plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpuji the … teori juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pengaruh...

THE INFLUENCE OF ANNE’S PERSONALITY TRAITS IN RESOLVING HER CONFLICTS AS SEEN IN PHILIPPA GREGORY’S

THE BOLEYN INHERITENCE

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Adisty Dewi Wulandari

051214002

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2010

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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ABSTRACT

Wulandari, Adisty Dewi. 2010. The Influence of Anne’s Personality Traits in Resolving Her Conflicts As Seen In Philippa Gregory’s The Boleyn Inheritance. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University. This thesis discusses Phillippa Gregory’s The Boleyn Inheritance. It presents one of the major characters named Anne, an ordinary young woman who is chosen to be the fourth queen of England. This study focuses on three problem formulations. They are: (1) How are Anne’s personality traits described in The Boleyn Inheritance? (2) What are the conflicts faced by Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance? (3) How do Anne’s personality traits influence her way in resolving her conflicts? This thesis applies library research to analyze the problems. This study uses two kinds of sources, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is the novel, The Boleyn Inheritance. The second sources are taken from some books related to the theories. In analyzing Anne’s personality traits, this thesis applies psychological approach that is followed by the theory of personality and the theory of character and characterization. Furthermore, to discover the conflicts that are faced by Anne, this thesis uses the theory of conflict.

The first result of this study is about Anne’s personality traits that are seen in the novel. Anne is a major and a complex character. She is categorized as a protagonist character. According to the analysis, this study shows that Anne is responsible, calm, smart, kind hearted, caring, brave, self reliant, and optimistic. The second result of this study is about Anne’s conflicts in the novel. This study shows that Anne faces two kinds of conflicts. They are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. Next, this study finds out that Anne faces two kinds of intrapersonal conflicts. They are double-approach-avoidance and approach-avoidance conflicts. Furthermore, Anne faces some interpersonal conflicts. She faces pseudo, simple and ego conflicts. The causes of interpersonal conflicts are relationship, communication and interest. Mostly, Anne faces her interpersonal conflicts using competitive and accommodation styles. She faces win-lose resolutions. Furthermore, this study finds out that Anne’s personality traits influence her much in resolving the conflicts.

Finally, the writer would like to propose two suggestions to complete this study. The first suggestion is proposed for the next researchers who want to conduct research using The Boleyn Inheritance. The last suggestion is the implementation of The Boleyn Inheritance as a material in teaching English, especially for teaching Intensive Reading II. Keywords = Personality, Conflict, Resolving

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ABSTRAK

Wulandari, Adisty Dewi. 2010. The Influence of Anne’s Personality Traits in Resolving Her Conflicts As Seen In Philippa Gregory’s The Boleyn Inheritance. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Skripsi ini membahas The Boleyn Inheritance karya Phillippa Gregory. Novel ini menceritakan salah seorang karakter utama yang bernama Anne, seorang wanita muda biasa yang terpilih untuk menjadi ratu keempat kerajaan Inggris. Skripsi ini fokus pada tiga formulasi permasalahan. Rumusan-rumusan masalah itu adalah (1) Bagaimana sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne digambarkan dalam The Boleyn Inheritance? (2) Konflik-konflik apa saja yang dihadapi oleh Anne dalam The Boleyn Inheritance? (3) Bagaimana sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne mempengaruhi cara Anne dalam mengatasi konflik-konfliknya?

Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Studi ni menggunakan dua macam sumber, yaitu sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama adalah novel The Boleyn Inheritance. Sumber kedua diambil dari beberapa buku yang berhubungan dengan teori-teori skripsi ini. Dalam menganalisa karakter Anne, skripsi ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan psikologi yang diikuti oleh teori kepribadian, teori karakter dan karakterisasi. Lebih jauh, untuk mengungkap konflik yang dihadapi oleh Anne, studi ini menggunakan teori tentang konflik. Konflik teori juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pengaruh dari sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne dalam menuntaskan permasalahannya.

Hasil pertama dari studi ini mengenai sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne yang terlihat dalam novel. Anne adalah karakter utama dan karakter yang kompleks. Ia dikategorikan sebagai karakter protagonis. Berdasarkan pada analisa, studi ini menemukan bahwa Anne adalah seorang wanita yang bertanggung jawab, tenang, pintar, baik hati, peduli, berani, bergantung pada diri sendiri, dan optimis. Hasil kedua studi ini adalah konflik Anne dalam novel ini. Studi ini menunjukan bahwa Anne menghadapi dua jenis konflik. Konflik-konflik itu adalah intrapersonal dan interpersonal. Selanjutnya, studi ini menemukan bahwa Anne mengalami dua jenis konflik intrapersonal. Konflik-konflik itu adalah pendekatan-penghindaran-ganda dan pendekatan-penghindaran. Lebih jauh, Anne menghadapi beberapa konflik interpersonal. Ia mengalami konflik pseudo, simpel and ego. Sebab dari konflik interpersonal ini adalah hubungan, komunikasi dan ketertarikan. Umumnya, Anne menghadapi konflik-konflik interpersonalnya dengan gaya kompetitif dan akomodasi. Ia menghadapi resolusi-resolusi menang-kalah. Lebih jauh, studi ini menemukan bahwa sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne sangat berpengaruh dalam menyelesaikan masalah. Akhirnya, penulis ingin memberikan dua saran untuk melengkapi studi ini. Saran pertama diberikan untuk peneliti selanjutnya yang akan mengadakan studi meggunakan The Boleyn Inheritance. Saran terakhir adalah implementasi The Boleyn Inheritance sebagai material dalam mengajar bahasa Inggris, khususnya untuk mengajar Intensive Reading II. Kata Kunci= Kepribadian, Konflik, Menyelesaikan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to everybody who supported

my study in accomplishing this thesis. First of all, I would like to give my greatest

honour to my Lord, Allah, for giving me His blessing and health so that I could

finish this thesis.

My dedication goes to my family; my parents, Mr Bambang Lukito in

heaven and Mrs Farlini, who have given their supports and prayers. May my

father rest in peace in heaven; I dedicate this thesis to him as a proof that I can be

a person who makes him proud. Also, may my mother live in peace and find

happiness in her life. I dedicate this thesis to her as a proof that I am no longer a

child she must worry about, this is my turn to take care of her and make her proud

for the rest of her life. This thesis is also dedicated to my beloved and only

brother, Wisnu, may he find his way to live and always be successful in his

career.

I would like to thank my major sponsor, Mrs Triprihatmini for her

guidance and her patience in giving me right direction to accomplish this study. I

also would like to thank my friends; Listyan, Jojo, Chekar, Gendis, Andre,

Lara, Mas Leo, Febby, Vega and Wuri for their information so that I can finish

this study in a right direction. I would like to thank my friends, Pepy, Esti, Mas

Heby, Mas Miko, Indro and Andre who give me their time to check my study.

Their feedbacks and directions help me a lot to make this study better. I also

would like to thank my entire classmate friends that I could not mention one by

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one; everyone who has become ever in a team with me. I am happy to have a good

time in PBI and have good experiences with them. Those experiences make me

more mature and patient. May God give them a happy successful life.

I would like to express my thanks to my best friends; Ery who always

gives me her support and reminds me not to be too stressful in doing my study,

and Cut Ayu, who always supports me to finish my study. Last but not least, I

would like to thank my lover, Andjar, who always accompanies me even in

difficult time. I thank him for the great love and support. He makes me feel

complete as a woman.

Adisty Dewi Wulandari

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Why I always see others’ achievements with envy? While indeed, I can do better than they do if I want

Why I always hide and run when I face hard situations? While others can face it with courage

Why I always full of doubts and easily give up in making decisions? While others always try their best to find the best resolution

Why I always cry and panic if everything goes wrong? While others can handle it with calmness and patience

Yesterday, I let everything happened, I never did anything to fix it

I let my pride, my selfishness, my doubts, my fears led the way Then the prize I won was

Failure Now, I refuse to stop and cry

I refuse to surrender I refuse to fear and run

From anything that will come to me Whether it is good or bad

Whether it is happiness or sorrow I will face it

With the best effort I can do With the best spirit I can have

With the best courage I can build

-Adisty Dewi Wulandari-

I dedicate this thesis to: My beloved father in heaven

My beloved mother and brother My beloved friends who have coloured my life

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PAGE OF TITLE…………………………………………………………………..i

APPROVAL PAGES………………………………………………………….….ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…………………………………...iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK

KEPENTINGAN AKADEMI……………………………………………………………..v

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………vi

ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………..…vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………..viii

PAGE OF DEDICATION ………………………………………………………...x

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………..…..xi

LIST OF APPENDICES……………….….…………………………………….xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..1

A. Background of the Study…………………………………………….…….1

B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………………….5

C. Objectives of the Study…………………………..………………………...5

D. Benefits of the Study………………………………………...……………..6

E. Definition of Terms………………………………………………………...6

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………9

A. Review of Related Theories………………………………………………..9

1. Critical Approach…………………………………………………..........9

2. Theory of Character and Characterization…………………………..…10

3. Theory of Personality…………………………………………………..14

4. Theory of Conflict……………………………………………………...17

a. Types of Conflict…………………………………………………….17

b. Causes of Conflict…………………………………………………...19

c. Style of People in Approaching Conflict………………...………….20

d. Resolution of Conflict……………………………………………….21

B. Review of Related Studies………………………………………………...23

C. Theoretical Framework………………………………………...…………24

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………………………………………...…….27

A. Object of the Study……………………………………………………….27

B. Approach of the Study………………………………...……………........28

C. Method of the Study……………………………………………………...29

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS…...............................................................................32

A. Anne’s Personality Traits in The Boleyn Inheritance……………………32

1. Responsible……………………………………………………….........34

2. Calm ……………………………………………………………….......36

3. Smart …………………………………………………………………..37

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4. Kind Hearted and Caring………………………………………………39

5. Brave…………………………………………………………………...41

6. Self-Reliant…………………………………………………………….43

7. Optimistic…………………………… …………………….………….44

B. Conflicts Faced By Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance……………………45

1. Intrapersonal Conflict………………………………………………….46

a. Anne’s Decision to Stay in England………………………………...46

b. Anne’s Decision to Stay Away From King Henry VIII………….....48

2. Interpersonal Conflict…………………………………………………..50

a. Anne Versus William and Her Mother………...……………………51

b. Anne Versus Duke of Norfolk, Jane Boleyn and Katherine Howard.

………………………………………………………………………..53

c. Anne Versus King Henry VIII…………...………………………… 55

d. Anne Versus False Witnesses ………………………………………57

C. The Influence of Anne’s Personality Traits in Resolving Conflict…...….58

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ….................................64

A. Conclusions………………………………………………………………64

B. Suggestions………………………………………………………………70

1. Suggestions for Further Researcher……………………………………70

2. Suggestions for English Teacher……………………………………….71

REFERENCES….………………………………………………………………..73

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1: Summary of The Boleyn Inheritance………………………………76

Appendix 2: Biography of Philippa Gregory…………………………………….81

Appendix 3: Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading II……………………83

Appendix 4: Material for Intensive Reading II…………………………………. 85

Appendix 5: Answer Key...………………..…………………………………… 88

Appendix 6: Pictures……………………………………………………………..89

Appendix 7: The Boleyn Inheritance Short Story…………………………..…....92

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is the background of the

study which contains the reason in choosing the novel, the general information

about the novel, and the reason in choosing aspects to be discussed. The second

part is the problem formulation. In this part, there are some problem statements

that will be discussed and analyzed further. The next part is the objectives of the

study that answers the question formulated in the problem formulation. The fourth

part is the benefits of the study that explains about the advantages of this study for

the readers. The last part is the definition of terms related to the study.

A. Background of the Study

Literature makes the world colourful through arts, since it is one of the

human works that full of inspirations, values and imaginations. Pooley says

“Literature always deals with human beings” (2), it means that literature touches

humanity through poems, dramas, novels, and play performances. In addition,

Wellek and Warren also state that literature is a complex object, “literary work is

not simple object but rather a highly complex organization of stratified characters

with multiply meaning and relationship” (27). Based on the statement above, it

can be assumed that literature is rich of complex characters, relationships, and

values. Behind its beauties, literature is also rich of messages and social

conditions. Sometimes, it also describes history. In brief, literary gives description

about human life in beautiful ways.

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This study uses a novel because novel is one of the kinds of literary works

that rich of characters, conflicts and resolution of problems. By reading a novel,

the reader can improve their imaginations and enrich their knowledge about many

conditions in life. A novel can give information about many cultures,

characteristics, problem resolutions, and life values.

For this study, the writer uses The Boleyn Inheritance that is written by

Philippa Gregory. This novel is one of the Philippa Gregory’s fascinating literary

works that tells about kingdom court, England Kingdom. This novel is written

based on history of England. Because of that reason, this novel is not only giving

information about cultures, social conditions, and personalities of people but also

giving knowledge about England’s history. It was first published in 2006. This

novel is the sequel of The Other Boleyn Girls which tells about the chronicles of

the first, the second and the third marriages of King Henry VIII. Gregory creates

all of the characters based on true history of England. Furthermore, The Boleyn

Inheritance tells about the chronicles about the fourth and the fifth marriages of

King Henry VIII. According to the story, there are many obstacles of being King

Henry’s queens, especially when the queen is rejected by King Henry VIII.

Through this novel, we can learn about the history of King Henry’s queens and

learn about how they survive from the tyranny of their husband.

Besides giving many values of life and history of England, this novel is

also unique. It has three main characters. The first main character is Anne. She is

a young woman who runs from her home to be the fourth queen of England. The

second main character is Jane Boleyn, a woman who becomes the queen’s lady-


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in-waiting, and the third main character is Katherine Howard, a pretty girl who

becomes a maid-in–waiting of the queen of England. Finally, Katherine becomes

the fifth queen of England. In this novel, Gregory voices her story through these

characters. Each of them voices their minds, their thought, their speeches and their

plans to survive from King Henry’s tyranny. Because of that reason, the writer

chooses this novel to discuss.

Besides containing messages about life, literature is also rich of conflicts

because literature is the expression of life through the medium of language

(Hudson 10). As we know, human’s life is never free from conflicts. Human is

both individual and social creatures. A human as an individual creature means that

every human has his own uniqueness such as different personalities, manners,

behaviours, and attitudes. On the other hand, a human is also a social creature

which means that he or she needs other people to survive. In a relationship, there

must be differences, either the differences in personalities, beliefs, interpretations,

motivations, or goals. These differences can be the source of conflicts. Because of

that reason, there is no doubt that human will face conflicts among them.

According to Isenhart and Spangle (7), our daily life problems are often caused by

internal-unconscious state such as anxiety, fear, ego, aggressiveness or guilt.

