UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR THE TANJUNG KARANG RICE IRRIGATION PROJECT USING

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

ABEDA KHATUN

FK 2000 32

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR THE TANJUNG KARANG RICE IRRIGATION PROJECT USING GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

By

ABEDA KHATUN

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

February 2000

Dedicated to my

beloved son Ahnaf Tahmid, daughter Farhat Tahsin

&

the memory of my beloved Parents

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Abstract of this thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR THE TANJUNG KARANG RICE IRRIGATION PROJECT USING GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

By

ABEDA KHATUN

February 2000

Chairman: Associate Professor Dr. Ir. Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom

Faculty: Engineering

Water plays an important role in crop production. Good water management can improve the irrigation efficiency and the potential to greatly increase crop production. The water availability is dependent on rainfall and irrigation system characteristics. In contributing to the process of decision making the irrigation personnel needs to understand the rainfall pattern and irrigation water demand of the whole system. The Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Project in Northwest Selangor Malaysia was selected for this study and the tertiary canal TASB-4 of Sungui Burung compartment was considered as the main study area.

Geographic information system (GIS) is becoming an increasingly powerful tool used in water management system for paddy field irrigation. The Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Project and soil maps were digitized by the use of Maplnfo Software. Different types of map features such as scheme, compartments, canals, rivers, roads and soils were digitized and stored into different layers. Relevant physical and management data were collected from various sources and input into a database. The application of the GIS software through the development and presentation of water distribution system using tables, maps and graphs were illustrated. Real and some estimated data, using established technique were input into Maplnfo browser tables for each compartment.

Proper water budgeting is a prerequisite condition of any successful irrigation project. In an irrigation project, the amount of water to be applied is an important factor. Irrigation scheduling which anticipates the temporal water need of crops i.e. when to irrigate and how much water to apply is an important management activity affecting the performance of the irrigation project. A water budget for dry and normal year was prepared on the basis of the rainfall availability ( 1950-1 997) in the project area. In off-

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season the total design water requirement was 1 3 1 4 mm but the total mean rainfall was 444 mm, and in 1 in 5 dry year was 382 mm. So 870 mm and 932 mm of additional water was required for normal and 1 in 5 dry year respectively. Similarly in the main season, the total design water requirement was 1 589 mm but the total mean rainfall was 730 mm and 643 mm in 1 in 5 dry year. So 859 mm and 946 mm of additional water was required for normal and 1 in 5 dry year.

A cropping schedule calendar was prepared on weekly interval . And on the basis of the calendar, scheduling browser tables of the eight compartments were developed. The water duty of the project area calculated for the 1 st pre-saturation period was 2.78 l/sec/ha, second pre-saturation period was 1 .85 l/sec/ha and normal supply period was 1 . 1 7 l/sec/ha. On the basis of the water duty the irrigation scheduling was then calculated.

Other than downstream areas furthest from the main canal, the soils with high percolation rate also influence the quantity of irrigation water available. On the basis of the particle size analysis of the overall soil series, the Jawa, Sedu, and Brown Clay soil series were found to be potential water stress areas of the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Scheme. The Sekinchan compartment was identified as the best productive compartment.

By using GIS to monitor the water management, spatial analysis was carried out easily and effectively for modification or maintenance resulting in better water management. Besides, design of water distribution or timely irrigation could also be done to increase the uniformity, efficiency and adequacy of water delivery systems.

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PERPUSTAKAAN JNIVERSHI PUTRA MALAYSIA

Abastrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi sebahagian daripada keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains.

PEMBANGUNAN PROGRAM PENGURUSAN AIR UNTUK PROJEK PENGAIRAN TANJUNG KARANG MENGGUNAKAN

SISTEM MAKLUMAT GEOGRAFI

Oleh

ABEDA KHATUN

February 2000

Pengerusi: Associate Professor Dr. Ir. Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom

Faculty: Kejuruteraan

Air memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pengeluaran tanaman. Melalui pengurusan air yang baik, kecekapan pengairan dapat dipertingkatkan dan juga berpotensi untuk menambahkan pengeluaran pertanian. Air yang sedia ada adalah bergantung kepada air hujan dan ciri-ciri sistem pengairan. Dalam proses membuat keputusan, jurutera pengairan perlu memahami taburan hujan dan keperluan pengairan seluruh sistem. Memandangkan mereka dipertanggungjawabkan untuk membekalkan air, pemahaman tentang pengurusan pengairan semasa adalah penting. Projek Pengairan Padi di Tanjung Karang yang terletak di barat laut Selangor dipilih untuk kajian ini dan TASB-4 di kompatmen Sungai Burung pula dianggap sebagai kawasan kajian yang utama.

