence) does not mean anything in a different culture so the dynamic

equivalence is necessary.

Newmark (1981:38) states that opinion swung between literal and free,

faithful, and beautiful, exact and natural translation, depending on whether the

bias was to be in favor of the author or the reader, the source or the target

43


44/107

language of the text. He categorizes translation by a degree of depending on SL

emphasis or TL emphasis as follows (1988: 45):

SL emphasis TL emphasis

Word-for-word translation-Adaptation

Literal translation-Free translation

Faithful translation Idiomatic translation

According to Bell, the translator has been the option of focusing on

finding formal equivalents which preserve the context-free semantic sense of the

text at the expense of its context-sensitive communicative value, or finding

functional equivalents which preserve the context-sensitive communicative value

of the text at the expense of its context-free semantic sense(1991:7)

Apart from the dichotomy of equivalence, Baker (1992) discusses various

equivalence problems and their possible solutions at word, above word,

grammatical, textual, and pragmatic levels. She takes a bottom-up approach for

pedagogical reasons. Baker proceeds with her equivalence discussion from word

to further upward levels. She claims translators must not underestimate the

cumulative effect of thematic choices on the way we interpret text

2.3.4.6 Thematic Equivalence

In the systemic functional model of the lexico grammar, language has

three multifunction ideational, interpersonal and textual. These three are

44


45/107

simultaneous strands of meaning, but while translation should give equal weight

to all three multifunctional contributions, there has been a strong tendency to give

more weight to the ideational multifunction (matthiessen 1999: 47). It is

unfortunate that the traditional translation studies have paid little attention to the

textual equivalence.

The thematic analysis with functional grammar helps translator become

aware of how the text guides readers as it unfolds. Halliday uses a clause as a unit

for analysis and textually divides it into two parts; Theme and Rheme. He defines

the Theme as the point of departure of the message and the Rheme as the

remainder of the message, so as a message structure, a clause consists of a

theme accompanied by a Rheme (1994: 37). Baker clearly points out two

functions of the Theme (1992:121).

1. It acts as appoint of orientation by connecting back to previous stretches of

discourse and thereby maintaining a coherent point of view.

2. It acts as a point of departure by connecting forward and contributing to

the development of later stretches

Bakers discussion focus of the Theme-Rheme distinction related to translation is

text-based rather than the structure of individual clauses. She explains that

methods of organization and development in different types of text are reflected in

the overall choice of themes. Having noted the significances of the thematic

progression, we must still first shed light on individual clauses for the purpose of

investigating how the theme is realized in the ST and the TT.

45


46/107

2.3.4.7 Method of Translation

Translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) will be

applied to analyze the procedures applied in translating each data and then

analysis is made to know whether or not each application is appropriate. There are

seven procedures as described below:

a. Literal Translation

Direct transfer of the SL text into grammatical and idiomatically

appropriate of the TL text. For example: mie goreng (I) - fried noodles

(E).

b. Borrowing

Borrowing is considered the simplest of all the translation methods. In

translating a term from the SL into TL, foreign terms may be used.

They are usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts,

for example: animation (E) animasi (I).

c. Calque

A special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an

expression from another and the form is translated literally in terms

each of its elements. The calque is divided into two parts namely

lexical calque and structural calque. Lexical calque happens at the

syntactic level, while structural calque happens at the level of

construction of language. For example: Jakarta Post (E) Jakarta

Post (I).

46


47/107

d. Transposition

The translating process which involves replacing one word class with

another without changing the massage, the transposition can also be

applied in a language. For example: melanggar aturan (I)

committing a violation (E).

e. Modulation

Varying the form of language, obtained by a change in the point of

view. For example: si perawan desa (I) the single women in the

village (E).

f. Equivalence

The same situation which can be rendered by two texts using

completely different stylistic and structure methods, for example:

warna coklat susu (I) cream co lour (E).

g. Adaptation

The extreme limit of translation, which is used in case where the type

of situation being transferred from SL message is unknown in the TL

culture. In such a case the translator has to create new situation that

can be considered equivalence. Adaptation can, therefore, be described

as a special kind of equivalent, a situational equivalent, for example:

om swastyastu (B) welcome (E).

47


48/107

2.3.4.8 The Basic Principles of Translation

There are three basic principles of translation stated by Nida (1975:27).

