skpw 2163 kuliah 3 keluarga dan budaya (6 mac 2013)

Keluarga & Budaya Dinamika Keluarga SKPW 2163

6 Mac 2014

©Jamiah Manap

Pusat Pengajian Psikologi dan

Pembangunan Manusia

Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Pribumi Australia

• http://australianmuseum.net.au/Indigenous-Australia-Family

©Jamiah Manap. Nota Kuliah Dinamika Keluarga. Mac 2013.

Pribumi Australia

• Kinship system • "All people with the same skin grouping as my mother are my mothers... They have the right, the same as my mother, to watch over me, to control what I'm doing, to make sure that I do the right thing. It's an extended family thing... It's a wonderful secure system."

• - See more at: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Indigenous-Australia-Family#sthash.n6TOHyK4.dpuf


The Elders

• Elders bridge the past and the present and provide

guidance for the future. They teach important traditions and pass on their skills, knowledge and personal experiences. It is for these reasons that in Indigenous societies elders are treated with respect


Family Ties

• the family unit is very large and extended, often with ties to the children are not just the concern of the biological parents, but the entire community. Therefore, the raising, care, education and discipline of children are the responsibility of everyone - male, female, young and old.

• Indigenous education stresses the relationship between the child and its social and natural environment, which children learn by close observation and practice. However, some knowledges are secret and are revealed only when the child is ready.


Passing the Culture to Children - Storytelling

• storytelling makes up a large part of everyday life.

• teach children

– how they should behave and why

– knowledge about everyday life such as how and when to find certain foods.

– explain peoples' spirituality, heritage and the laws.

• Sacred are some information can only be told to certain initiated women or men after they have carried out certain initiation rites.

• Stories are told while walking down to the waterhole or grinding up seeds to make damper (bread) or sitting around the campfire at night.

• Once a person becomes an adult they are responsible for passing on the information they had learned to the younger people.


Toys

• Indigenous children across Australia often make their own toys, and like children everywhere, they are incredibly resourceful. Some toys are models of traditional tools and weapons, such as boomerangs, spears, baskets or boats, while others are model airplanes, torches or telephones. Some toys are created specifically for Indigenous games. Special throwing objects called weet weets were used in boys' throwing game in northern Queensland.


Family in China

http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/4949_Adams_Chapter_5_Chinese_Families.pdf


Background • China is a country of 1.3 billion

people,

• 31 regional areas, and 56 nationalities.

• 40% of Chinese people live in urban areas,

• the remaining 60% live in rural areas,

• (National Bureau of Statistics, 2001a).


Population Policy

• The population control campaign launched in the1980s has also been responsible for the rapid shrinking of Chinese families.

• As China’s population policy requires that couples have only one child, the national birth rate declined rapidly from 22.28 in 1982 to 15.23 in 1999

(National Bureau of Statistics, 2001a, p. 91).


Family Pattern

• Chinese families have experienced a smooth transition to smaller and nuclear families (Y. Liu & Xüe, 1987).

• The nuclear family had long been the dominant family pattern in Chinese cities, and its proportion increased gradually from 55.6% in or before the 1930s, to 57.9% in the 1960s, 67.1% in the 1970s, and 69.28% in the early 1980s

(Five Cities’ Marriage and Family Study Project, 1985, p. 484).


Traditional Marriage

• Traditionally, a marriage in China was based solely on “the command of parents and the Chinese Families good offices of a matchmaker,” which emphasizes matching socioeconomic statuses between the two families. Thus, marriage is actually an issue of connecting the political, social, and economic resources between the two families, rather than a result of love and affection between the two married parties. In most cases, the married parties did not choose their spouses, and they were not supposed to meet each other until the wedding.


Mate Selection

• According to the Five Cities’ Marriage and Family Study (1985, p. 307), through the 50 years from the 1930s to the 1980s, the percentage of arranged marriages in urban China dropped off from 54.7% to 0.9%, and the percentage of married couples that were introduced by relatives decreased from 24.4% to 15.8%, while so-called free courtship, including married couples introduced by friends and by oneself, increased from 15.3% to 50.8% and from 4.99% to 32.8%, respectively.