Sistem maklumat geografi ialah alat yang semakin berguna dalam sistem pengurusan air untuk pengairan padi. Sistem pengairan Tanjung Karang dan peta tanah telah didigitkan dengan perisian Mapinfo GIS. Peta yang berbeza kategori seperti skim, kompatmen, terusan, sungai, jalan dan tanah telah didigitkan dan disimpan dalam lapisan yang berbeza. Data pengurusan dan fizikal yang berkaitan dikumpulkan daripada pelbagai sumber input dan dimasukkan ke dalam pangkalan data. Pembangunan dan persembahan sistem taburan air yang menggunakan jadual, peta, and graf dapat dipaparkan melalui penggunaan perisian sistem maklumat geografi. Sebilangan data anggaran dan benar yang menggunakan teknik yang sudah wujud boleh dimasukkan ke dalam jadual mapinfo browser untuk setiap kompatmen.

Anggaran air yang betul adalah amat diingini oleh projek pengairan yang berjaya. Di dalam projek pengairan, jumlah air yang digunakan adalah faktor yang penting. Penjadualan pengairan untuk keperluan tanaman yang sementara seperti bila

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untuk memberi pengairan dan berapa banyak air perlu digunakan adalah faktor yang penting yang akan mempengaruhi pre stasi projek pengairan. Anggaran air untuk tahun yang normal dan tahun kemarau disediakan berdasarkan hujan ( 1 950- 1 997) di kawasan projek. Pada luar musim, jumlah keperluan air rekabentuk yang direka adalah 1 3 1 4 mm tetapi jumlah purata air hujan adalah sebanyak 444 mm dan semasa tahun kemarau 1 dalam 5 hujannya ialah 382 mm dengan pertambahan air masing-masing sebanyak 870 mm dan 932 mm. Begitu juga dengan keadaan semasa musim utama dimana keperluan air rekabentk adalah 1 589 mm tetapi jumlah purata air hujan ialah 730 mm dan 643 mm semasa tahun kemaru 1 :5 . Jadi tambahan air masing-masing sebanyak 859mm dan 946 mm adalah diperlukan.

Penjadualan disediakan dalam tempoh mingguan. Jumlah keperluan air dan kehilangan semasa penyediaan tanah, penaburan bij i benih, peringkat pertumbuhan dan musim penuaian telah dianggarkan untuk setiap kompatmen dan juga seluruh skim. Berdasarkan kalendar penjadualan, jadual browser dari lapan kompatmen telah dibuat. Tugas air untuk kawasan projek yang telah dikira untuk pra-tepu yang pertama adalah 2.78 lIslha. Pra-tepu yang kedua ialah 1 .85 lIslha dan untuk pembekalan yang biasa ialah 1 . 1 7 I/slh. Berdasarkan tugas air tersebut satu rangka jadual pengairan telah ditetapkan berdasarkan pengiraan.

Selain daripada kawasan hilir yang berjauhan daripada terusan utama, kadar penelusan dalam bagi tanah juga mempengaruhi kuantiti air pengairan yang ada. Berdasarkan analisis saiz zarah untuk kesemua siri tanah yang didapati, tanah siri Jawa, Sedu, dan Liat coklet adalah kawasan yang berpotensi untuk kekurangan air ber laku di skim pergairan padi Tanjung Karang. Kompatmen Sekinchan telah dikenalpasti sebagai kompatmen yang berhasil terbaik.

