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QUIAD E AZAM M ALI JINNAH HISTORY  Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Urdu: ح لی ج ع د و ه,  Audio (help·info); December

25, 1876–

September 11, 1948) was an Indian Muslim lawyer, politician, 

statesman and the founder of  Pakistan. He is popularly and officially

known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu: ن ظ ع ا د ئ ق  — "Great Leader")

and Baba-e-Qaum (م ق ے ئ ب ب ) ("Father of the Nation").

Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until hisdeath on September 11, 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress 

initially expounding ideas of  Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact 

between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader inthe All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to

safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India. 

Jinnah later advocated the two-nation theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim

state as per the Lahore Resolution.[7]

 The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the

elections of 1946. After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan Jinnahcalled for a  Direct Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. This direct action[8][9] by the

Muslim League and its Volunteer Corps resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta[9][10] between

Muslims and Hindus.[10][11]

 As the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to reach

a power sharing formula for united India, it prompted both the parties and the British to agree to

the independence of Pakistan and India. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah ledefforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan, frame national policies and rehabilitate

millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India. Jinnah also assumed the role and titleof 'Protector General of the Hindu Minority' during Hindu-Muslim riots after 1947.[12] Jinnah

died aged 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the

British Empire. After his death, Jinnah left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, and

according to Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remained Pakistan's greatest leader since the establishmentof Pakistan in 1947.[13] 

Jinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai (Gujarati:      )[14] in Wazir

Mansion Karachi.[15][16][17] Sindh had earlier been conquered by the British and was subsequently

grouped with other conquered territories for administrative reasons to form the Bombay

Presidency of  British India. His earliest school records state that he was born on October 20,

1875. However, Jinnah's first biography, authored by Sarojini Naidu, as well as his officialpassport state the date of birth as December 25, 1876.

Jinnah was the first child born to Mithibai and Jinnahbhai Poonja. His father, Jinnahbhai (1857 – 1902), was a prosperous Gujarati merchant who hailed from the state of Gondal situated in the

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Kathiawar region province of  Gujarat (present day India). He had moved to Karachi from

Kathiawar, because of his business partnership with Grams Trading Company whose regionaloffice was set up in Karachi, then a part of the Bombay presidency. He moved to Karachi some

times before Jinnah's birth.[18][15][19]

 His grandfather, Poonja Gokuldas Meghji,[20]

 was a Hindu

Bhatia Rajput from Paneli village in Gondal state in Kathiawar. Jinnah's ancestors were Hindu

Rajputs; his grandfather had converted to Islam.

[19]

 Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of  Shi'a Islam,[1] though Jinnah later converted to Twelver Khoja Shi'a Islam.[2][5][6] 

The first-born Jinnah was soon joined by six siblings; three brothers - Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali,

and Rahmat Ali - and three sisters - Maryam, Fatima and Shireen. Their mother language was

Gujarati; in time they also came to speak  Kutchi, Sindhi and English.[21]

 The proper Muslimnames of Mr. Jinnah and his siblings, unlike those of his father and grandfather, are the

consequence of the family's immigration to the predominantly Muslim state of Sindh.

Jinnah was a restless student and studied at several schools: first at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam in Karachi; then briefly at the Gokal Das Tej Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the

Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi,

[14]

 where, at the age of sixteen, he passedthe matriculation examination of the University of Bombay.[22]

 

[edit] Years in England

Jinnah was offered an apprenticeship at the London office of  Graham's Shipping and Trading

Company, a business that had extensive dealings with Jinnahbhai Poonja's firm in Karachi.[14]

 

Before he left for England in 1892, at his mother's urging, he married his distant cousin  –  EmibaiJinnah, who was two years his junior;[14] she died a few months later. During his sojourn in

England, his mother too would pass away.[19] In London, Jinnah soon left the apprenticeship to

study law instead, by joining Lincoln's Inn. It is said that the sole reason of Jinnah's joining

Lincoln's Inn is that the welcome board of the Lincoln's Inn had the names of the world's all-timetop-ten magistrates, and that this list was led by the name of Muhammad. No such board exists,

although there is a mural which includes a picture of Muhammad.[19]

 In three years, at age 19, he

became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England.[19]

 

During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the spell of 19th-century British

liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. This education includedexposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. He admired William

Gladstone and John Morley, British Liberal statesmen. An admirer of the Indian political leaders

Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta,[23]

 he worked with other Indian students on the

former's successful campaign to become the first Indian to hold a seat in the British Parliament. 