Based on this statement, it can be concluded that human conflicts are not only

triggered by his relationship with others but also triggered by his feelings.

Generally, conflict is a condition that brings people into doubts, sadness,

unhappiness, and also fears. According to this description, it seems that conflicts

only lead human into sorrow. Conflicts are unpredictable. Many factors can


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trigger a conflict to happen whether it comes from internal or external causes.

However, conflicts have big influence in human development. It plays big roles in

someone’s life. Conflict also affects someone’s behaviour towards others.

Therefore, learning every conflict that occurs in life is essential for the process of

self development, whether it is in reality or in a form of fiction like novels,

dramas, poems, and plays. Because of that reason, the writer chooses conflict to

be explored more in this study.

Basically, every human has his own uniqueness in personalities, goals,

decisions, and also priorities. Personality leads someone to choose his way to face

conflicts. It has a great influence in someone’s way of life, whether it is good or

bad. Therefore, human personalities are always interesting to learn. Because of

that reason, the writer chooses personality to be discussed in this study.

Furthermore, the writer chooses Anne of Cleves because she faces many

conflicts and pressures rather than other two main characters, Jane Boleyn and

Katherine Howard. Anne runs from her country, Cleves, and comes to England in

order to marry King Henry VIII. One day, all of the main characters meet in one

destiny and share the same inheritance, the Boleyn inheritance. Anne of Cleves,

who is chosen to marry the King, begins her new life in a new country with a big

hope. She wishes to be a good queen for England. Unfortunately, her hope to be a

good queen never comes to reality. Her life is in danger when the king tries to

annul their marriage and the other characters play a seduction game to seek a

chance to sit on the throne again. She is the only queen who is rejected by the

King from the beginning.


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Because of many conflicts, manipulations, false witnesses, accusations,

and lies are described through the story, this novel gives a description on how

personalities of people lead them to take different ways in resolving conflicts in

life. The Boleyn Inheritance also describes how people’s actions and decisions in

facing problems lead them to their own destiny.

In the novel, it is interesting to study Anne’s personality traits and

conflicts. The writer is interested in analyzing Anne’s conflicts because Anne

faces many conflicts in her life that nearly put her to the death. Therefore, by

analyzing Anne’s personality traits and conflicts in this novel, it can give a new

point of view for the readers in facing and solving their problems.

B. Problem Formulation

To make this thesis well organized, the writer sets the question as follow:

1. How are Anne’s personality traits described in The Boleyn Inheritance?

2. What are the conflicts faced by Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance?

3. How do Anne’s personality traits influence her way in resolving her conflicts?

C. Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is firstly to find out the personality traits of Anne.

Subsequently, the second aim is to find out the conflicts that are faced by Anne.

The last objective is to find out the influence of Anne’s personality traits in

resolving her conflicts.


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D. Benefits of the Study

This study is conducted to give a description on how important to learn

human personalities and conflicts in life. Every conflict must have resolution to be

learnt. Hopefully, with this study, the readers know more about personality of

people, learn more about conflicts, and learn how someone’s personality

influences someone’s way in resolving many conflicts in his or her life.

E. Definition of Terms

In this part, the writer includes the definition of some terms related to the

title of this study. It is done in order to avoid misinterpretation and

misunderstanding so that the readers can have a better description about the

content that will be discussed further in this study. There are three definitions in

this part, they are the definition of personality, definition of conflict, and the last

is definition of resolution.

1. Personality

According Lane and Dockeray (490), an individual’s personality refers to

his characteristics of reaction that make him different from other people. Another

understanding comes from Halonen and Santrock. They say “Personality refers to

our enduring thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize the way we

interact with the world” (378). They also agree that traits are the fundamental

building blocks of human personality (Halonen and Santrock 373).


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Additionally, a trait means stable and consistent characteristics that can be

used to describe someone’s personality (Allport and Odbert 443). In another

understanding, traits are defined as patterns of behaviours that are relatively

consistent in various situations (Lahey 406).

In this novel, there are three main characters in The Boleyn Inheritance;

they are Jane Boleyn, Katherine Howard, and Anne of Cleves. For this study, the

writer only uses one of the main characters of The Boleyn Inheritance; Anne of

Cleves. She is a German Protestant woman who runs from her country and

marries the King of England, King Henry VIII. She becomes the fourth queen of

England. This study discusses about Anne’s personality traits using Murphy’s and

Barnet’s methods of characterization. In this study, the writer not only focuses on

Anne’s personality traits but also focuses on how her personality traits influence

her way to solve every obstacle and danger.

2. Conflict

Holman and Harmon (107) mention that conflict is a struggle that grows

out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in the plot. Conflict maybe an

argument between opposing forces, like man against man, nature, fate, society, or

perhaps the internal one between the two opposing parts of man’s personality.

Others, like Robert and Jacobs (88), define conflicts as the opposition

between two characters. It may also exist between larger groups of people,

although in fiction conflict may also exist between an individual and larger forces,

such as natural objects, ideas, a mode of behaviour, and public opinion. The


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existence of difficult choices within an individual’s mind may also be presented

not as direct opposition, but as a set of comparative ideas of values. This study

focuses on discovering Anne’s conflicts, both intrapersonal and interpersonal

conflicts. This study also focuses on how Anne’s personality traits influence her

way in resolving her conflicts.

3. Resolution

According to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, the word “resolution”

means the act of solving or settling problems (1132). In this study, resolution

refers to Anne’s action and behaviour in resolving her conflict in the novel. This

study will analyze how Anne’s characteristics influence her in solving her

problems.


CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of three major parts. The first part is the review of

related theories. It consists of critical approach, theory of character and

characterization, theory of personality, and the last is theory of conflict. The

second part is the review of related studies. It describes previous research which is

related to the study. The last part is theoretical framework which describes the

contribution of the theories in solving the problems.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Critical Approach

Analyzing a novel is not the same as someone reading and imagining its

stories. The writer must avoid subjectivity when he or she analyzes a novel.

Therefore, critical approach is needed. According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-

15), there are five approaches that can be used when a writer analyzes a novel.

They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-

historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the last is the psychological

approach.

The first approach is formalist approach. The Formalist approach is an

approach that focuses on the integrity of literary works. This approach concerns

with the harmonist connection between one and other aspects in a novel. The next

is biographical approach. This approach focuses on the importance of the author’s

ideas and personal life. It also reveals the author’s development in order to

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understand his or her writing. Unlike the biographical approach which focuses on

the importance of the author’s ideas and personal life, the sociocultural historical

approach focuses on social, cultural, civilization, and history as reference to

analyze the novel. The next approach is the mythopoeic approach. It attempts to

discover the particular pattern of human thought that share the same universal

belief to have an expression in certain community mind.

The last approach is psychological approach. It involves the theories of

psychology as the references to analyze the characters in the story. Psychological

approach allows the researcher to discover the pattern of human personality and

behaviour. Barnet states “a character is a figure with specific mental and moral

qualities; it is obvious that characters are observable through psychology in terms

that they consist of unique mental qualities” (71). Based on the statement above,

it can be assumed that analyzing the characters deals with psychology. Therefore,

this study applies the psychological approach to discover and analyze Anne’s

personality traits.

2. Theory of Character and Characterization

This study focuses on Anne’s personality traits. Therefore, the theory of

character and characterization is important to be applied in order to analyze the

problems of this study. Holman and Harmon state “character means a complicated

term that includes the idea of the moral constitution of the human personality, the

presence of moral uprightness and the simpler notion of the presence of creature

in art that seem to be human beings of one sort or another” (81). Based on the


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description above, it can be assumed that a character in a novel is a complex

creature like human being. A character has personality traits and physical

appearance. In a novel, there must be a character who leads the reader to know the

story.

There are some types of characters in a novel. Holman and Harmon (400)

mention that a character can be determined by analyzing the character’s role.

There are two roles of characters; it can be antagonist and protagonist. A

protagonist is the character that has an important role in the play and has an ability

to enlist the reader’s sympathy and interest. In contrast, antagonist character is the

character who directly opposes the protagonist (Holman and Harmon 27). From

the description above, it can be assumed that protagonist character faces major

conflicts in a story.

While Holman and Harmon define characters based on their roles in a

novel, Henkel (87) defines character in another way. He states that characters can

be divided based on the function and the prominence. They are major and

secondary character. Major character is a character that deserves to get attention

from the readers and other characters. On the other hand, secondary character is

the one who performs more limited function in the story. Secondary character also

appears less often than major character.

Furthermore, Forster (46) introduces new terms in determining the

characters. He defines a character as a flat character and a round character. A flat

character is presented without much individualizing detail, and static. For example

is prince. In our mindset, if we hear a word of “prince”, we imagine a handsome,


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gentle, and rich man. In contrast, a round character is presented with personality,

like most people. This character is capable of surprising in the story.

After we know about the types of character based on the role, the function,

and the prominence, we need to know more about the character’s personality.

Therefore, characterization methods are needed to describe a character’s

personality of a novel. Characterization methods allow the writer to reveal the

character’s physical appearance and personality traits.

Based on Rohrberger and Woods (180), characterization is a process by

which an author creates the character with particular type of person. It means that

every character in a story is different, both mentally and physically appearances.

Murphy (161) states that characterization is the way an author conveys the

characters and personalities so that the readers understand and know the

characters.

To avoid subjectivity in analyzing a character of a novel, this study needs

methods of characterization. This study uses two theories that are proposed by

Sylvan Barnet and Murphy.

Barnet (712) determines four ways to understand the characteristics of a

character. They are; what the character says, what the characters does or acts,

what other characters say about the character and the last what others do.

Similar to Barnet who proposes four ways in determining a character,

Murphy (161-173) explains about nine principals in the process of

characterization. Those principals are:


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a. Personal description

The author can describe a character in personal description; the author

may draw details about the character’s appearance and clothes. For example:

eyes, clothes, skin, face, height, appearance.

b. Character as seen by the others.

The author can describe a character through other characters’ eyes point

of views and opinions so that the readers can get a reflection image about the

character’s personality and appearance.

c. Character’s speech

The author can give the readers an insight into character through

character’s speech and words. The reader may know the personality of the

character by the character’s opinion or statement.

d. Past life

The author can give a clue of personality through past life. It is done in

order to let the readers learn something from character’s previous life and

know the shape of a person’s character.

e. Conversation of others

The readers can take clues of person’s character through the

conversation of other characters and the things they say about him. It can help

the readers understand better about the character and get a clue about the

character’s personality.


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f. Reaction

The author gives a clue to the reader based on the reaction of the

character to various situation and events in the story.

g. Direct comment

The author can describe or comment a character in a novel directly. The

author can give his or her personal comment to the characters he or she

creates directly.

h. Thought

The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a character is

thinking about. With this clue, the author wants to give a description of a

character for the readers through the character’s mind. By knowing the

character’s thoughts and minds, the readers can learn his or her characteristics.

i. Mannerism

The author can describe a character’s mannerism, idiosyncrasies and

habits. It can lead the readers learn the person’s characteristics.

This study focuses on analyzing Anne’s personality traits. Therefore, this

study applies the theory of personality in order to find out about the personality

traits of Anne.

3. Theory of Personality

Before discussing further about the theory of personality that deals with

human psychology, it is important to know the definition of psychology first.

Guilfort says “psychology is a science of mental activities of organism” (18). It


15

means that psychology focuses on the mind, the mental, and the thought of

organisms. In this study, organism belongs to human. As we know, human is a

unique organism. He is gifted with mind, feeling, free will, ambition, emotion,

and also personality.

C.G Jung says “psychological mode works with material drawn from

man’s conscious life with crucial experiences, powerful emotions, suffering

passion, and the stuff of human fate in general” (89). Based on the statement

above, personality of a character can be seen through his or her actions,

experiences he or she has, and how he or she faces problems and resolves it.

To analyze personality, Sigmund Freud (379-380) proposes

psychoanalytic theory. It focuses on emotion and unconscious mental processes.

In psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is determined by three

major systems; id, ego, and superego. Each system has its own function, but three

of them interact to govern behaviour.

According to Freud, Id is a basic structure of personality of human being.

Id always seeks pleasure and avoids pain. Id is unconscious which means that

there is no contact with reality. The person only thinks about pleasure. Id leads

someone to satisfy his basic needs such as self protection, sexual desire, and

hunger. The next is ego. This structure of personality follows the reality principle.

Ego is partly conscious. It works based on the condition on how a person can stay

away from problems. The last personality structure is superego. It leads someone

to his fully conscious actions. It gives him a sense of morality about right or

wrong.


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While Freud proposes three structures of personality, Costa and McCrae

(qtd. in Huffman et al 445-446) propose five-factor-theory. It is five major

dimensions of personality and well-known as OCEAN. It is a combination theory

based on the research finding of modern traits and possible personality traits. O

means Openness to experience; individual who has this personality tends to be

imaginative, creative, curious, open to new idea, and interested in cultural

pursuits. In contrast, a person who is not open to experience tends to be

conventional, down to earth, inartistic, and narrower in their interest.

The next is C. C means Consciousness; a person with this personality

tends to be responsible, well organized, careful, reliable, and hard working. In

contrast, individual who is low in consciousness tends to be irresponsible,

careless, impulsive, undependable to other, lazy, and disorganized. Next, E means

Extroversion. Individuals with this personality are sociable, outgoing, talkative,

fun loving, and affectionate. The opposite personality of extroversion is

introversion. An individual with introvert personality is quite, passive,

withdrawn, reserved, and loner.

Furthermore, A means Agreeableness; a person who has this personality

tends to be warm, good natured, gentle, cooperative, helpful, and trusting. On the

other hand, an individual who is low in agreeableness tends to be argumentative,

ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative, vindictive and irritable. The last acronym is

N. N means Neuroticism. A person with this personality is emotionally unstable

because he or she always feels insecure, anxiety, guilty, worry and moody. In


17

contrast, a person who low in neuroticism is emotionally stable. He or she tends to

be calm, easy going, relaxed, and even-tempered.

4. Theory of Conflict

Human life is never free from conflict. Holman and Harmon say “conflict

as the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in the

plot” (107). It means that conflict happens between two oppositions like man

against man, man against nature, man against fate, man against society, or perhaps

man against his personality. Another definition comes from Jones and Gerard.

They say “a conflict is a state that requires the person when he is motivated to

make two or more mutual incompatible actions” (qtd. in Worchel and Cooper

460). It means that a person will face a conflict when he cannot do two or more

actions in the same time. As a result, he must choose one way and accept the

consequences. In this part, there are four sub parts that will be explained in

conflicts theory, they are types of conflict, causes of conflict, style of people in

approaching conflict, and the last is resolution of conflict.

a. Types of Conflict

There are some types of conflicts. Stanton (16) proposes two types of

conflicts. They are internal and external conflicts. An internal conflict means a

conflict that comes from the character himself, whether he has a problem in his

thought, mind or in his belief. In contrast, external conflict is the obstacle that


18

comes from the outside. It can be a conflict with other human being, society,

nature, even social belief and tradition.