Dengan menggunakan sistem maklumat geografi untuk mengawal pengurusan air, analisis dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih senang dan berkesan untuk pembetulan atau penyelenggaraan supaya mendapat pengurusan air yang baik. Selain itu, perekaan untuk agihan air atau tempoh pengairan dapat juga dilaksanakan untuk meningkatkan keseragaman, kecekapan dan kecukupan sistem penyaluran air.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to convey my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Associate

Professor Ir. Dr. Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom for his proper guidance and patience

throughout the study. Specially thanks to my co-supervisors, Associate Professor Dr.

Salim Said and Dr. Lee Teang Shui for their valuable advice and comments.

Besides, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my husband Md. Fakrul

Islam and Mr. And Mrs. Mizanur Rahman for their endless co-operation and

encouragement. Also thanks to Mr. Ghazali Kasim for his cordial co-operation.

Appreciation also to those who have helped me in one way or another in the course of

my study.

This research was fully supported by the Malaysian Government IRP A Project

No. 51 294. I am very much grateful to the project leader (Associate Professor. Ir. Dr.

Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom) for allowing me to work on the project.

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I certify that an Examination Committee met on 1 5 February, 2000 to conduct the final examination of Abeda Khatun, on her Master of Science thesis entitled "Development of Water Management Programme for the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Project Using Geographic Information System (GIS)" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1 980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1 98 1 . The committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:

KWOK CHEE YAN, M.S Associate Professor Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

MOHD. AMIN MOHD. SOOM, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

SALIM SAID, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

LEE TEANG SHUI, Ph.D. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

HAZALI MOHA YIDIN, Ph.D. Professor/ Deputy Dean of Graduate School Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: .2 1 t£B ,�

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and was accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

KAMIS � WANG, Ph.D. Associate Professor/ Deputy Dean of Graduate School Universiti Putra Malaysia

11 MAY 2000

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Statement of Originality

Except where specific acknowledgment is given, the research work reported in this

thesis is entirely that of the author.

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ABEDA KHA TUN

Date: 2--\ . 2. . 'l...O0 0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ABSTRAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 APPROV AL SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DECLARATION FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 LIST O F FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8

CHAPTER

I

II

INTRODUCTION ............................................ . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LITERATURE RE"IE� ...................................... . Irrigation and Water Management For Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irrigation Duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pre-saturation Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplementary Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conveyance Loss of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C t· I

. t' on lnuous rrlga Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rotational Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evapotranspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . Seepage (S) and Percolation (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drainage (DR) ..................................................... . Irrigation Scheduling for Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development and Definitions of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Component of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages of Development in GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1

1 1 4 5

6 6 8 9 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 20 20 22 22 24 24 25 25 29

MapInfo Software Package. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 The Need of GIS in Water Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Application of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

III STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Location and Topography of Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Main Conveyance System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Distribution System. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Scheme Level Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Cropping Pattern and Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46 Present Farming Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Wet Seeded Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Dry Seeded Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 53 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Work Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Application of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Digitizing the Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Identification and Editing of Digitization Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Database Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Linking the Physical Data and Descriptive Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Source of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Rainfall Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Effective RainfalL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 Evapotranspiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Crop Water Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Irrigation Requirements During the Growth Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Normal Irrigation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Design Water Requirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Water Requirement Estimation of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Cropping Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 Water Requirement Estimates and Allowable Water Level in the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. . . . . . 73 Determination of Drainage Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Water Use Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Relative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Irrigation Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Discharge Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Discharge from Constant Head Orifice Off-Take Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Irrigation Demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 The Required Diversion Discharge at the Head of the Tertiary Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

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IV

The Required Water Depth. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................... . Information from Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Info Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . SQL Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graph and Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Thematic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .... .. . .. . ... .. . . . . Statistic Information Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irrigation Water Budget Calculation for

8 1 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

Dry and normal year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Water Scheduling Calculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Interpretation of Water Use Efficiency and Relative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Interpretation of Cumulative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Irrigation Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 02 Discharge Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 03 Constant Head Orifice Off-Take (CHO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05 Canal Capacity .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05 Soil Textural Classes and the Composition of Tanjung Karang Irrigation Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 06

V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS... . . . . . .... . . . 1 1 4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 14 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 1 1 6

REFERENCES......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8

APPENDIX - Result Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 27

CURRICULUM VITAE................................................... 143

13

Tables

I. 2. 3 . 4. 5 . 6.

7 . 8 .