Age of Marriage • During the ancient China, the most common lawful age of

marriage was 16 years old for boys and 14 years old for girls.

• During the period of the Republic of China (1912–1949), the lawful marriage age was raised to 18 for boys and 16 for girls, although early marriages were still very common at that time (P. Zhang, 1993).

• In 1950, the new republic’s first marriage law raised the lawful marriage age to 20 for boys and 18 for girls, and the marriage law published in 1981 again raised the lawful marriage age to 22 for boys and 20 for girls.


The Age of 1st Marriage

• Past 50 years, “later marriage, and later childbirth” policy increased the average first marriage age

• The average first marriage age of Chinese women has risen from 18.57 (urban: 19.16; rural: 18.44) in 1949, to 22.66 (urban: 24.93; rural: 22.07) in 1982 (Research Institute of All ChinaWomen’s Federation and Research Office of Shanxi Provincial Women’s Federation, 1991). In 1996, the average age of first marriage (for both men and women) in China was 24.02 (“The Age of First Marriage,” 1998).


Marriage Ceremony

• The marriage ceremony was one of the most important ceremonies in traditional Chinese society. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty (1911), China had practiced the civil marriage ceremony system. In the period of the Republic of China, both the civil marriage ceremony system and the marriage registra-tion system were applied (Tao & Ming, 1994). Since 1949, the marriage registration system has become the major practice in Chinese marriage.


Wedding Cost

The current average cost for a young couple’s wedding in Shanghai is 150,000 RMB Yuan (US$18,000), excluding the cost of an apartment (“Wedding Costs on the Rise in Shanghai,” 2002). In general, the increase in marriage expenses, on one hand, reflects the growth in people’s living standards. On the other hand, the sense of competition in marriage cost often makes a young couple spend most of their and their parents’ savings at the beginning of the marriage and may cause potential troubles for their future family lives.


Gender Roles

• Since ancient times, the Chinese have thought that the idyllic division of gender roles at home was so-called : – “men plough the fields and women weave”

– “the husband sings and the wife follows.”


Three Obedience & 4 Virtues • From Confucianism to the feudal ethical

codes developed in the following dynasties, Chinese ideology and ethics were built on patriarchy and man’s domination and on the oppression and subordination of woman, characterized by the rules of “three obediences and four virtues”

• Obedience to father before marriage

• To husband after marriage

• To son after husband’s death

• Morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work

(G. Liu & Zhao, 1994).


Women’s Today

• In terms of family life, women have gained freedom to choose a marriage, use their own surname, and inherit family properties, which could ensure them equality with their husbands at home (Institute of Population Studies, 1994).

• In terms of economic control, 76.25% of the respondents reported,“husband and wife control and arrange the income together,” whereas 10.35% of them reported “wife controls the income,” and only 3.79% of them reported “husband controls the income.”

• Also, more sharing was found in decision making about consumer goods, helping children with their education, employment, and mate selection.


Gender Segregation

• Compared with the sharing of family decision making, however, there is more gender segregation between wife and husband in doing housework.

• Wives seem to dominate more in tasks such as purchasing food and cooking (65.73%, compared with 17.51% of husbands), shopping (66.06%, compared with 20.48% of husbands), washing clothes (80.23%, compared with 9.95% of husbands), cleaning rooms (73.63%, compared with 13.38% of husbands), and taking of children (54.72%, compared with 6.40% of husbands).

• Husbands are more likely to handle such heavy jobs as purchasing coal and changing gas tanks (for cooking) (64.22%, compared with 5.53% of wives) and purchasing grain (65.58%, compared with 21.72% of wives).

• By sharing power in family decision making, wives have more control in managing the family economy (29.4%, compared with 9.4% of husbands) and saving and investment (18.1%, compared with 8.5% of husbands).


Chinese Kinship

• Tao and Ming (1994) outlined three important characteristics of traditional Chinese kinship.