In addition, Worchel and Cooper (460-464) also determine two types of

conflict. They propose intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. An intrapersonal

conflict means a conflict that an individual experiences when he or she makes a

decision between two or more alternatives. In making decision, a person finds

difficulties to decide the right choice. Therefore, there are four kinds of conflict

that can be found in intrapersonal conflict. They are approach-approach,

avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double-approach-avoidance

conflicts.

An approach-approach conflict appears when a person can choose only

one action between two positive goals because he only can reach one goal. The

next is avoidance-avoidance conflict. It appears when an individual must choose

one between two unattractive goals. Furthermore, an approach-avoidance conflict

occurs when a person faces only one goal that has both positive and negative

sides. As a result, he or she is full of doubt in choosing his or her goal. The last is

double approach-avoidance conflict. This conflict has two goals that all of the

choices have positive and negative sides.

Based on the description above, we know that intrapersonal conflict deals

with human minds and doubts. On the other hand, interpersonal conflict means a

conflict which deals with two or more people when they are involved in achieving

incompatible goals. According to Beebe and Redman (297-300), interpersonal

conflict can be divided into three types; they are pseudo conflict, simple conflict


19

and ego conflicts. The first is pseudo conflict. This conflict occurs because of the

lack of understanding between individuals or parties. Next, simple conflict

happens because of the differences on definitions, ideas, goals, and perceptions

between individuals. While simple and pseudo conflicts are caused by lack of

understanding and differences with others, ego conflict appears when personal

differences occur to each individual in a group.

b. Causes of Conflict

Many causes can trigger conflicts. As Isenhart and Spangle (14-15) has

written, there are seven common causes of conflicts. Those are data, interest,

procedures, values, relationship, roles, and communication. Data can be a source

of conflict because everyone has different interpretation and source of data.

Therefore, data can make people argue each other. The second cause is the

interest. Because of every person has his own interest, it can trigger a conflict if

he force his own interest to others.

The next cause is the procedure. It can trigger a conflict when someone or

parties do not involve in a discussion if they do not agree with the procedures in

solving problems. The fourth cause is the values. Values can be causes of a

conflict because everyone has different priority of values. The fifth cause is the

relationship. In daily life, relationship can be broken if an individual does not

respect other. The sixth cause is the role. A conflict appears when individual has

imbalance role among the rules toward his own roles. The last is the

communication. Communication can be the trigger of a conflict if


20

miscommunication occurs. Miscommunication will make someone interprets the

communication differently.

c. Style of People in Approaching Conflict

In this part, Isenhart and Spangle (26-27) propose five common ways that

describe on how someone approaches the conflict. They are avoiding style,

accommodation style, comprising style, competitive style, and collaborative style.

The first is avoiding style. Avoiding style means that someone denies if

there is a conflict in his or her life. Usually, he or she avoids talking or discussing

the conflict. Avoiding style is done because the person does not want any goals,

achievements, or solutions. The next style is accommodation style. A person or a

party sacrifices his or her interest. He concerns to other’s interest so that they can

achieve a resolution. This style happens when a person or party feels impossible

to achieve the goals. The next is comprising style. In this style, each party

sacrifices part of his or her interest to achieve the negotiation. It means that both

parties need to do a negotiation since they have the same goals that require a

quick resolution.

The fourth style is competitive. Competitive means compete with others,

uncooperative behaviour and self focused. This style is effective when a person

faces a condition that needs a quick resolution. The last style is collaborative.

Unlike competitive style which is self-focused and uncooperative, collaborative

style is listening to other’s interest, issued focused, and has an empathic


21

communication. That is why collaborative style will form a long term

relationship with other. It requires the cooperative behaviour from both parties.

d. Resolution of Conflict

In life, everyone has his own way in facing a conflict, either it is

intrapersonal or interpersonal conflict. Intrapersonal conflict is a person’s inner

conflict that occurs because of the choices between two or more alternative ways.

In facing intrapersonal conflict, Worchel and Cooper (460-464) state some

resolution for those who face intrapersonal conflict. If someone faces an

approach-approach conflict, he can define his goal and find the better way in

achieving more goals. An approach-avoidance conflict is hardly has a resolution

because someone hardly finds a resolution in this situation. Furthermore, if

someone faces an avoidance-avoidance conflict, the better resolution for this

problem is to avoid the conflict because the effect will bring him to negative

effect. Then, if he faces a double approach-avoidance conflict, there are two

resolutions to solve this problem. First resolution is trying to achieve one goal and

giving up to another. The second resolution depends on the value of each goal, if

the positive value is higher than negative, then the goal can be reached.

While intrapersonal conflict deals with human’s doubts, interpersonal

conflict deals with another man or party. Therefore, it needs a way to resolve the

problem. Alder and Towne (376-380) define three manners in taking decision to

resolve the interpersonal conflict. They are win-lose, lose-lose, and win-win

solution. In win-lose solution, there is only one side who feels satisfied with the


22

result of conflict while the other is giving up their goals and interests. In lose-lose

decision, there is no side who feels satisfied with the solution of conflict. The last

solution is win-win. It means that each side will satisfied with the solution of the

conflict. They achieve their goals without giving up their interests.

While Alder and Towne propose three manners in finding conflict

resolution, Isenhart and Spangle (45-152) hold another point of view to achieve

interpersonal conflict resolution. They are negotiation, mediation, facilitation,

arbitration and judicial process.

The first alternative resolution is negotiation. Negotiation means that there

is a compromise between parties to achieve their goals. There are two types of

negotiation; they are integrative and distributive resolutions. In integrative

resolution, the parties usually exchange information. They rarely use threats or

demands to achieve their goals. They are identifying their goals while protecting

their relationships with other party. As a result, both of parties will state their

goals and advantages clearly. In contrast, distributive resolution uses threats or

demands to achieve the goals. It is known as bargaining process. This process

does not concern with the relationship between two parties.

The second alternative is mediation. In this alternative, the third party is

needed as mediators to guide the two parties, who are in conflict, to find out their

problem resolution. In this case, the third party is a neutral side. The next

alternative will be facilitation. Usually, facilitation plays a role in a complex

problem that cope a large size of people. In this alternative resolution, the third

party is also needed as a facilitator. The third party creates a collaborative


23

discussion that needs a process of opinion surveying, image building, and also

brainstorming. The fourth alternative resolution will be arbitration. Arbitration

resolution plays a role when both parties do not find a resolution to solve their

problems. Therefore, the both parties choose the third party to make the decision.

The last alternative is judicial process. This is a step when all the alternative

resolutions cannot give any resolution for conflicts. It is done based on the social

norms, the legal or non-legal laws and the procedures to resolve the conflicts. The

third party of this judicial process is known as court.

B. Review of Related Studies

In this part, the writer presents a previous study related to The Boleyn

Inheritance. Mostly, people know that King Henry VIII has eight queens.

Cristinab studies that King Henry VIII only has six queens and not all of them are

beheaded. Only two of them are beheaded; they are Anne Boleyn and Katherine

Howard. Cristinab finds out that Katherine of Aragon is sent by King Henry to

exile because the king falls in love with Anne Boleyn. Anne Boleyn, the second

queen is beheaded. She is accused of adultery with some men by King Henry. The

third queen is Jane Seymour. This queen passes away after she gives birth to a

baby. The fourth queen is Anne of Cleves. The king divorces Anne and accuses

her for a witchcraft that unmanned him. Luckily, the king only sends her to exile.

The fifth queen is Katherine Howard; she is beheaded because of adultery. The

last queen is Catherine Parr; she accompanies King Henry VIII until he dies.


24

This study investigates only the fourth queen of England, Anne of Cleves.

This study will reveal Anne’s personality traits, her conflicts that are seen in the

story and also the influence of her personality traits in resolving her conflicts. This

study will investigate not only intrapersonal but also interpersonal conflicts.

C. Theoretical Framework

For this study, the writer presents many theories that are related to the

problems formulations. The discussion of the first problem will apply the theory

of character and characterization. With these theories, the writer has clues on how

to reveal someone’s characteristics. To discover Anne’s role, function and

prominence in the novel, the writer uses the theory of character from Foster,

Henkle, Holman and Harmon. The writer also uses the theory from Murphy and

Barnet as the base method of characterization. By using the methods of

characterization, the writer can analyze and understand Anne’s personality traits

deeper. This study will also be related to Freud’s theory about the structure of

personality. He proposes three ideas; id, ego and super ego. Based on this theory,

the writer will find out about what structure of personality that influences Anne’s

personality traits. The writer also uses Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s theory.

They propose five basic personality traits. They are openness to experience,

consciousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Based on this

theory, the writer will find out about Anne’s basic personality.

The second problem will be analyzed by using the theory of conflict. This

study uses four kinds of conflict theories. The first theory is the types of conflict.


25

The writer uses one theory in this part. It comes from Worchel and Cooper (460-

464). They divide the types of conflict into two; they are intrapersonal and

interpersonal conflicts. With this theory, the writer will find out about the types of

conflicts that are faced by Anne in the story.

The writer also includes the causes of conflict as the second theory of

conflict. This theory is included as base information about the causes of conflict.

In this part, the writer uses Isenhart and Spangle (14-15) theory. They state seven

common causes of conflicts. Those are data, interest, procedures, values,

relationship, roles, and communication. Based on this theory, the writer tries to

find out about the causes of Anne’s conflicts in the story.

The next part is the style of people in approaching conflict. For this study,

the writer also uses Isenhart’s and Spangle’s theory about the common ways on

how someone approaches a conflict. There are five ways of approaching a

conflict. They are avoiding style, accommodation style, comprising style,

competitive style, and the last is collaborative style (Isenhart and Spangle 26-27).

The writer includes this theory because it is important to know Anne’s style in

resolving her conflicts in the novel.

The last problem will be analyzed using the theory of conflict resolution.

In this part, the writer uses the theory that is proposed by Alder and Towne (376-

380) about the manners of conflict resolution, they are win-lose, lose-lose, and the

last is win-win solution. Furthermore, the writer includes Isenhart and Spangle’s

(45-152) theory about the alternative resolutions in solving interpersonal conflicts.

There are five alternative resolutions; they are negotiation, mediation, facilitation,


26

arbitration, and judicial process. The last theory is the theory proposed by

Worchel and Cooper (460-464) about facing intrapersonal conflict. By applying

these theories, the writer will find out about the clue on how Anne faces her

conflicts. These theories are important to reveal Anne’s decisions to solve her

conflicts in the novel.


CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, there are three points to be discussed. The first is the

object of the study, the second is the approach of the study, and the last point is

the method of the study. The first point is the object of the study. It includes the

object of the study description and brief explanation about the work in general.

The next discussion is the approach of the study. It explains about the approach

which is used in conducting the research. The last discussion will be the method

of the study. It explains about the steps which are taken by the writer in

conducting this research, from reading up to reporting the findings.

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is a novel entitled The Boleyn Inheritance written

by Philippa Gregory. This novel was first published in 2006. It is a direct sequel

to Gregory’s previous novel The Other Boleyn Girl. The Boleyn Inheritance tells

about three women who share the same fate; the Boleyn inheritance. Boleyn itself

is the name of the royal family in England. The story covers a period from 1539

until 1542. It tells the chronicles of the fourth and the fifth marriages of King

Henry VIII. This novel consists of 566 pages. This story is spoken through the

point of view of three women. It is divided into 109 chapters. There are 39

chapters of Jane Boleyn, 36 chapters of Anne, and 34 chapters of Katherine.

27


28

In this novel, Philippa Gregory voices her story through the voices of three

women; Anne of Cleves, Jane Boleyn and Katherine Howard. Anne runs from her

family and tries to find her own life in a new country to be the queen of England,

the fourth queen of England. The second main character is Jane Rochford, also

known as Jane Boleyn, a woman who serves the queen of England once. She

sends her husband and sister in law to their death because of her witness. She is

seeking the opportunity to serve the queen again. The last main character is

Katherine Howard, a beautiful girl who loves to party and loves to flirt handsome

men. She is also seeking the opportunity to serve the queen. She wants to live at

court.

For this study, the writer focuses on analyzing Anne’s personality traits

and her conflicts. The writer chooses Anne to be analyzed because she is one of

the major characters that faces many complicated conflicts in the story. In this

novel, Gregory creates Anne’s character based on the true history of England.

Anne of Cleves, the fourth queen of England who survives from the threat of

death that is caused by her own husband, King Henry VIII. In this novel, Gregory

creates a fearful, evil, treacherous, dangerous and luxurious atmosphere at

England court. She gives a sense of wickedness in her story and describes

England’s history in attractive way.

B. Approach of the Study

This study analyzes Anne’s personality traits and conflicts. Since this

study deals with personality and conflict, the writer prefers to use psychological


29

approach. According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15), psychological approach

involves the theories of psychology as the references to analyse the characters in

the story. It is aimed to discover the pattern of human personality and behaviour.

By using the psychological approach, the character’s thought, personality and

behaviour can be analysed further. In analyzing someone’s characters, this

approach allows the writer to discover the personality through Anne’s actions,

behaviours, minds, thoughts, and appearance. For that reason, psychological

approach is applied in this study.

Since every person has his own personality, objective, priority, and belief,

there must be differences emerge between people. Therefore, it may cause a

conflict. When a character has a relationship with other characters, it also can

trigger a conflict. For that reason, psychological approach is applied to discover

the conflicts faced by Anne in the story. This study also uses the psychological

approach to find out about the resolutions to solve the conflicts.

C. Method of the Study

The method of this study was library research. The writer used books and

references to support the analysis. The primary source of this thesis was the novel

written by Phillipa Gregory entitled The Boleyn Inheritance. The other sources

were theories related to the study. Those theories are the theory of psychological

approach, the theory of character and characterizations, the theory of personality,

and also the theory of conflict.


30

In conducting this study, the writer took some steps. The first step was

reading the novel many times to have a better understanding about the story. After

that, the writer wrote down all the general findings through the story and made

decision which part would be discussed. After reading the novel many times, the

writer reread the novel and started to underline the important things such as

statements, events, behaviours, reactions and conversations. Furthermore, the

second step was formulating the problems of the study. In this part, the writer

chose some problems to be discussed in this thesis. The writer was interested in

discussing the personality traits of Anne, the conflicts that were faced by her, and

the influence of her personality traits in resolving her conflicts in the story.