9 .

1 0. II. 12 . 13. 1 4. 1 5 . 1 6.

1 7. 1 8 . 1 9.

LIST OF TABLES

List of Database Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' " Estimated Water Requirement for Paddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply Schedule of the Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Water Requirement of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unit Irrigation Demand Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculation for Required Discharge at CHO for Staggered Irrigation in T ASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cropping Schedule Calender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum and Minimum Allowable Water Level in the Paddy Field . . .. . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Digitized Layers of the Tanjung Karang Irrigation Scheme and Soil Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Weekly Rainfall Data . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Budget Calculation for Off-Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present Water Scheduling of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Irrigation Information . ... ...... ............ .......... .. . Computation of Canal Capacity by Manning's Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Actual Discharge and by Manning's Formula . . . . . . . Comparison between Design Canal Capacity and New Water Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hectarage of Soil Series in Survey Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hectarage of Soil Series in Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unit Yield of Paddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

14

Page

56 65 66 68 69

70 73

74

8 1 92 94 99 1 03 1 04 1 04

106 1 08 1 08 1 09

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures

1 . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1 0. 1 1 .

12 . 1 3 . 1 4. 1 5 . 1 6. 17 . 1 8. 1 9. 20. 2 1 . 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

29. 30. 3 1 .

32. 33. 34. 35.

Deposition of Water Diverted for Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rice Field Water Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geographic Information System as a Management TooL . . . . . . . . . . . Major Components of Computer Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Major Components of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Input into Geographic Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Storage and Data Management in GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Tanjung Karang Irrigation Project Location Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Conveyance System ofthe Tanjung Karang Irrigation project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present Irrigation Schedule Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Annual Water Requirement for the Tanjung Karang Irrigation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct Seeding Under Wet Field Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct Seeding Under Dry Field Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GIS Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creates New Browser Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input Data by Using Info Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Update Column for Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sungai Burung Compartment with TASB 4 Tertiary Canal . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply in TASB 4 Tertiary Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schedule of Discharge Requirement at CHO T ASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Different Growth Stages of Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative Relative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Digitized Map of the Tanjung Karang Irrigation Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Browser Table of a Particular Compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Info Tool Object List Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Results of SQL Select in a Query Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viewing Different Types of Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display Comparison of Irrigation for the Whole Scheme Using Chart Thematic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Statistics Information Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean Weekly Rainfall and 1 -in-5 Dry Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annual Rainfall of Sg. Burung Station No. 341 1 0 1 6 ( 1 950-1 997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Water Budget for Off-Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Budget for Main Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative Relative Water Supply Curve of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Required Depth vs Supply Depth of Compartment SB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

Page

12 1 6 23 25 26 27 28 38

43 48

50 5 1 52 54 57 58 59 67 7 1 7 1 72 77 82 84 85 86 87

88 89 90

91

95 96 1 00 10 1

36.

37. 38. 39.

Evapotranspiration, Rainfall, and Effective Rainfall of Compartment Sungai Burung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Digitized Soil Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Compartment versuss Yields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potential Water Stress Area ofthe Tanjung Karang R· I ' .

P .

Ice ITIgabon rOJect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

1 02 1 07 1 1 0

1 1 1

Plates

1 . 2. 3 . 4 5 . 6.

7. 8 .

LIST OF PLATES

Diversion to the Feeder Canal at Bemam River Headworks . . . . . . . Siltation and Weed Growth in the Main canaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bagan Terap Pump House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sungi Tengi Headworks at the Main CanaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drainage Control Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peat Swamp Water Draining out to the Sea from the Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . View of a Tertiary CanaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Constant Head Orifice Offtake Structure in the Main CanaL . . . . .