Those principles mean that no translation in a receptor language can be the exact

equivalent of the model in source language. All types of translation involve:

1. Loss of information

Loss of information can occur in all linguistic levels. For example,

she is a teacher becoming Dia guru The meaning of dia partly lies in its

opposition to she and it, in Indonesian dia is third person, singular system

has no opposition at that level because dia covers her and him but does not

cover it. This means that she has more meaning that the Indonesian dia

because she contains the idea of female, which is, absent in Indonesian dia,

thus loss of information occurs in translation

2. Addition of information

Addition means adding anything that is needed, such as a word, a

phrase, or even a clause, in order to make the translated text appear

natural, either grammatically or semantically, in the target language. This

is a strategy a translator frequently resorts to when following the original

pattern of information flow results in a tension between syntactic and

communicative functions in the TLT (Baker, 1992:167).

3. Skewing of information

48


49/107

The translation of items in the source language is not the exact

equivalence in the target language.

The principles of loss, addition, and skewing of information are related to

this study. Since there are some possibilities of loss, addition, and skewing of

information occur in translating the terms from SL into TL.

49


50/107

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Data Source

The data of this study are taken from an English novel entitled Twilight

written by Stephanie Mayer which is translated into Indonesian version Twilight

by Lily Devita Sari and published by Gramedia Company.

The reason for choosing this novel as the data source of this study is that

Stephanie Mayer is considered one of the greatest authors nowadays and her novel

has been translated in hundreds of different languages and has become one of the

bestselling novels through years. Besides, the novel contains many data that are

relevant with the problem discussed and analyzed in this paper.

The other reason to choose this novel is that the novel is a translation

product. It should be studied in order to get some advantages from other translator

is ability, especially the function of time adverbials and their translation.

This novel consists of 25 chapters and it has 420 pages in English version

and 518 pages in Indonesian. Therefore, it is enough to obtain the data of time

adverbials.

3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The data of this study were collected by identifying and note-taking the

English adverbials and their equivalents in Indonesian. The first step was a close

reading of both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). Then

50


51/107

adverbials in the SL and their equivalents in the TL were identified. The collected

data were then systematically classified according to the purpose of analysis.

In the process of taking data, the sentences showing the occurrences of adverbials

of time were not quoted wholly; they were partly quoted.

3.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The data classified were analyzed by comparing the English adverbials of

time with their translations into Indonesian, in order to find their various

translation equivalents. The analyses start from classifying the data according to

their types followed by the analysis of the functions of adverbials and the last

analysis was done based on their equivalents in Indonesia. Discussion, comment,

and explanation were also added.

In relation to the data analysis, the sentences carrying imperative sentences were

underlined in such a way that they were easily identified.

3.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analyzed Data

The analysis is presented informally. The analysis is grouped based on the

types and functions of the adverbials found. The adverbials of time and their

equivalents are underlined as showing in the following example:

SL : Im not going to check my email every five minutes. Relax, breathe. I

love you. (page 18)

TL : Tapi aku takkan mengecek emailku setiap lima menit sekali. Tenang,

tarik nafas. Aku sayang mom. (page 42)

51


52/107

Looking at the example above, we can say the underlined word is an

adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase. The noun phrase is identified by every

five minutes in which its head or item is the noun minutes. This noun phrase states

time modifying the verb am not going to check. It tells us that the subject I is not

going to check her email for five minutes each. Again this belongs to adverbial

stating time.

But if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that that the noun

phrase every five minutes is translated into setiap lima menit sekali. In this case we

can see that the English adverbial stating time formed by the noun phrase is

adequately translated into Indonesian. In Indonesian setiap lima menit sekali is

also a noun phrase stating time.

In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the

source text every five minute is not formally reproduced in the target language.

There is the word sekali in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain

the same.

The procedure applied by the translator in translating the time adverbial in

the SL into TL is modulation translation procedure, because the translator varying

the formed of language. Since there is addition in Indonesian translation by the

word sekali.

52


53/107

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS ADVERBIALS OF TIME

AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN INDONESIAN

This chapter is concerned with the analysis of the adverbials of time and

their translations in Indonesian in the Novel as the main concern of the study. As

mentioned in the previous chapter that the purposes of the study are to identify the

types of English time adverbials in the novel and their Indonesian translations, to

find out the procedures applied to translating them into the target language.