The next step was finding any sources that were related to the study. These

sources were important in order to support the analysis of the study. The writer

tried to find out the books that contains of character and characterization theories,

conflicts and resolution theories, psychological approach theories, psychology

theories that were related to characters and personality. The writer did not only

use books but also use internet as the sources of theories.

After the theories were collected, the writer moved on to the next step. The

fourth step was analyzing the novel based on the problem formulation. There were

three aspects analyzed in this study, they were Anne’s personality traits, Anne’s

conflicts, and the influence of Anne’s personality traits in resolving her conflicts.

By applying the theories, the writer could analyze deeper about Anne’s

personality traits and her conflicts in the story.


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The last step was drawing the conclusions. It was done after the writer

doing the library research, formulating the problems, finding the data and the

theories, analyzing the data and applying the theories. The writer drew

conclusions as the result of the analysis to answer the problem formulations in this

study. The writer also gave suggestions for English teacher and future

researchers.


CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is aimed to find out the answer of the problem formulations.

This study has three major parts to analyze in this chapter. The first part discusses

about Anne’s personality traits. The second part explains about the conflicts that

are faced by Anne. The last part explains about the influence of Anne’s

personality traits in resolving her conflicts in the story.

A. Anne’s Personality Traits in The Boleyn Inheritance

In analyzing character’s personality traits in a novel, it is first important to

know the character’s role in the story. Therefore, the writer discusses the role,

function, and prominence of Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance before analyzing

further about personality traits. According to Henkel’s (87) theory about the

prominence and function of a character, Anne can be assumed as major character

in this novel because she plays an important role. Important role means that the

story is spoken through her voice. She plays a role as a round character because

she represents unique personality traits. Anne is included as a protagonist

character because she can lead the readers’ attention and sympathy through her

conflicts and characteristics.

After the writer discovers the role, the function and the prominence of

Anne’s character in the story, personality analysis will follow the next discussion.

According to Murphy (161), personal description is one of the methods that can

32


33

be used to understand characterization of a character. In this novel, Anne is

described as a Protestant Princess who marries the king of England in order to

gain political support for her small country, Cleves. It can be seen on page 20,

when William, her elder brother, warns her about her duty; leads the king of

England to reform so that all the protestant powers in Europe are united.

Anne is a twenty-four years old woman. She is a virgin when she marries

the king. She has honest gaze like a child, younger looks than her age. She also

has a friendly smile, modest and ignorant. It can be seen from Jane Boleyn’s

statements about Anne when she comes to England and meets the king for the first

time.

This one like a child, awkward like a child, with a child’s honest gaze and an open, friendly smile…. (53). She is young, only twenty-four years old…. She is ignorant, but she can be taught. She is inexperienced….. (54). She is a modest woman, an untouched girl… (86)

Anne is drawn as a woman that is less pretty than her sister Amelia and

less charming than her sister, Sybilla.

…..for the first time in my life I am not Anne-the middle daughter of Cleves: less pretty than Sybilla, less charming than Amelia-but here I am Anne, the only Anne. They have taken me to their hearts (107). Anne has beautiful shiny hair, pleasant face, clear skin, and beautiful eyes.

Katherine Howard’s opinion reveals Anne’s physical appearance.

….. but on the other hand she has lovely hair, thick and shiny, and she has a pleasant face and good, clear skin and really quite beautiful eyes (182).

In analyzing characterization, the writer uses Murphy and Barnet theories.

Murphy (161-173) proposes nine ways to discover the character’s personality in

the novel. They are personal description, character as seen by the others,


34

character’s speech, past life, reaction, direct comment, thought, conversation of

others, and mannerism.

On the discussion above, this study already discovers Anne’s personal

description. The next discussion focuses on Anne’s personality traits. To reveal

Anne’s personality traits, Barnet (712) also determines four ways to understand

the characteristics of a character. They are through what the character says, what

the characters does or acts, what others do, and the last is what other characters

say about the character. Based on these theories, the writer discovers Anne’s

personality traits, they are:

1. Responsible

A character’s speech is one of the characterization methods (Murphy

168). Similar to Murphy, Barnet (712) states that characterization can be seen

through what the character says. In the novel, when Jane Boleyn persuades Anne

to run from her marriage with the king, she refuses it. In this case, Anne does her

duty as queen of England even though she knows that become a queen is difficult.

Anne wants to be a good queen for England. Anne wants to keep her honour.

Therefore, she never escapes the marriage.

I withdraw my hands from hers “I do not want to escape,” I say simply. “This is a great honor for me and my country, and a great joy for me.” (124)

In addition, Gregory shares Anne’s responsible trait through her

thoughts about England. According to Murphy, characterization can be seen

through the character’s minds. When King Henry VIII puts Anne aside from the


35

throne, indeed, it disappoints her much. However, she hopes that she can do the

best as princess of England.

I so need confidence. I have been a duchess and the Queen of England, and now I am some sort of princess. I must learn courage to be myself….I am quite without a fault, and yet I am thrown down. What I must see if I can do is to be a good Princess of England where once I planned to be a good queen. (371)

According to those clues, it can be assumed that Anne is a responsible

woman. Based on Freud’s theory about the structure of personality, superego

influences Anne’s responsible trait. Anne knows that a queen must behave with

great morality. Knowing this duty, Anne does her duty with her best moral

conscious as queen of England. Later on, although she is not a queen anymore for

England, she tries to do the best she can to be a good princess for England.

Furthemore, Costa and McRae (445-446) propose five basic

personalities. They are openness versus less openness, consciousness versus

unconsciousness, extroversion versus introversion, agreeableness versus less

agreeableness, and the last is neurotic versus less neurotic. Based on this theory,

Anne can be included as an individual with great consciousness. A person with

great consciousness tends to be careful, well organized and reliable. When Anne

is still a queen, she organizes her maid and lady-in-waiting with good commands.

Anne’s responsible behaviour is a proof that she can be trusted to do her duty. She

does the best she can to fulfil her position as a queen or princess.


36

2. Calm

Anne has a great control to face any danger in her life. According to

Murphy, characterization can be seen by reaction and other characters’ point of

view. Barnet (712) also states that characterization can be told through what the

characters do or act. In the novel, when Anne is attending the jousting tournament

at Westminster Palace, she knows that her husband, King Henry VIII, does not

like her because he is in love with Katherine Howard. Therefore, the king tries to

deny the marriage. Anne is haunted whether the King will kill her or not. Even

though she is afraid, Anne tries to be calm in facing that terror. Indeed, Anne

knows what will happen to her. She will face the divorce at best and the execution

at worst. She is in a big trouble but she does not even tremble because of it. She

behaves as a queen and tries to be calm. Gregory gives a hint about Anne’s

calmness through Jane’s opinion.

….. but her hands on the front of the box are gently clasped and do not even tremble. When the king salutes her, she rises up from her chair and curtsies respectfully to him; when the crowd calls her name, she turns and smiles and raises her hand when a lesser woman would scream for rescue (265).

Based on her reaction in facing terror, Anne can be categorized as a calm

person. According to Freud’s theory about the structure of personality, the ego

structure influences Anne’s calmness. The ego structure often leads someone to

avoid trouble. Anne knows that if she is angry in facing the terror, it will bring her

into greater danger. Therefore, she decides to keep calm and tries to find a way

out. Based on the analysis above, it can be included that Anne is less neurotic

through her calm reactions. According to Costa and Mcrae (445-446), less


37

neurotic person tends to be calm, relaxed, even-tempered, easy going, and

emotionally stable. Although Anne is in a dangerous situation, she can still control

herself. She keeps her dignity as a great queen. Anne faces hard men and many

threats in her life. However, she faces it with calmness. She never panics although

she is in grave danger.

3. Smart

In this novel, Gregory describes Anne as an unwanted wife. King Henry

VIII plans to put Anne aside in order to marry her maid-in-waiting, Katherine

Howard. There is no one at court tells Anne about the dangerous fact. Because of

that reason, Anne manages herself to seek information from Princess Mary and

Katherine Howard. She learns that in this court, the truth cannot be spoken.

Anne’s smartness is seen through Jane Boleyn’s point of view. Murphy and

Barnet (712) agree that characterization can be seen through other characters’

point of view.

But this new young queen is no fool…She has spoken with her ambassador, and she knows there is to be no Coronation. She has spoken with the Princess Mary and knows that the king can destroy a blameless wife by sending her far away from court…. She has even spoken to little Katherine Howard and now she knows that the king is in love. She knows that ahead of her there must be shame and divorce at the least, execution at the worst. (264) Finally, King Henry VIII annuls the marriage. He denies the marriage with

reasons that Anne is still pre-contracted with another man. Because of that reason,

she is not free to marry. Fortunately, he does not kill her because Anne agrees to

sign the statements that she is not free to marry. In this case, Anne knows that she


38

has no choice except to do all King Henry’s demands. This inquiry makes her

never free to marry any man for the rest of her life. She knows that she cannot go

back to Cleves and live in shame as an unwanted woman. Because of that reason,

she makes a smart decision. She decides to stay in England with the new title

“royal princess” in Henry’s Kingdom because she has no place in Cleves

anymore. Even though many conditions put her to exile, her smartness leads her

to learn fast. She learns quickly about her surroundings, her conditions, and her

chances. She also learns about her new position in England as Royal Princess and

Beloved Sister to King Henry VIII.

During her exile, she learns how to improve herself. She takes the positive

side of her conditions and problems. Her smartness leads Anne to twist the

unlucky condition into freedom. Since Anne is a smart woman, she learns fast

about English fashion, language, rules and society in short amount of time. She

remarks herself during her time of exile. As a result, Anne’s changes are seen by

other characters. Her metamorphosis shocks everyone in court, especially when

she can do her position with elegance and gracious as a royal princess. Based on

the description above, it can be assumed that smart is one of the traits of Anne.

According to Murphy, characterization can be seen through other’s point of view.

Gregory also shares a clue about this trait through Jane Boleyn’s point of view

about Anne.

…. She has used the time of her exile to improve herself. Her command of the language is much greater, and her voice, now that she is not struggling with the words, is mellow and clear. Now she can understand a witty remark, and now that she is lighter of heart. She has learned to play cards and to dance.…. I see a woman who has taken the freedom to remake herself (393).


39

According to Freud’s theory, smart trait of Anne is influenced by ego

structure. She signs the paper in order to survive the dangerous situation. Her ego

structure of personality leads her to stay alive, to stay away from the danger.

Anne’s smartness also influences her decision to live alone without a husband

forever better than die because of her husband’s commands. She tries to do her

duty as a royal princess of England and learns quickly about English culture in

short amount of time.

4. Kind Hearted and Caring

In this novel, Anne never plans bad things to other. She never plans to

keep the King’s daughter and son far from their father. She does not use her

position to hurt other people. She cares for the King’s daughters’ and son’s

conditions. Anne knows that the King’s daughters are not allowed to live at court.

The prince himself lives far from the palace. Due to that fact, Anne wishes to

make the condition better. She hopes that she can help her step-children to fix

their relationship with their father.

According to Murphy (171-172), characterization can be done through

analyzing the character’s thought, conversation of others, and other’s point of

view about the character. According to the free dictionary, kind hearted means

having or showing a tender, considerate and helpful nature (accessed on

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kind-hearted on July 10th, 2010). The writer

finds out that kind hearted is one Anne’s personality traits through her thought


40

about the step-royal-children. Anne really wants to help them to recover their

relationship with their father, King Henry VIII.

…. little Elizabeth…Perhaps I can bring her to court and keep her near me and reconcile her to her father. And Princess Mary … I can be kind to her; I can overcome her fear of the king and bring her to court as my kinswoman... I could be as a good sister to her. For the king’s children at least I can be a great force for good (108).

In addition, According to the free dictionary, caring means empathy for

others (accessed on http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Caring on July 10th, 2010).

In this novel, Gregory shares a clue about Anne’s caring trait through Jane

Boleyn’s statement. Barnet states that characterization can be seen through what

other characters say about her (712). When Jane has a conversation with the Duke

of Norfolk, she tells about Anne’s plans in England.

“…. she has a fancy to be a mother to the royal children. She would have Prince Edward at her side if she could, and she was bitterly disappointed that she could not see the prin-the lady Elizabeth. She hopes to have children of her own and she wants to gather her stepchildren around her….” (175)

The last clue that is given by Gregory about Anne’s kind hearted and

caring traits is through Jane Boleyn’s point of view.

She is Princess Mary’s only true friend at court…She is the Lady Elizabeth’s only advocate, and she keeps a touching correspondence with her former stepdaughter and has been promised the role of guardian and beloved aunt. She is regular visitor to Prince Edward’s nursery, and his little face lights up to see her. (393)

Based on actions that are told through Jane Boleyn’s point of view, it

can be assumed that Anne is kind hearted and caring. Although Anne is not a

queen anymore, she still cares about her ex-stepchildren. She builds good

relationships with Princess Mary, Lady Elizabeth, and Prince Edward. She loves


41

other people even though they are not her own children and family. According to

Freud’s theory, these traits are influenced by superego structure. The superego

leads Anne to her fully conscious behaviour. It also gives a sense of morality.

Anne realizes that her step-children, especially the princesses, have bad

relationships with their father. As their step-mother, Anne has a strong will to

recover their relationship. As their mother, Anne wishes to gather the step-

children and supervises them. She wants to be their true friends in England. She

wants to keep her moral responsibility as a wife for the king and a mother for her

step-children. Although Anne is not a queen anymore, she does her duty as a

royal princess. She becomes a beloved aunt and a trusted advocate for the royal

children.

According to Costa and McRae (407), an individual with great

agreeableness tends to be selfless, good natured, soft hearted, sympathetic, and

forgiving. According to the analysis above, it can be seen that Anne is selfless

person. Anne loves her step children. She wants to bring good changes as their

mother, sister, and family in England. These actions indicate her sympathy and

selfless attitude as a queen. She cares about other people’s need. Because of her

actions, behaviours, and deeds, she can be assumed as a person with great

agreeableness.

5. Brave

Everyone must have fears in his life, no matter how brave he is, he must

have his own fears. Brave means dealing with danger, pain, or difficult situations


42

with courage and confidence (accessed on

http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/brave_1 on July 10th, 2010). A brave

person tends to face all the consequences that will come to his or her life. In this

novel, Anne is drawn as a brave woman. It can be seen through her actions and

her choices. In this study, Anne is included as a brave woman because she refuses

to live in fear although in reality, she has many things to fear of. It can be seen

through her feelings about life.