17

Page

39 39 40 40 4 1

42 44 45

BRH -

CHO -

CRW -

CRWS ­

CPU -

DID

DR

ET

ERF

FAO

GIS

IADP -

IRRI

IR

ISA

JICA -

JPS

KADA ­

MADA ­

NIADB -

NWMP­

NWU -

OPP2 -

PBLS -

RWS -

SP

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Bernam River Headworks

Constant Head Orifice

Crop Water Requirement

Cumulative Relative Water Supply

Central Processing Unit

Drainage and Irrigation Department

Drainage

Evapotranspiration

Effective Rainfall

Food and Agricultural Organization

Geographic Information System

Integrated Agricultural Development Project

International Rice Research Institute

Irrigation

Irrigation Schedule Area

Japan International Co-operation Agency

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority

Malaysian Agricultural Development Authority

National Irrigation Administration and Asian Development Bank

National Water Management Policy

Net Water Use

Second Outline Perspective Plan

Northwest Selangor Agricultural Development Project

Relative Water Supply

Seepage and Percolation

18

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

General

Irrigation systems are primary methods for maintaining agricultural production

through reduction of soil·water deficits. At present there are more than 227 million

hectares of irrigated land in the world, most of which have been developed in modem

times. Although irrigation is contributing to the world food production, there is reduced

interest in irrigation because of the overall low performance of most irrigation systems

in the developing countries and the adverse effects on the environment caused by

irrigation (Feyen, 1 992).

In Asia, rice in irrigated and rainfed lowland environments is mostly grown

under flooded conditions, contributing from 90%·95% of world production (Pathak et

aI. , 1 99 1 ). To achieve this, fields are bunded and soils are puddled by plowing at water

saturated conditions, followed by harrowing and leveling. More than 75% of global rice

production is harvested from irrigated rice ecosystems, which cover 55% of global

harvested rice area. About 25% of the total rice hectarage is under rainfed lowland

cultivation, and produces 1 7% of global rice production (lRR!, 1 993). In irrigated rice

ecosystems, the availability of water for agriculture is threatened in many places by

increasing urban and industrial demand. In view of the projected increase in rice

2

demands from a growing world population (65% increase from 1 992 to 2020; IRRI,

1 993), efficient use of water resources in rice ecosystems is of crucial importance.

In drier parts of the world the role of irrigation is of great importance for, without

it, agriculture would not be possible in many areas. In Malaysia, irrigation has since

been exclusively devoted to the cultivation of wet paddy. The total land area planted to

paddy in Malaysia is about 600,545 ha. Of which approximately 340,61 9 ha. are

serviced by irrigation facilities, mainly for the purpose of cultivating rice crops two

times a year or commonly known as double cropping. The remaining 259,926 ha.

depend upon available rainfall for cultivation (APO, 1 99 1 ).

The Malaysian Government policies that affect rice production industry are the

Second Outline Perspective Plan 1 99 1 - 2000 ( OPP2); and the National Agricultural

Policy 1 992 - 20 1 0 (NAP). The OPP2 has stated, among other pertinent issues, that the

agriculture sector will have to compete for· various resources with other higher growth

sectors like manufacturing and services industries. "Resources" here includes water, a

very important ingredient in rice cultivation.

The NAP has targeted rice production in Malaysia to achieve a self-sufficiency

level of 65%. It further states that this level of production shall be met from the eight

Granary Areas with a combined paddy area of 2 1 0,500 ha. And the mini granary areas

totaling 28,500 ha. of paddy land. Granary areas refer to major rice growing areas in the

country. The eight granary areas are Muda Agricultural Development Authority

(MADA) in Kedah, Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority (KADA) in Kelantan.

Integrated Agricultural Development Project (IADP) KerianiSungai Manik in Perak,

3

IADP Barat Laut Selangor, IADP Pulau Pinang in Penang, Seberang Perak in Perak,

IADP Kemasin-Semerak in Kelantan, and Project pembangunan Pertanian Terengganu

Utara (KETARA) in Terengganu. Among them, MAD A has the largest area of 97,000

ha. and KETARA has the smallest area of 5 , 1 00 ha. (Chong, 1 999).

Management of irrigation water has been a challenging issue. More

concentration has been geared towards the improvement of system management. There

has been an increasing demand for water and at the same time a growing scarcity of

water resources. A good irrigation water management that provide adequate and timely

irrigation water is important to improve the crop production. To achieve this it is

necessary to have an adequate water source, a good conveyance system to carry the

water and distribution system to spread the water over the land. Poor water management

resulting in either over or under irrigation remains to be a problem of most irrigation

systems in developing countries. Another problem is land and water allocation for some

periods when the extent of water availability is very uncertain particularly during the dry

seasons.