By now, Jinnah had developed largely constitutionalist views on Indian self-government, and he

condemned both the arrogance of British officials in India and the discrimination practiced bythem against Indians. This idea of a nation legitimized by democratic principles and cultural

commonalities was antithetical to the genuine diversity that had generally characterized the

subcontinent. As an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitmentto the Western ideal of the nation-state developed during his English education – and the reality

of heterogeneous Indian society to be difficult to reconcile during his later political career.

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Muhmmad Ali Jinnah's passport issued by the British Raj. 

[edit] Western influences on personal life

The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life. England had greatly influenced

his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah donned Western style

clothing and he pursued the fashion with fervor. It is said he owned over 200 hand-tailored suits

which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars. It is also alleged that henever wore the same silk tie twice.[24] 

[edit] Return to India

Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a young lawyer

During the final period of his stay in England, Jinnah came under considerable pressure to return

home when his father's business was ruined. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay.Jinnah built a house in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He became a successful

lawyer, gaining particular fame for his skilled handling of the "Caucus Case".[23]

 His reputationas a skilled lawyer prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak  to hire him as defence counsel

for his sedition trial in 1908. Jinnah argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand

freedom and self-government in his own country, but Tilak received a rigorous term of imprisonment.[23] 

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When he returned to India his faith in liberalism and progressive politics was confirmed through

his close association with three Indian National Congress stalwarts Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta and Surendranath Banerjee. These people had an influence in his early life in

England and they would influence his later involvement in Indian politics.[25]

 

[edit] Early political career

This photo shows M.A Jinnah, as a young lawyer.

In 1906, Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian politicalorganization. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favour outright independence,

considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India.Jinnah became a member on the sixty-member Imperial Legislative Council. The council had no

real power or authority, and included a large number of un-elected pro-Raj loyalists and

Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the Child Marriages

 Restraint Act , the legitimization of the Muslim waqf  (religious endowments) and was appointedto the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the Indian Military Academy at Dehra

Dun.[15][26]

 During World War I, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British

war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms.

Jinnah had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906, regarding itas too Muslim oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority.

Eventually, he joined the league in 1913 and became the president at the 1916 session in

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Lucknow. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the

League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting aunited front to the British. Jinnah also played an important role in the founding of the  All India

Home Rule League in 1916. Along with political leaders Annie Besant and Tilak, Jinnah

demanded "home rule" for India — the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar

to Canada, New Zealand and Australia. He headed the League's Bombay Presidency chapter.

In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife Rattanbai Petit ("Ruttie"), twenty-four years his junior.She was the fashionable young daughter of his personal friend Sir Dinshaw Petit, of an elite  Parsi 

family of Bombay. Unexpectedly there was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's

family and Parsi society, as well as orthodox Muslim leaders. Rattanbai defied her family andnominally converted to Islam, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting

in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided in Bombay,

and frequently travelled across India and Europe. In 1919 she bore Jinnah his only child,

daughter Dina Jinnah. 

In 1924 Jinnah reorganized the Muslim League, of which he had been president since 1916, anddevoted the next seven years attempting to bring about unity among the disparate ranks of Muslims and to develop a rational formula to effect a Hindu-Muslim settlement, which he

considered the pre condition for Indian freedom. He attended several unity conferences, wrote

the Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands

in the Nehru report, and formulated the ―Fourteen Points‖.[27]