I shall stay free of the frightened flock that is the court, I shall be alone like a gyrfalcon, solitary in the arching silence of the sky. I have reason to be fearful, but I will not live in fear. I shall take my chance. I shall have this summer to myself. (450) In England, there are some people ready to make movement against

Anne if it is necessary, especially the King and the Duke of Norfolk. Therefore,

Anne has no one to count on in England. She has only herself. She has no place to

return. Since Anne does not have any place to return then she takes chances to

live in England. She makes fortune for herself. Basically, she knows that she is

not safe in England. However, she has a great courage to take all the

consequences and dangers. According to Freud theory, Anne’s bravery is

influenced by ego structure. Ego structure of personality leads someone to stay

away from danger. Brave trait leads Anne to face the danger that may come to

her, but on the top of that, she tries to keep dangers away from her. That is why

Anne’s bravery is influenced by ego structure of personality.


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6. Self-Reliant

Anne can be concluded as a self-reliant woman. Self-reliant means a

person who trusts her own judgments and powers. In another understanding, self-

reliant means free from the influence, guidance or control of others (accessed on

http://www.answers.com/topic/self-reliant on July 10th, 2010). In the story, Anne

refuses to be ruled and controlled by other people. She wishes freedom in her life.

In Cleves, she is the only daughter who cannot be controlled by her mother and

her brother, Wiliam. Gregory shares this trait through Anne’s thoughts.

He and my mother have forged themselves into a powerful partnership, a couple to rule Juliers-Cleves. They command Amelia, but I could not be dominated or patronized. I would not be babied or ruled. (139) I desired my freedom as other girls desire marriage. I dreamed of freedom as other girls dream a lover. (140)

. Based on all description through her thoughts, it can be assumed that

Anne is a self-reliant woman. It is matched with Murphy’s theory that

characterization method can be preceded through personal thoughts. In this case,

the structure of personality that influences Anne’s self-reliant is id. Id leads

someone to satisfy their basic needs. While other women dream lovers or

husbands to satisfy their sexual desires, Anne dreams freedom for her life.

According to this fact, it can be assumed that freedom is one of Anne’s basic

needs. She always seeks freedom in her life even though she must face a mean

brother and a tyrant husband. She does not care if her actions can trigger conflict

with other people.


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7. Optimistic

Anne faces many difficult situations, choices and conditions. However,

she is always optimist in facing her conflicts. When Anne comes to Calais for the

first time, there are many people come to meet and greet her. Anne is treated as a

queen already. Basically, a queen is always surrounded by people. In Calais, she

is always surrounded by maid and lady-in-waiting who will accompany her to the

king’s palace in England. However, Anne feels overwhelmed and exhausted with

never ending introduction of people. She is not accustomed to talk or show herself

in public. Indeed, Anne knows that a queen must behave politely and queenly.

Fortunately, Anne has great optimism to be a good queen for England even

though she has no experiences on how to be a queen who rules a big country.

According to Murphy (171-172), characterization can be seen through character’s

thoughts or minds. Gregory shares Anne’s optimistic point of view through her

thoughts about what she must do as a queen of England.

I must do this. I know I can do this; I know I can be queen of England and a good queen as well. I will learn their language; already I can understand most of what is said to me, though I stumble over speech….I shall learn to be elegant, I shall learn to be pleasing, I shall learn to be a queen. I shall certainly learn to meet a hundred people without sweating for fear. (50-51)

When the King denies their marriage and put Anne aside, Anne refuses

to give up. Although she is not a queen anymore, she keeps her gracefulness as a

royal princess of England. She does not surrender with her condition. She tries to

do the best she can to fulfil the new position. It can be seen through her thought

below.


45

I so need confidence. I have been a duchess and the Queen of England, and now I am a sort of princess. I must learn courage to be myself, Anne of Cleves and enter the court, and my new position in it, with grace. …. What I must see if I can do is to be a good Princess of England where once I planned to be a good queen (371).

According to Oxford Advance Learner's Dictionary, optimistic means

expecting the best in all possibilities (928). The same thing goes to Anne. She has

an optimistic point of view. It leads her to think positively about her conditions.

Based on Freud’s theory, Anne’s optimism is influenced by superego. Although

the situation put Anne to an exile and a lonely life, she always keeps her spirit up

and does her duty to England. She is put aside by her own husband, but she keeps

her conscious to be a good princess for England. She always thinks positively

about her condition.

B. Conflicts Faced by Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance

In the beginning of the story, Anne is described as a middle sister of

Duke of Cleves. Anne has a mean, abusive and ambitious brother who leads

Cleves. In order to gain political support for her country, her brother sends her to

marry the King of England. She has conflicts not only with her brother but also

with her mother. Anne wants to be freed from her home. She thinks that when she

becomes a queen of England, she will get what she wants all a long; freedom to

be herself. Unfortunately, her conflict does not end. In England, she faces dangers

and pressures as a queen and an unwanted wife by her own Husband, King Henry

VIII. In England, Anne faces conflicts not only with King Henry VIII but also the


46

people who want to put her aside from the throne. Anne also faces conflict with

false witnesses.

Anne faces her conflict alone. She has no friend in England. She has

no place to return. In this part, the writer analyzes two kinds of conflicts that are

faced by Anne. In analyzing conflict, the writer uses the theory that is proposed by

Worchel and Cooper (460-464). They define two kinds of conflicts; they are

intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. Here the conflicts that are faced by

Anne:

1. Intrapersonal Conflict

An intrapersonal conflict means a conflict that an individual

experiences when he or she makes a decision between two or more alternatives. It

will lead him or her to a situation in which other people not behave as the

individuals expect them to (Worchel and Cooper 460-464). In this novel, Anne

faces two kinds of intrapersonal conflicts. They are double-approach-avoidance

and approach-avoidance conflicts. Here are the intrapersonal conflicts faced by

Anne:

a. Anne’s Decision to Stay in England

After King Henry VIII denies the marriage, he gives Anne two options;

she may leave England and go back to Cleves, her hometown, or she can live in

England as the King’s beloved sister at a beautiful palace. Anne feels lonely

because of this problem. She has no place to return. In this case, Anne faces a


47

double-approach-avoidance conflict. She faces two options which all of them

brings both positive and negative effects. If she chooses to go back to Cleves then

she can meet her family again. Unfortunately, she will face her mean family and

live in shame. On the other hand, if she chooses to stay in England, then she will

face King Henry VIII. As a result, she will live in fear because she knows that the

King can put her in danger anytime. However, Anne will live at a luxurious

palace. No man rules her life in England.

…I can stay in England at the King’s unreliable favor, while he marries the little girl who was my maid-in-waiting, or I can go home penniless to live with my brother, who spite and negligence have brought me to this….I cannot go home to my brother; I should be ashamed as a whipped dog if I were to go home to him and say that the king of England has put me aside… (316-317)

In facing this conflict, Anne uses the resolution that is proposed by

Worchel and Cooper. She uses the first type of resolution that focuses on the goal,

freedom. She knows that she has no place to return. Because of that reason, Anne

decides to stay in England. She tries to make a better life even though she knows

the consequences that she will face, live alone without a husband in the future.

Gregory shares Anne’s decision through her minds.

I cannot go home and face this shame. It is not possible. So I shall have to stay here. There is no refuge for me anywhere else…. I have no money to buy such a place. If I leave England, I will have no rich allowance; they will pay me no rents. I cannot hope for another husband to offer me a home either. No man will marry me knowing that I have lain under the king’s heavy laborings night after night and that he could not bring himself to do it. (317)

According to the description above, it can be assumed that Anne decides

to stay in England although she will face a single life forever. Since Anne is a

smart woman, she knows she has no place to return. Because of that reason, she


48

takes the chance to live in England at a beautiful palace. She is regarded as the

King’s sister. It is better to live in England as a free woman than go back to her

brother and live in shame.

When King Henry VIII wants to visit Anne for dinner, she does not

know what the King’s purpose is. Honestly, in one side of her heart, Anne wants

to restore her throne as a queen. On the opposite, deep inside her heart, she wants

to be a free woman who lives pleasing herself with no command from others.

Anne likes to be herself. She admires freedom in her life. This fact can be seen on

page 335. It is clear that Anne is a self-reliant woman who loves freedom.

Although Anne faces a difficult conflict that put her to exile and a lonely

life, she turns it into a good fortune for herself. While many women feel

incomplete when they are unmarried or live far away from their family, Anne

faces those problems by looking from the bright side. She looks this conflict as a

way to get freedom. She wants to be a free woman. She cannot see her family

again but she is always optimistic to get a better life in England.

b. Anne’s Decision to Stay Away From King Henry VIII

After the King divorces Anne and marries Katherine Howard, Anne

lives in England alone. One day, the king wants to go to his northern lands. He

wants to punish the rebels. He wants Anne to accompany him. In this case, Anne

faces approach-avoidance conflict. She is in doubt whether she should go or not.

This conflict brings her to the situation that has both positive and negative sides.

If she accompanies the king then she will secure her safety for another year.


49

When she shows herself in public, it can be her evidence if someone spreads

words against her. On the other hand, if she goes to court and accompanies the

king, it will attract a constant envy. She knows that at court, there are some

people who are always ready to take her down, especially Katherine’s uncle, the

one who gathers evidence against her. He is the closest man to the king. If Anne

chooses to stay away from the king, then there is no one who will envy her.

Unfortunately, she will not have any evidence if someone says words against her.

These doubts are clearly spoken through her feelings.

I am trying to weight up the dangers. If I am at court with the king and he enjoys my company and I am high in his favor, then I secure my safety for perhaps another year. But equally, the hard-face men of his court will see he likes me again and they will put their minds how to keep me from him. Katherine’s uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, will be anxious to keep his niece in high favor, and he will not like any comparison that is made between her and me. (449)

According to this situation, Anne faces an approach-avoidance conflict.

It leads someone to her doubts and fears. This conflict occurs when a person only

has one goal that has both positive and negative sides. To resolve this conflict,

Anne finally decides that she will not go to accompany the King. She only hopes

that the danger will pass her. She knows that if she attracts a constant envy, she

will be in grave danger. Precise, the king is a person who is easy to be

manipulated. Therefore, it is better for her to stay away from someone’s envy,

especially the Duke of Norfolk’s envy.


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2. Interpersonal Conflict

Based on Worchel and Cooper (460-464), interpersonal conflict means a

conflict which deals with two or more people when they are involved in achieving

incompatible goals. In addition, Beebe and Redmond (297-300) classify three

types of interpersonal conflict; they are pseudo conflict, simple conflict and ego

conflicts. In this novel, Anne’s conflicts are included as pseudo, ego and simple

conflicts. In the beginning, Anne faces ego conflict with her family. This conflict

appears when personal differences occur in a group. The second interpersonal

conflicts that are faced by Anne called pseudo and simple conflicts. It emerges

between Anne and King Henry VIII. The causes of these conflicts are

misunderstanding and interest. Furthermore, the simple conflict that is caused by

differences on goals emerges between Anne and Howard family. The simple

conflict also emerges between Anne and false witnesses.

Furthermore, Isenhart and Spangle (14-15) define seven common causes

of conflicts. Those are data, interest, procedures, values, relationship, roles, and

communication. In this novel, the causes of Anne’s conflicts are relationship,

communication and interest. In the beginning, Gregory gives a sight that Anne

has a bad relationship with her family. She does not trust anyone in her family.

Her brother and mother always abuse and rule her. Anne cannot trust her sister

either. That is the reason why Anne wishes to leave Cleves and becomes the next

Queen of England. In England, she faces greater danger that is caused by her own

husband, King Henry VIII.


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Unfortunately, in that bad situation, there are some people uses this

opportunity to put Anne aside from the throne. One of the Dukes in England,

Duke of Norfolk plans to get the throne of England. He sends Katherine Howard

to seduce the King and commands Jane Boleyn as Katherine advisor, to get the

throne once again. The conflict is getting worse when Anne is accused as a witch

and some people give their witnesses against her. Anne is not allowed to give her

own words and evidences. All of the accusations are done because the King wants

to marry Katherine Howard. Here are the interpersonal conflicts faced by Anne:

a. Anne Versus William and Her Mother

The conflict between Anne and her family, especially her brother and

her mother emerges because of Anne’s self-reliant trait. According to Beebe’s and

Redman’s (297-300) theory, Anne’s conflict can be assumed as ego conflict

because Anne feels discomfort and different from her family. She wants to leave

her home because of her brother’s abusive behaviours. When Anne against his

rules, he will heavily punish her. It can be seen through Anne’s thought about her

brother.

When he is drunk or happy, he calls me the most rebellious of his subjects and pets me with a heavy hand. When he is sober or irritated, he says that I am a girl who does not know her place and threatens to lock me in my room. (7) He has become so accustomed to bullying me, and finding fault with me, and troubling me daily with a dozen small ways…. (21) Anne also has a conflict with her mother. When Anne is chosen as the

next Queen of England, her mother does not look happy because she spends a lot

of money for the journey, not because of the losing of her daughter. Anne’s


52

mother only cares about her ambitions. She is a woman with a big ambition. She

lets her son lock her own husband in a room until her husband dies, fights his

madness without help. It seems that her mother does not care about Anne. It can

be seen through Anne’s thought about her mother.

My mother does not look happy either, but her anxiety is real. She has been strained for months. I wish I could think it is for the loss of me, but is not. She is worried sick about the cost of this journey and my wedding clothes on my brother’s treasury. (19) William, Anne’s elder brother, plans to reconcile his power with the

King of England. Therefore, he sends Anne to marry the King of England. Anne

is chosen as King Henry’s bride. She leaves her hometown and goes to England

to do her duty, leads the king to reform. Unfortunately, the King rejects Anne and

tries to annul the marriage. Even though Anne’s life is in danger, her brother

never does anything to save her. It can be seen from Anne’s thought about her

brother.

The ambassador has written to my brother to say that I am desperately frightened, but I do not hope for a reply. William will not mind my being sick with fear, and by the time they learn of the charges against me it will be too late to save me. (276) In facing problems with her brother and mother, Anne uses competitive

style. Anne is a self-reliant woman. She does not like for being ruled both by her

brother and her mother. She agrees to marry the King of England and takes a

change to rule a bigger country than Cleves. It can be seen through Anne’s

thought about her brother. If she can do her duty as Queen of England then she

will show her brother and her mother that she can do better than they do. Anne


53

faces win-lose solution. She wins from her brother who wants to dominate her

life. Finally, she can escape from her family and rule a bigger country.