Water management for rice irrigation project needs a large amount of spatial

data for its analysis. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be a useful tool.

GIS are computerized systems for the storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis and

display of geographically referenced data. In recent year GIS have emerged as new

powerful tools for spatial analysis and effective management of water resources. GIS

can solve the problems of sorting and up-dating the large amount of newly available

data. Besides, GIS can easily locate the control structures and leaking points in the water

supply system. As a result large amount of data on crop irrigation and management can

4

be easily processed by the techniques in GIS . However, none of the Malaysian granaries

is currently using GIS in the irrigation water management.

This study will result in having a database in GIS where a large amount of

relevant water management data is centrally stored and can be easily accessible to all

concerned water manager even at other locations. This work also provides access to

physical and management data simultaneously to increase the efficiency in monitoring

the water distribution system for improving the irrigation operation and scheduling so

that timely preventive maintenance can be carried out by increasing the speed of

handling problems related to water management.

Statement of the Problem

Sound water source and a good distribution network is a precondition of an

irrigation project. But at this moment the Tanjong Karang Irrigation Project is

experiencing several problems like shortage of irrigation water due to the environmental

changes, siltation of feeder and main canals, leakages of control gates and other

maintenance and operational problems. The main source of irrigation water of the

project is Bernam River Runoff and the rainfall. But the runoff of the Bernam river has

gradually decreased in recent years. That is happening due to the decrease of annual and

seasonal basin rainfall (Syed, 1995).

In irrigation water management, there are problems of up-dating the large

amount of newly available data and producing the map which is costly, time consuming

and even not convenient to carry around especially in the fields. Besides that, the

topographic map in paper form and the statistical data in descriptive form cannot be

5

simultaneously accessed. Thus it is difficult to establish the relationship between the

map and the descriptive data. With the GIS, these data are combined together to give an

overall clear picture of the spatial relationship between the map features. The rapid

development in computer technology and high demand to process large amounts of data

are the main reasons to cause the wide use of GIS application in irrigation water

management. GIS gives the ability to collect and manage large volumes of complex

spatially-referenced data, which can then be used to research some of the problems

which are currently being faced by the project. Besides that, with the capability to

combine the spatial information from different sources into a single geographically

referenced set of information layers, GIS can significantly increase the speed in which

data can be retrieved, interrelated and used. This study will pave the way in the use of

GIS to ease the management of irrigation water distribution especially at the tail end of

the irrigation scheme during low flows.

Objectives

The main objective of the study was to develop a water management programme

for the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Project using GIS. The specific objectives of

the study were:

1 . To develop an appropriate irrigation water budget for dry and normal year.

2. To develop an overall water management schedule for the scheme.

3. To identify potential water stress areas based on soil series.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Irrigation Water Management for Rice

Rice cultivation in Malaysia is concentrated in the Granary Areas. Irrigation

facilities, including water resources, water distribution systems, a series of regulating

and control structures, and a network of farm roads have been provided to enable

double cropping of rice. The two crops are referred to as main-season crop, which is

planted during the wet season of the year (August to December); and off-season crop,

which is planted in the drier part of the year (Feb to Jun). In rice cultivation practices,

water is supplied to the fields in two stages. The first stage is termed pre-saturation

supply where water is supplied at a relatively high rate and short duration, followed by

the second stage termed as the supplementary supply for the rest of the season. The rate

of supplementary supply is usually half that of pre-saturation supply. In terms of

duration, pre-saturation supply usually takes about 2 to 4 weeks, and the supplementary

supply shall last the entire growth duration of the crop. For the present short-term

variety suitable for double cropping, the growth period is between 1 26 to 1 45 days (Tan,

1 987). Generally, the paddy plants do not consume water supplied during pre-saturation

period. This pre-saturation supply is meant for land preparation prior to planting activity

(Thavaraj , 1 975).