• First, it placed patriarchal clan relatives in the superlative position above all kinship ties

• Second, it favored father’s kinship and neglected mother’s kinship, distinguished as direct and indirect relatives

• Third, it emphasized the ethical codes among relatives, which focused on the absolute authority of the older and the responsibilities of the younger.


Indian Immigrants in USA

http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Asian_C

ulture_Brief__India.pdf


India

• 1.7 million people in the US identifying themselves as Asian Indians or Indian Americans in the 2000 Census,

• Despite their numbers, however, Indian immigrants are not highly visible as a group because they usually speak English and do not tend to concentrate in distinct neighborhoods.


Population

• Roughly 83 percent of Indian immigrants are Hindu, reflecting their proportion in India, with another 14 percent Muslim, and about 3 percent from other religious groups. Most who have come to the US since 1965 speak English.

• By state, California has the largest Indian population, followed by New York and New Jersey. In the last 10 years, the largest increase in Indian population has been in the west and in Florida, possibly because of climate and job opportunity


Role of the Family • While extended families may be the traditional norm

in India, the nuclear family is the basic unit of family organization in the immigrant population. It includes the male head of the house, his wife, and unmarried children.

• Some households may also have older parents or an unmarried brother or sister of the husband or wife.

• Joint households (i.e., those with extended family) are viewed as temporary, a result of family obligations and hospitality afforded newly arrived immigrants.

• Kinship obligations also go beyond the immediate family and secondary kin. Indians feel quite comfortable availing themselves of the hospitality of other Indians, whether related or not.


Forms of address

• The suffix ji (pronounced “jee”), is appropriate for both sexes, regardless of age, and for almost any occasion. It can be attached to a given name as in “Michael-ji”, “Diane-ji”, or “Jones-ji”. A more familiar (though more humble) suffix is sahab (pronounced “saab”, like the car). It can also be used with titles (e.g., “Doctor- sahab” or “Professor-sahab”).

• People older than you are never addressed by first names. Their names are often followed by aunty or uncle (e.g., “Sheila Aunty”), whether they are related to you or not. Teachers and professors are always Sir or Maʼam, with these forms of address often persisting well after graduation, out of respect for authority.


Greetings

• The traditional Indian greeting namaste is uttered while joining palms together (as if in prayer) under the chin, slightly nodding the head, and looking down. In business meetings however, a firm handshake is most appropriate. When expressing sincerity or when saying goodbye, both hands may be used to clasp the otherʼs hand.

• The rule of thumb is to wait for the woman to offer her hand in greeting. If she does not do so, respond with a polite half bow and a simple “hello”.

• Indians are not in the habit of saying “Good morning”, “Good night”, or “Thank you.” Rather, the greeting namaste (pronounced “nu-musth-ay”) is a catch all and could pass for “Thank you”, “See you soon”, or “Good morning.”


Greetings

• Embracing members of the opposite sex is unacceptable. However, members of the same sex may embrace or hold hands if meeting after a long time or on special occasions. In general, public displays of affection are not encouraged. Deliberately touching someone you do not know very well, even as a friendly gesture, will only serve to make an Indian uncomfortable.


Marriage

• Marriages are often arranged alliances negotiated between parents. Strategic issues are considered. Is the boy or girl from the right caste; from a good family? Does the potential groom have a good job, good character, and reputation? What assets (e.g., jewelry, cash, furniture) does the bride bring in her dowry?

• Among educated and less traditional families, it is now more acceptable to choose a spouse on oneʼs own.

• However, arranged marriages and the customary dowry are still the norm.

• When their spouses die, women usually do not remarry. Widowhood is considered the end of “normal” life although no such restrictions apply to men


Other Customs

• The bindi (or dot) on womenʼs foreheads, is an adornment comparable to wearing makeup.

• Today, not all women wear a bindi on a day-to-day basis; doing so is often a matter of personal choice.

• Some Indian women decorate their hands and feet with patterns using henna (a red dye) to mark special occasions like weddings or festivals. This is a form of adornment.


American Family


Education


Ownership of Good


Fertility and Its Determination


Nurition


Age at 1st Marriage and 1st Birth