This marriage is my escape from him. As queen of England I command a fortune greater than his, I rule a country bigger than Cleves, infinitely more populous and powerful….This marriage is my victory and my freedom. (140)

b. Anne Versus Duke of Norfolk, Jane Boleyn and Katherine Howard

The conflict between Anne and Howard family is called simple conflict

because it is triggered by the differences on goals. In this case, the cause of

conflict between Anne and Howard family is interest. Both of them have their

own goal and interest. Anne wants to be a good queen for England. On the other

hand, Howard family also has an ambition to get the throne in their hands once

again. Together, Katherine Howard, Jane Boleyn, and Duke of Norfolk plan to

make Howard family on the throne once again. It can be seen through the

conversation between Duke of Norfolk, Jane Boleyn and Katherine Howard in

page 103-104. They try to put Anne aside and make Katherine become a queen.

Duke of Norfolk is so happy to know that his niece attracts the king’s attention.

He commands Katherine to continue her charm to seduce the king and make the

king falls in love with her. He also commands Jane Boleyn to watch and help

Katherine in planning their dirty plan to get the throne.

After the marriage is done, there is nothing happened between Anne and

the king. She is still a virgin. On the other hand, the king is falling in love with

Katherine Howard and planning to put Anne aside so that he can marry Katherine.

This evil plan can be seen through the conversation of Jane Boleyn and Duke of


54

Norfolk when they are talking about the alliance with Cleves may no longer

important and Queen Anne is not useful any longer. The conversation in page

179-180 and page 201 also reveals the king’s plans to accuse Anne of witchcraft.

When the king needs any evidence to put Anne aside, Howard family will give the

evidence against Anne. After that, they will continue their plan to get the throne of

England through Katherine.

Based on the description above, it can be concluded that Anne is in grave

danger because of some people’s plan. Anne realizes that the king falls in love

with Katherine Howard. Because of that reason, the king tries to annul the

marriage no matter what it costs. Since the enemy plans to destroy Anne in

indirect way, then she seeks the information from Katherine Howard about the

king. From her conversation with Katherine, Anne knows that Katherine is

commanded by her uncle, Duke of Norfolk, to please the king. Anne knows the

fact that the king is already falling in love with Katherine.

“….He will command you to his side,” I say through cold lips.” I see that. Wife or whore. But will he send me to the tower? Will he have me killed?” I don’t know,” she says. She looks like a frightened child. “I can’t tell. Nobody tells me anything except that I have to please him. And I have to do that.” (261-262)

In facing this conflict, Anne does not have any choice except to accept

the king’s demands. In this case, Anne faces lose-win solution. She agrees that

she is precontracted. As a result, the marriage is false. Anne uses accommodation

style. She lets her dreams destroy by another party’s ambition. She decides to put

her throne and lets Katherine marries to the king.


55

c. Anne Versus King Henry VIII

Conflicts between Anne and King Henry VIII are caused by interest and

miscommunication. It is called pseudo conflict because it is triggered by

misunderstanding between individuals. In this case, Anne also faces a simple

conflict with King Henry VIII because King Henry forces his own interest to

Anne. The conflict starts when Anne rejects the King who is in undercover as an

ordinary man. Anne spits his kisses in front of people. The king cannot like a

woman who spits his kisses, he cannot accept that. The king finally marries to

Anne but he cannot bed a woman who rejects him. Whatever and however Anne

does to please the king, only misunderstanding occurs between them. Indeed, the

King falls in love with another young woman. After that, their relationship gets

worse. Knowing that fact, Anne knows that she will be accused of witchcraft. She

knows that there will be no process of justice in this court. She can neither run nor

give any evidence to defend herself. It can be seen from the conversation between

Anne and Princess Mary, the King’s daughter.

“I am Queen of England,” I say. ”they cannot accuse me of witchcraft.” She turns to face me for the first time. “That won’t save you,” she says. “It didn’t save Anne Boleyn. They accused her of witchcraft and they found the evidence and they found her guilty. She was as much queen as you.” “What do you think I should do?” “Get away,” she says.” Get away before he comes to you.” (274)

By listening Princess Mary’s advice, Anne decides to run from England.

She sends her ambassador, Mr Harst to hire some horses and boats.

Unfortunately, everything is not going according to plan. Anne is captured by her

own husband, King Henry VIII. He forces Anne to sign a paper that proves Anne


56

is not free to marry. Anne knows that she is free to marry the King and all the

statements are lies. At first, Anne is in doubt whether to sign the paper or not. If

she signs the paper, she agrees that she is not free to marry. As a result, there is no

one will marry her again in the future. She will be lonely forever. If she disagrees

to sign, she will be killed by her own husband, King Henry VIII.

In this case, Anne faces the negotiation alternative resolution in

resolving her conflict with the king. It can be seen from the conversation between

Jane Boleyn and Anne in page 311-312. Jane Boleyn, who has been working in

Court for a long time, knows well the king’s characteristics. She warns Anne to

accept any terms that the king offers to her. The king gives her a fair term if she

does what the king’s demand; sign the paper of precontracted statement.

Otherwise, he will kill her if she does not sign.

To solve this problem, Anne uses accommodation style. She sacrifices

her throne, her duty as a queen, her dignity, her future and her dream. In page

316, Anne admits that she is precontracted and she must apologize for that.

This is a hard sentence for me. I am a young woman only twenty-five. I have done nothing wrong. And yet I shall to be alone forever: undesirable, lonely, and in exile. (318)

Since Anne is a smart woman, she knows enough that the King is a

selfish person. He is a kind of a man who lets his wives die in exile or beheaded

by his command. Knowing that fact, Anne accepts the King’s demands. She

knows that she must take any chances to survive from this dangerous man. She

takes the chance to live alone, a virgin without a husband in the future. She

decides to use lose-win solution which put her to exile and lonely life. She let the


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King does what he wants to do, marry Katherine Howard. She tries to forget her

glorious future as a Queen of England. Because Anne is the side who does not

feel satisfied with the resolution, she faces lose-win solution.

d. Anne Versus False Witnesses

This conflict emerges when some people accuse Anne for witchcraft

which is unmanned the king. It is done by the king’s command. Mostly, all the

people who give their evidence are the people who close to Anne when she is still

at court like Jane Boleyn, Katherine Howard, and some men who greet and

promise their loyalty. Anne faces a simple conflict because she has problem with

people who have different goals and ideas. Anne never wants to trouble another

people for her own needs. Unfortunately, people around her are different. They

accuse her to save their own life. They lick the king in order to make fortunes for

themselves. This fact can be seen through Jane Boleyn statement about giving

evidence.

The king’s agents at the court of the queen are Lady Rutland, Catherine Edgecombe, and me. When she is arrested, we three will give evidence against her. Thus will we be safe. At least we three will be safe. (294)

Katherine Howard, a young girl who is Anne’s maid-in waiting also

gives evidence against her. It can be seen from her thought about Anne.

I am sorry now that I signed a piece of paper to bear witness against her. I realized now how very unpleasant it is to be doubted. (491)

In facing the conflict, Anne uses accommodation style. She agrees with

all the inquiries that are given by king’s agents to survive this horrible situation. It

is called win-lose solution.


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C. The Influence of Anne’s Personality Traits in Resolving Conflicts

In this part, the writer will analyze the influence of Anne’s personality in

resolving her conflicts, both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. According

to Halonen and Santrock (373), traits are the fundamental building blocks of

human personality. Therefore, this study discuses the influence of Anne’s traits in

resolving her conflicts. These traits are the combination that forms Anne’s

personality. There are eight personality traits found in Anne through the analysis;

they are responsible, calm, smart, kind hearted, caring, brave, self-reliant, and

optimistic. These traits influence Anne’s decisions to resolve her conflicts. In

addition, this part will analyze not only on how Anne’s personality traits

influence her to resolve her conflict but also how these traits influence her

behaviours in facing all the conflicts.

The first trait of Anne is responsible. Anne is a responsible woman. This

trait can be seen through her actions. A responsible person tends to face the

reality. She does his duty no matter what it costs. She never escapes from duty.

She will finish what she has started. In this novel, Anne does the same things.

Although she knows that being a queen is not free, extremely difficult, many rules

and must marry someone she never meets before, she does not escape. On page

124, when one of the lady-in-waiting tries to help her to escape the marriage with

the king, she never escapes from the marriage. She does her duty as a queen.

Next, when King Henry dumps her, she tries to be a good princess of England. In

exile, she keeps a good relation with her ex-royal children. She does her best to

fulfil her place as the royal princess of England. It can be seen through her minds.


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I am quite without a fault, and yet I am thrown down. What I must see if I can do is to be a good Princess of England where once I planned to be a good queen. (371) From her actions and decisions, it can be concluded that Anne’s

responsible trait influences her much in choosing decisions and actions to be a

good queen and a good princess of England. She tries to be responsible as a

queen. When the things are not going according to plan, she tries to fulfil her

position as a good royal princess.

The second trait of Anne is calm. This trait influences Anne’s behaviour

in resolving her conflict with the King. A calm person tends to be never panic and

never rush in facing any conflict. When the king falls in love with Katherine

Howard and tries to deny the marriage, Anne is in a big trouble. At that time,

Anne knows that the king will please himself no matter what it costs. She also

knows the fact that the king can behead her whenever he wants with the

accusation of witchcraft. Although Anne is frightened by this terror, she tries to

be calm. She keeps her dignity as a queen. It can be proven from her actions

toward the conflicts.

Anne’s calmness influences her actions in resolving the conflicts. Anne

knows that she must keep calm in order to survive this conflict. If Anne makes

much noise about the King’s affair, she must be in greater danger. Although she

does not know what trick that the king wants to conduct in order to get rid of her,

she faces it with calmness. It can be seen in Jane Boleyn’s opinion about Anne

below.


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…..She has spoken to Princess Mary and knows that the king can destroy a blameless wife by sending her far away from court…she knows that ahead of her there must be shame and divorce at the least, execution at worst…She must be sick to her belly with terror but her hands on the front of the box are gently clasped and do not even tremble. (264-265)

Fortunately, the king only divorces Anne. He does not kill Anne. He

regards Anne as his royal sister because Anne does what he wants; signs the

paper. The king gives Anne two options; she can go back to Cleves or live in

England. Anne’s decision to do the king’s demands can be seen through her mind.

I have written to say that I agree with the findings of the inquiry…I have admitted that I was precontracted, and not free to marry…I can stay in England at the king’s unreliable favour, while he marries the little girl who was my maid-in-waiting….or I can go home penniless to live with my brother, who spite and negligence have brought me to this. (316)

By comparing all the consequences she may face, finally, she chooses to

stay in England even though there is no man will marry her in the future.

I don’t know how I shall live here…I cannot go home to my brother…and say that the King of England has put me aside…preferring a pretty girl… to me. I cannot go home and face this shame…So I shall stay here. I cannot go to France or to Spain or to a house of my own somewhere in Germany. I have no money o buy such a place. I cannot hope for another husband to offer me a home either. (317)

According to Anne’s thought above, she knows that if she goes back to

Cleves, she can see her family again. Unfortunately, she will live in shame for the

whole life. Her brother will rule her again. Her past life as an unwanted daughter

and sister will haunt her for the rest of her life, no more freedom. On the other

hand, if she chooses to live in England, then she can live at a beautiful palace. The

bad thing is she will live under the unreliable favour of the King. The King can

put Anne to danger anytime. In this case, smart trait influences Anne’s decision to


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stay in England. A smart person tends to see all the consequences of every action

and decision. He or she is very careful in choosing the way to resolve problems.

This trait leads someone to see the opportunity in a conflict. Anne always wants

to be a free woman. In Cleves, she will never be a free woman. Therefore,

whatever the danger is, as long as she can be a free woman, she will take that

chance. She twists her unlucky condition into an opportunity to get freedom.

Furthermore, Anne is a kind hearted and caring woman. These traits

influence Anne’s behaviour in social life. At the beginning, Anne has no friends

in England. Anne wants to be a good queen and a good mother. As a mother to

royal children, Anne wishes to gather all the stepchildren beside her and guides

them for good. Although Anne is only a stepmother, she wants all the royal

children fix their relationships with their father, King Henry VIII, especially

Princess Mary and Lady Elizabeth. Later on, Anne builds a good relationship and

true friendship with Princess Mary. She is a trusted advocate to the Lady

Elizabeth. She is also a regular visitor to Prince Edward. In short, Anne is a

beloved mother and a true friend to the royal children.

This relationship helps Anne in resolving her conflict with the King. In

other words, kind hearted and caring traits indirectly help Anne in resolving her

conflict. Kind hearted and caring person tends to love and care about someone

else. He or she never does bad things to make a fortune for him or herself. Anne

treats Princess Mary as her sister and friend. She also trusts Princess Mary very

much. That is why Princess Mary helps Anne. When Anne is accused of

witchcraft, Princess Mary advises her to runaway before the king gets her and


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punishes her. Later on, Anne takes all of her advices to face the King because the

princess knows well about her father’s attitude.

“…..queen or beggar, if the king wants you dead, he just has to order it now. He does not even have to sign the warrant for an execution, he only has to use a seal”…I find I am clenching my jaw to stop my teeth from chattering.” What do you thing I should do?”….”Get away,” she says. “Get away before he comes for you.” (275) After talking to Princess Mary, Anne asks her ambassador to buy or hire

horses in order to escape when the situation is getting worst. Unfortunately, she

cannot go anywhere because she is in guards every time. Anne’s action to trust

Princess Mary’s advices indicates that she has a close and true friendship. It can

be assumed that kind hearted and caring personality traits indirectly influence

Anne to trust someone. This trust leads her to make a decision, to get away from

the King.

Anne is also a brave woman. This trait influences Anne to stay at her

palace rather than get closer to the king and attract a constant envy. She takes all

the risks for that decision. She refuses to live in fear even though she is always

surrounded by dangers. Anne is in a difficult situation. She is being watched by

many men, especially the king. Anne knows that she can be put in danger anytime

if someone says words against her. Nevertheless, she refuses to live in fear. It can

be seen through her thought about her decision.

I shall stay free of the frightened flock that is the court, I shall be alone like a gyrfalcon, solitary in the arching silence of the sky. I have reason to be fearful, but I will not live in fear. I shall take my chance. I shall have this summer to myself. (450)

Further analysis will be self-reliant. This trait influences Anne’s decisions

to resolve her conflicts with her brother and King Henry VIII. A self-reliant


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person loves freedom. He or she does not like to be ruled by other. The same

thing goes to Anne. She does not like to be ruled by other people. She loves

freedom. In Cleves, she is served by her brother’s rules. That is why Anne really

wants to go to England in order to get her freedom as Anne herself. She wants to

be a new Anne, not as an unwanted daughter and sister of Cleves. Anne’s self-

reliant trait evokes conflicts with her family. When King Henry dumps her and

marries to another young woman, Anne decides to live alone in England. Anne’s

self-reliant trait influences her decision to live alone in England. Even though she

will face a lonely life for the rest of her life, as long as she can be a free woman,

she takes that chance. She lives at a beautiful palace. Finally, she gets a life that

she always wants to have from a long time, a life with no command from others.