After the data were observed, it was found that all adverbials stating time

in the English novel are translated into the same forms in Indonesian. This means

no significant shift was found. The adverbials stating time expressed by the noun

phrase is translated into the noun phrase in the target language, the adverb phrase

which states time is also translated into the adverb phrase in the target language,

the prepositional phrase into the prepositional phrase and the clause stating time is

also translated into a clause in the target language.

Seen from the translation viewpoint, it is found that the meaning carried

by the adverbial stating time is closely translated into the same meaning in the

target language. The meaning of time duration is also translated into duration in

the target language. The meaning of when is also closely translated into

Indonesian. The other meanings of time are also translated into the same meaning

in the target language. For further analysis, let us see the following discussion.

53


54/107

In relation to translation equivalent, it is found that some data use formal

equivalent and other data use dynamic equivalent. In formal equivalent the

translator seems to apply formal equivalence translation, the translator intends to

reproduce as closely and meaningfully as possible the form and the content of the

source language. It seems that the translator reveals the form and content of the

original message. In some data it is found that dynamic equivalence is applied. In

this case, the translator is not so concerned with the matching of the receptor

language message but with dynamic relationship.

4.1 Adverbial of Time Expressed by a Noun Phrase

It is also found that there are many noun phrases expressing time in the

data. The meaning carried by the noun phrase stating time also varies. They are

also accurately translated into Indonesian. Let us see the following data.

Data 1:

SL : I did not sleep well that night, even after I was done crying.

(Page. 5)

TL :Tidurku gelisah malam itu, bahkan setelah aku selesai menangis

(Page.23)

In this data, we can see that in data above, there is a noun phrase that states

time. The noun phrase in this data is formed by determiner that and the noun

night. This noun phrase expresses time, namely point of time. That night means

54


55/107

in the evening. In this case the time mentioned expresses past time. So it is a point

of time in the past.

If we look at its translation in Indonesian, we can see that that night is

translated into malam itu . Considering this translation we can also say that the

noun phrase stating time is accurately translated into Indonesian by the translator

because malam itu has the same meaning with that night.

If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is

applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source

language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase

that night as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase malam itu

in the target language.

The procedure of translation used in this translation is a literal translation

since the SL text that night, even after I was done crying is directly translated or

transferred into the appropriate grammatical and idiomatical form of the TL

malam itu is the phrase bahkan setelah aku selesai menangis without changing the

message.

Data 2:

SL : Every day I watched anxiously until the rest of the Cullens

entered the cafeteria without him (Page.37)

TL : Setiap hari, dengan was was aku memperhatikan sampai seluruh

keluarga Cullen memasuki cafeteria tanpanya. (Page.49)

55


56/107

The same case happens in data 2. We can also see that there is a noun

phrase stating time. The noun phrase is formed by quantifier every - and the noun

day . Every day means each day Bella meets the Cullens minus Edward.

Meanwhile in the Indonesian translation is setiap hari is an adverbial of time

formed by an NP, because setiap hari in the TL means each day too. The adverbial

of time above shows frequency since both the TL and SL text mean how many

times the situation happens, that is, every day.

From the equivalent viewpoint, this data applied the formal equivalent.

This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely

reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase everyday as the adverbial

denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase setiap hari in the target language.

The procedure of translation s used to translate the SL phrase into the TL

text is the literal translation where there is a direct transfer of SL text into

grammatical and idiomatically form of the TL text.

Data 3:

SL : Im not going to check my email every five minutes. Relax,

breathe. I love you. (Page.18)

TL : Tapi aku takkan mengecek emailku setiap lima menit sekali.

Tenang, tarik nafas. Aku sayang mom. (Page.42)

Looking at the data 3 above, we can say the underlined words is an

adverbial stating time formed by a noun phrase. The noun phrase is identified by

56


57/107

the determiner every in which its head is the noun minutes. This noun phrase

states time modifying the verb I am not going to check. It tells us that the subject I

is not going to check her email for five minutes each. Again this is adverbial

stating time showing frequency since the word every is used to indicate something

happening at specified intervals. But if we look at its Indonesian translation we

can see that that the noun phrase every five minutes is translated into setiap lima

menit sekali. In this case we can see that the English adverbial stating time formed

by the noun phrase

unud 353 2094604629 thesis perbaikan print seminar

Documents