…..I have never in my life before been Anne of Cleves, Anne by myself, not a sister, not a daughter, not a wife, but Anne: pleasing myself. I swore if I was spared death, then I would live my life, my own life, not a life commanded by others…I can become myself, I can be: me. (335)

The next analysis will be the influence of optimistic trait. Optimistic

trait influences Anne when she faces a bad condition after she is divorced by the

king. Anne is totally alone in England. There is no man will marry her again in

the future. She will face an exile and a lonely life forever. Fortunately, Anne is an

optimist woman. An optimist person always thinks positively about her

conditions. While another woman feels incomplete and frightens to live alone for

the whole life, Anne faces this situation as the opportunity to get her freedom as a

free woman. This trait makes her stronger to face anything that will come to her.

It can be seen through her minds in pages 50-51 and 371. Anne believes that she

will find happiness in her life through this condition.


CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

The last chapter of this study consists of two major parts. The first part is

about the conclusion of the study based on the analysis in previous chapter. It is

done in order to draw all the answers of problem formulations. The second part is

about the suggestions for further researchers. It also provides the implementation

of the novel in teaching-learning activity.

A. Conclusions

According to the analysis on the previous chapter, there are three major

points that can be concluded in this study. The first conclusion is about Anne’s

personality traits using Murphy’s and Barnet’s methods of characterization. It is

followed by the structure of personality that influences Anne’s personality traits

using Freud’s theory. This study also gives conclusions about Anne’s basic

personality based on the theory that is proposed by Costa and McRae. The second

conclusion is about Anne’s conflicts in the novel, both intrapersonal and

interpersonal conflicts. The last point will be the influence of Anne’s personality

traits in resolving her conflicts.

The study shows that Anne is a major character. It can be seen through her

role in the novel because the story is spoken through her voice. Anne is a round

character because she shows some changes in her attitude and represents

personality traits. She is also a protagonist character because she can build the

reader’s sympathy through her conditions and conflicts.

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In answering the first problem on the previous chapter, the writer uses

some of the characterization methods that are proposed by Murphy and Barnet.

The writer uses the three of four Barnet’s methods in order to reveal Anne’s

personality traits; they are what character’s do or acts, what other character says

about the character, and what the character says. The writer also uses six methods

that are proposed by Murphy in characterizing a character such as personal

description, thought, reaction, conversation of other, character as seen by other

and speech. Besides using Murphy’s and Barnet’s theories about characterization,

this study also analyzes the influence of personality structure in building Anne’s

personality traits. This study also finds out about Anne’s basic personalities based

on the theory that is proposed by Costa and McRae.

By using these methods and theories, this study finds out that Anne is a

responsible person. She keeps her promise to her family and does her duty as the

queen of England. In this part, superego influences Anne’s responsible attitude.

She has great conscious to be a good queen. According to this trait, she is

categorized as a person who has great consciousness.

According to the analysis, Anne is a calm woman. When she faces a

difficult situation that nearly put her to the death, she tries to be calm. This trait is

influenced by ego structure. Anne tries to be calm in order to avoid dangers that

may come to her. In spite of her calmness, Anne is included as a less neurotic

person.

Furthermore, Anne is drawn as a smart person. Anne wishes to be a good

queen for England. Unfortunately, everything does not go according to plan. Her


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dream to be a good queen of England never comes to reality. Her throne is given

to another young girl. Anne faces a lonely life in England for the rest of her life

after she is divorced by the King. However, smart trait leads her to find a way to

get freedom as a free woman. She can twist her unlucky condition into a great

opportunity to get freedom in her life. She twists her lonely life without a husband

in the future into a freedom that she always dreams of. She becomes a free

woman. In this case, ego structure of personality influences this trait. Her

smartness leads her to learn the language and the culture of England in short

amount of time.

This study shows that Anne is a kind hearted and caring woman. She

builds a good relationship with all royal children. She wishes to gather and

watches their growth. These traits are influenced by superego structure. Anne has

a fully conscious of morality between right or wrong of the attitudes as a mother

and a queen. Based on these traits, Anne is categorized as agreeableness person.

The study shows that Anne is a brave woman. It can be seen from her

actions. She refuses to live in fear. Although many dangers may come to her, she

refuses to live in fear. Brave personality trait is influenced by ego structure

because Anne tries to avoid problems with her surrounding. On the top of that, she

takes any risk that may come to her.

Another trait of Anne is self-reliant. Anne likes neither being ruled by her

brother nor the king. She dreams a freedom in her life. In this case, self-reliant is

influenced by id. Anne never thinks about anything else except her interest to get


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freedom. Self-reliant evokes many conflicts with her brother. In the end, this trait

put her to exile.

This study shows that there are many difficulties, dangers, and false

witnesses emerge in Anne’s life. However, Anne never surrenders in facing her

problems. She is an optimist person. At first, Anne is a shy woman. She is not

accustomed to face many people. Later on, optimistic trait leads her to improve

herself. She improves her language ability and her knowledge about English

socialization. She always thinks positively about her conditions.

The next discussion will be the conclusions of conflicts. This study shows

that Anne faces two kinds of conflict; intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts.

This study discovers about two intrapersonal conflicts that are faced by Anne. The

first intrapersonal conflict emerges when Anne is in doubt whether to live in

England or go back to her family. Anne faces double approach-avoidance conflict

which all the options have positive and negative effects. To resolve this conflict,

Anne uses the first type of resolution that focuses on the goal. The second

intrapersonal conflict happens when Anne is in doubt whether to go on progress

with the king or not. In this case, Anne faces approach-avoidance conflict. To face

this conflict, Anne decides to stay away from the king. She just wants to live in

peace and hopes the danger will pass her.

This study also reveals Anne’s interpersonal conflicts. Anne faces four

interpersonal conflicts. They are Anne versus her brother and mother, Anne

versus Duke of Norfolk, Katherine Howard and Jane Boleyn, Anne versus King

Henry VIII, and the last is Anne versus false witnesses.


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The conflict between Anne and her family is caused by relationship. Anne

has a bad relationship with her brother and her mother. This conflict is called ego

conflict in which Anne feels different with her family. Indeed, Anne does not like

his brother’s action that locks her father until he dies. In facing her conflict with

her family, Anne uses competitive style. She runs from her family and marries to

the King of England to rule a bigger country than her brother does. Finally, Anne

wins from her brother because she rules a bigger country than her brother.

Furthermore, Anne’s conflict with Howard family and false witnesses are

caused by interest. It is called simple conflict. Howard family has an ambition to

get the throne once again. In facing this conflict, Anne uses accommodation style.

The same thing goes to the conflict between Anne and false witnesses. False

witness agents want to save their life and make fortunes for themselves. In facing

this conflict, Anne also uses accommodation style and the solutions of these

conflicts are win-lose solutions. Anne is the one who lose because she cannot do

anything to give any evidence.

The next conflict that emerges in the study is Anne versus King Henry

VIII. In this part, the causes of the conflict are interest and miscommunication. In

this case, Anne faces pseudo and simple conflicts. In facing her conflict with the

king, Anne uses accommodation style in approaching the conflict. She faces the

negotiation resolution to solve the problem. In this conflict, win-lose solution is

the only way to survive for Anne.


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This study shows that Anne’s personality traits influence her behaviour

and her actions in resolving her conflicts. In her life, she faces many difficult

situations, choices, and dangers that nearly put her to the end of her life.

The first is the influence of Anne’s responsible trait in resolving her

conflict. This trait influences Anne’s decision to marry the king. Although she

marries to a man who she never knows, she keeps her promise; to bring honour

for her country. Because of that reason, she does not run from the marriage. Next,

Anne’s smart trait leads her to see the bright side of her conflicts. This trait

influences Anne’s decision to stay in England. Anne’s smartness leads her to learn

fast about England. It brings changes on her behaviours, attitudes, and manners.

The next is the influence of Anne’s calmness. This trait influences Anne’s

behaviour in facing terror when her husband tries to put her aside. She tries to be

calm. She never makes a noise in facing the terror although she knows that the

king may kill her. Anne decides not to make issues about her anxiety and anger.

Next, kind hearted and caring traits influence Anne’s behaviour and attitude in

social relationship. At first, Anne has no friend in England. Finally, she finds

someone to take care of. She builds a true relationship with Princess Mary who

gives her precious advice in facing King Henry. Anne trusts Princess Mary and

follows her advice. Anne decides to get away before the king gets her.

Anne is also drawn as a brave woman. This trait influences Anne’s

decision to take any risk that will come to her life. It leads Anne to stay away

from the king and avoid a constant envy. She knows that she is being watched.

Anne realizes that she will be in a big trouble if the envy falls on her. She decides


70

to stay away from the king although it may put her in danger if someone gathers

evidence against her.

Furthermore, Anne is described as a self-reliant woman. It leads her to get

her freedom as a free woman. This trait influences Anne’s decision to stay in

England. When Anne faces an exile and a lonely life in England, she twists that

unlucky condition into a freedom she always dreams of. Anne can stand to live in

exile and live far away from her family. She can stand to live as a virgin with no

future of remarriage in her twenty five. In the end, she gets what she want all a

long; become a free woman with no man rule her life.

The last trait of Anne is optimistic. This trait leads Anne to face the

conflicts with great power. She always thinks positively about her condition.

Therefore, she never gives up in finding a life. She tries to remark herself to be a

good princess of England and tries to build her identity as Anne of Cleves.

B. Suggestions

In this part, the writer tries to give some suggestions for the next

researchers and for English teacher about the implementation of this novel in

teaching-learning activities.

1. Suggestions for Further Researcher

There are some suggestions for the next researchers who are going to

conduct study using Philippa Gregory’s The Boleyn Inheritance. Since this study

only discusses about Anne’s personality traits and conflicts, then the two major


71

characters are not discussed, Katherine Howard and Jane Boleyn. All of them

have the same portion in the story. They are included as key characters in the

novel. Therefore, their point of views, characteristics, and conflicts are interesting

to be discussed. The culture and history of England are also interesting to be

discussed because this novel is written based on history of England.

2. Suggestions for English Teacher

Suggestion also goes to the implementation of The Boleyn Inheritance in

teaching learning activities. This novel can be used in reading class which focuses

on reading skills such as identifying ideas, summarizing, scanning, and improving

vocabularies. The method that can be applied is sharing. It is done in order to

make the reading activity more attractive. There are some steps that need to be

prepared to use this novel in order to teach intensive reading II.

a. The teacher needs to copy the pages that will be used for the discussion.

b. The teacher needs to bring some pictures related to the topic in order to

attract the student’s attention.

c. The teacher needs to make the material that consists of identifying ideas,

consists of vocabularies content, and consists of summarizing content in

order to achieve the goal of learning.

d. In grouping the students, it is better to divide them into three people in

each group. It is done to make the discussion works well. The short story

is divided into three parts.


72

e. The teacher asks the students to read and write the main ideas of the story

on the paper given.

f. The teacher asks the students to discuss and share their main ideas to their

friends in order to understand the story better.

g. After the students discuss their main ideas to their friends, the teacher

gives the next materials.

h. The teacher gives time for the students to work on the materials in groups.

i. The teacher collects the materials and reviews the learning activities.


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REFERENCES

Alder, R. B. and N. Towne. 1990. Looking out Looking in Interpersonal Communication. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Barnet, S. 1988. Literature for Composition. London: Scoot, Foresman and Company.

Beebe, S, S.J. Beebe, M.V. Redman. 1996. Interpersonal Communication Relating to Others. Boston: Simon and Schuster Company.

Foster, E.M. 1974. Aspect of the Novel and Related Writing. London: Edward Arnold, Publisher.

Guilford, J.P. 1960. General Psychology. 2nd edition. New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.

Gregory, P. 2006. The Boleyn Inheritance. New York: A Division of Simon and Schuster, Inc.

Halonen, J.S and J.W Santrock. 1999. Psychology: Contexts and Application. 3rd edition. United States: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Henkle, R.B. 1977. Reading the Novel: An Introduction to the Techniques of Interpreting Fiction. New York: Harper and Row, Publisher.

Holman, C.H., and W. Harmon. 1986. A handbook to Literature. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Horby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hudson, W.H. 1958. An Introduction to the Study of Literature. New York: Harper and Row Publisher.

Huffman, K., M. Vernoy, J. Vernoy. 1997. Psychology in Action. Canada: John Willey and Sons, Inc.


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Isenhart, M.W. and M. Spangle. 2000. Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Conflict. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, Inc.

Jung, C.G. 1972. The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature. Translated by R.F.L Hull. 2nd edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Lahey, B.B. 2009. Psychology: An Introduction. 10th edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Murphy, M.J. 1972. Understanding Unseen. London: Allen and Unwin Ltd

Rorberger, M. and S.H. Woods. 1971. Reading and Writing about Literature. Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University Press.

Stanton, R. 1965. An introduction to a Literature. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Wellek, R and A. Warren. 1962. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcout, Barce and world, Inc.

Worchel, S. and J. Cooper. 1979. Understanding Social Psychology. Illinois: The Dorsey Press.

Internet Sources

Cristinab.2010. HENRY THE EIGHTH DID NOT HAVE 8 WIVES: http://hubpages.com/hub/HENRY-THE-EIGHTH-DID-NOT-HAVE-8-WIVES (accessed on June 22nd, 2010)

Internet website: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kind-hearted (accessed on July 10th, 2010)

Internet website: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Caring (accessed on July 10th, 2010)

Internet website: http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/brave_1 (accessed on July 10th, 2010)


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Internet website: http://www.answers.com/topic/self-reliant (accessed on July 10th, 2010)

Internet website: http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Philippa_Gregory (accessed on July 10th, 2010)

Internet website: http://www.symptomsrock.com/2009_05_01_archive.html (Accessed on July 10th, 2010)

Internet website: http://harrypotterwallpaper.org/wpcontent/uploads/2010/05/harry-potter-wallpaper2.jpg (Accessed on July 10th, 2010)


Appendices

• Appendix 1: Summary of The Boleyn Inheritance

• Appendix 2: Biography of Phillippa Gregory

• Appendix 3: Lesson Plan to teach Intensive Reading II

• Appendix 4: Materials

• Appendix 5: Answer key

• Appendix 6: Pictures

• Appendix 7: The Boleyn Inheritance short story


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Appendix 1

SUMMARY

The story begins with the background of

three women: Jane Boleyn, Anne of Cleves, and

Katherine Howard. Jane Boleyn is a widow,

nearly thirty years who lives in Blickling Hall,

Norfolk. She serves the Queen once. She lost

her husband and her sister in law because of

accusation. Both of them were beheaded by the

King. After that execution, Jane lives alone at

her father’s home and lives cheaply with her pension. She wishes to serve the

queen again and lives at England court. In another place, Cleves, lives a young

woman named Anne. She is twenty four years old. She is a duchess of Cleves and

lives under her mean brother’s rules, William, Duke of Cleves. Her brother wants

to unite his power with England, so he arranges a betrothal with England. He

sends his sister to marry King Henry of England. Anne is the one who is chosen to

marry the King. She really wishes to leave Cleves. She is desperate to leave her

family who never love and care about her. She wants to be someone better than an

unwanted daughter and sister in Cleves. In other part, lives a young naughty girl

named Katherine Howard. She is still a relative of the last queen of England,

Anne Boleyn. She is fourteen years old. She loves luxurious things and glamour

life. She loves handsome man, eager to fall in love and like to flirt. She really

wants to live at England court.


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One day, these three women meet each other. Anne of Cleves becomes a

new queen; replace Anne Boleyn, the previous queen, to be the fourth queen of

England. Finally, Jane Boleyn is summoned by the Duke of Norfolk, to serve a

new queen once again as lady-in-waiting. In the same time, Katherine Howard is

also signed by her uncle, Duke of Norfolk to be maid-in-waiting. These three

women meet in England.

In her way to England, Anne faces some problems. She is not accustomed

to show her face or speak in public. She cannot speak English at all. As a queen of

England, she must face many people and citizens. She feels overwhelmed and

tired with never ending introduction of people. Anne’s behaviour is seen by

another. Many people from England underestimate and think that she is not match

to be a queen.

Finally, after weeks in the journey, Anne of Cleves arrives in England. She

will marry a man who she never knows, the king of England. The king is a man

who already married three times. He is far older than her. One of his queens is

executed for adultery. In England, there is a celebration to welcome Anne. When

Anne is watching the celebration, suddenly, an old man comes to her and kisses

her. Anne feels humiliated. She spits his kiss, pushes him and leaves him in front

of many people. Anne does not know if the man is the king who is in undercover.

The king is really angry. He cannot accept Anne’s rejection. At the same time,

Katherine Howard, a maid-in-waiting, who indeed know from the beginning that

he is the king, play a trick; she pretends that she does not know him and greet him

politely. Because of that, Katherine catches the king’s eyes.


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Although Anne and the king have a bad introduction, the marriage is on

progress. Anne has a fancy to be a good queen, a good mother to royal children

and a good wife to the king. She wants to show her family that she can do better

than her brother. Unfortunately, the king cannot like a woman who reject his kiss

and leave him in front of his people. He tries to find another way to get rid of

Anne. Indeed, the king gives a special attention to another young girl, Katherine

Howard. He likes Katherine and he does not like Anne. Knowing this fact, Duke

of Norfolk commands his niece, Katherine Howard, to play her part. She must

please the king, catch the king’s eyes, and make him falls in love with her so that

Katherine can be the queen of England. If everything goes according to plan,

Howard family can be the greatest family in England once again. Duke of Norfolk

also commands Jane Boleyn to be the advisor for Katherine to do this plan. Duke

of Norfolk wants to put Anne aside from the throne. He commands Jane Boleyn to

persuade her to leave England. Unfortunately, their plan to persuade Anne is not

go according to their plan. Anne loves to be a queen. She wants to gather her step

children around her to watch them grow. Anne wants to help her step-children

recover their relationship with their father. She wants to be their friends and build

a family with them.

Finally, the king marries Anne. Indeed, he is already falling in love with

Katherine. He cannot bed Anne who spit his kiss; he hates Anne and cannot

forgive her. Whatever Anne does to please him, he always gets angry. On the

other hand, Katherine, Jane Boleyn and Duke of Norfolk continue their plan to

seduce the king.


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Anne knows that the King likes Katherine. There will be no coronation for

her and the king plans to get out from their marriage no matter what it costs. Anne

tries to seek the information, she asks Katherine; from her info, she knows that

Katherine is commanded by her uncle to do that. Furthermore, people who help

Anne’s marriage with the king are arrested and beheaded. Princess Mary, the

king’s daughter tells her that she will be accused of witchcraft and there will be no

formal court to give any evidence. She tells Anne to go away from England. Anne

knows that the king is a kind of husband who is easy to get rid of his wives. One

of the previous queen was beheaded because of the same accusation; witchcraft.

Anne realizes about her position; in the future, she will be divorced at best and

beheaded at worst. She is waiting. She cannot go anywhere. She is arrested

although she is still a queen. On the other hand, the king already arranges his

marriage with Katherine.

Fortunately, the king only divorces Anne. He does not kill her. Anne is

forced to sign the statement that she is not free to marry, so their marriage is false.

Anne only has one option, she must sign even she disagree with the content. If she

does not sign the paper, King Henry will kill her. Because she does what the king

commands, she is regarded as Royal princess of England. Anne decides to stay in

England better than go back to Cleves and live in shame.

Furthermore, King Henry marries Katherine. He falls in love so much with

Katherine and wishes to have a baby from her. Indeed, the king is impotent and

Katherine loves someone else. She does not love the king; she only loves his

powers and richness. Katharine has an affair with Thomas Culpeper, a handsome


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young man who is the king’s favourite. Duke of Norfolk wants to make Katharine

pregnant immediately. For that reason, he commands Jane Boleyn to arrange

Katherine affair with Thomas Culpeper. For Jane Boleyn reward, he will arrange

Jane’s betrothal to a rich duke.

Unfortunately, the king knows the affair. He is so upset. Katharine and

some people who close to her are arrested, including Jane Boleyn and Thomas

Culpeper. The king cannot forgive Katherine, so he commands to behead her,

Jane Boleyn, and Thomas Culpeper. Duke of Norfolk, the one who is the brain of

all the plans, does not give a damn with their lives. He only saves his skin. He

sacrifices his niece and betrays Jane Boleyn by persuading her that he will find a

rich husband if she does favour for him first. When everything goes wrong, he

leaves without a word.

After Katherine’s execution, Anne is accused by someone that she is

pregnant and hides the child to get the throne again. Someone said that she

spreads a rumour; she has the king’s baby. Because of that rumours, Anne is in

danger. For that reason, Anne wants to leave England immediately but she is

busted. Fortunately, she is saved by the words of her ambassador, Mr Harts. He

proves that Anne is totally innocent. Furthermore, King Henry VIII marries to the

last queen of England, Catherine Parr before he passes away. Finally, Anne lives

alone in England at a beautiful Boleyn house. She becomes a free woman after

years live under her brother’s rules and Henry’s unreliable favour.

Picture: http://cpwcbookclub.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/boleyninherit.jpg


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Appendix 2

BIOGRAPHY

Philippa Gregory was born at 9 January1954. She is a

British novelist that associated with the historical fiction

genre. Philippa Gregory was born in Kenya. When she was

two years old, her family moved to England. She was a

"rebel" at school, but eventually decided to go to

University and educated at the University of Sussex. She

worked in BBC radio for two years before attending the University of Edinburgh.

She also earned her doctorate in 18th century literature in this university. She has

taught at the University of Durham, University of Teesside, and the Open

University. Gregory was made a Fellow of Kingston University in 1994.

Gregory's academic background has given her a knowledge and

enthusiasm for many periods of history but particularly for the Tudor period and

the 18th Century. Her research in 18th-century literature led her to write the

bestselling Lacey trilogy - Wideacre, The Favoured Child and Meridon. This was

followed by The Wise Woman, described as a dazzling, disturbing novel of dark

powers and desires set against the rich tapestry of the Reformation. A Respectable

Trade, a novel of slave trade in England, set in 18th century Bristol, was adapted

by Gregory for an acclaimed four part drama series for BBC television. Gregory's

script was nominated for a BAFTA, won an award from the Committee for Racial

Equality, and the film was shown worldwide. Two novels about a gardening


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family at the heart of the English Civil War: Earthly Joys and Virgin Earth won

her new fans, while her contemporary novels - two great comedies Mrs Hartley

and the Growth Centre, and Perfectly Correct and two eerie thrillers The Little

House and Zelda's Cut remain firm favourites with many readers. She has also

written for children. Gregory's novels have won awards and have been adapted

into television dramas. The Other Boleyn Girl was published in 2002 and was

adapted for the BBC. Also in 2002, she won the Parker Romantic Novel of the

Year for The Other Boleyn Girl. Miramax bought the film rights to the book

which was also a bestseller in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. Filmed in

England in late 2006 starring Natalie Portman and Scarlett Johansson it is due for

release in the US in February 2008 and in the UK in March 2008. In 2003, The

Queen's Fool followed and obtained bestseller status by staying in the Top 20 for

twenty weeks and selling 50,000 copies in hardback in the UK. The Virgin's Lover

was published in October 2004, which continued the Tudor story that intertwined

fact and fiction.

Adapted from: http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Philippa_Gregory


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Appendix 3 LESSON PLAN

Subject : Intensive reading II Semester : 2nd semester of PBI Sanata Dharma University Topic : Queen of England Time Allocation : 2 x 50’

I. Competency Standard After completing the course, the students are able to improve their

reading abilities, especially in previewing, identifying main ideas, summarizing, developing English vocabulary, and writing simple responses to the ideas or issues presented in the text.

II. Basic Competence

The students are able to improve their reading skills and comprehend the meaning of the reading passage taken from literary work.

III. Learning Indicators - The students are able to identify main ideas of the story. - The students are able to answer the questions. - The students are able to define vocabulary items related to the text. - The students are able to summarize the story with their own words.

IV. Teaching-Learning Activities

Num. Activities Time Allocation

1. Pre-Activity Let’s guess

- The teacher greets the students - Teacher gives clues about the topic; using simple

questions and show pictures of well known people from England

5’

2. Main Activity Let’s read

- Teacher tells general knowledge about the background of the topic

- The teacher divides class in groups; 3 people each group

- The teacher distributes the stories and exercise sheets. Each group must have 3 different parts of the

2’

5’

3’


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story. - Teacher gives 20 minutes for the students to read

and write the main ideas of the story

Let’s share and discuss - The teacher asks the students to discuss and share

the main ideas with their team. Let’s Exercise

- The teacher distributes the next material of the novel - The students do the exercise about the story in

groups.

20’

15’

45’

3. Post-Activity Sum it Up

- The teacher collects the exercises - The teacher reviews the whole materials briefly. - The teacher closes the lesson.

5’

V. Materials

See appendix 4

VI. Media

Realia : - Pictures of Harry Potter, The Beatles, Anne of Cleves.

VII. Sources Novel The Boleyn Inheritance page 4-10 (Anne of Cleves)

VIII. Evaluation Assessment : Part A: 5 questions: 10 points Part B: 5 statements of True or False: 5 points Part C: 15 vocabularies: 15 points Part D: 20 points (summary) Total Points: 50 points Technique : explanations, group discussion, exercises.


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Appendix 4 Intensive reading II

Individual Activity Name/ Student #:_______________________________Part:________

Exercise 1

After reading the part you receive,

Exercise 2 In your group, discuss and share the main ideas with your

friends in order to understand the whole story

Please write down the main ideas of the text __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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INTENSIVE READING II Group Activity

Group : ____________________________ Class : ____________________________ Date : ____________________________

A. Answer the Questions Below!

1. How do you describe Anne of Cleves? ______________________________________________________________ 2. Where does she live? ______________________________________________________________ 3. Who is Master Holbein? ______________________________________________________________ 1. What are the problems faced by Anne in the story? ______________________________________________________________ 2. Where does she wish to go? _________________________________________________________

_____ B. Write “T” if the statement is true, write “F” if the statement is

false!

1. (____) Anne has a good relationship with his brother. 2. (___) Anne’s father died because of an accident. 3. (___) Anne wishes to leave her hometown. 4. (___) Anne likes to live with her family. 5. (___) Anne wants to be a queen.

C. Match the Meaning of These Vocabularies with Indonesian Words in the Box!

a. Honor (__________________) b. Servant (__________________) c. Sane (__________________) d. Spinster (__________________) e. Honesty (__________________) f. Inheritance (__________________) g. Burden (__________________) h. Pauper (__________________) i. Torment (__________________)


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j. Petty (__________________) k. Dignity (__________________) l. Spy (__________________) m Summon (__________________) n . Suspicion (__________________) o. Drunkard (__________________)

pelayan pemabuk licik fakir miskin

kecurigaan perawan kehormatan kejujuran siksa

mata-mata memanggil martabat waras

warisan beban

D. Summarize the Story Briefly with Your Own Words! ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Good Luck


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Appendix 5 Anne of Cleves Short story: Answer Key A. 1. She is the middle sister of Cleves. 2. She lives in Cleves.

3. He is an artist from England who paints Anne as one of the candidates of the queen.

4. She has a bad relationship with her family. She wants to be free. 5. She wishes to go to England.

B. 1. (F) Anne has a good relationship with his brother. 2. (F) Anne’s father died because of an accident. 3. (T) Anne wishes to leave her hometown. 4. (F) Anne likes to live with her family. 5. (T) Anne wants to be a queen.

C. Honor Kehormantan

Servant pelayan Sane waras Spinster perawan Honesty kejujuran Inheritance warisan Burden beban Pauper fakir miskin Torment siksa Petty licik Dignity martabat Spy mata-mata Summon memanggil Suspicion kecurigaan Drunkard pemabuk


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Appendix 6 Pictures

ANNE OF CLEVES


90

HARRY POTTER


91

THE BEATLES


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Anne, Duchess of Cleves, Duren, Cleves,

July 1539

Part I

I HARDLY DARE TO BREATHE. I am as still as a block, a smile stuck on my face, my

eyes wide open, looking boldly at the artist, appearing, I hope, trustworthy, my

frank stare indicating honesty but not immodesty. My borrowed jewels are the

best that my mother could lay her hands on, designed to show to a critical viewer

that we are not quite paupers, even though my brother will offer no dowry to pay a

husband. The king will have to choose me for my pleasant appearance and

political connections. I have nothing else to offer. But he must choose me. I am

absolutely determined that he will choose me. It is everything to me to get away

from here.

On the other side of the room, carefully not observing my portrait forming

under the painter's quick, sweeping strokes of the crayon, is my sister, awaiting

her turn. God forgive me, but I pray that the king does not choose her. She is

eager as me for the chance to leave Cleves, and to leap to such greatness as the

throne of England; but she does not need it as I do. No girl in the world can need

it as I do.

Not that I will speak so much as one word against my brother, nothing

now, and nothing in the years to come. I will never say anything against him. He

is a model son to my mother, and a worthy successor to the dukedom of Cleves.

During the last months of my poor father's life, when he was clearly as mad as

any fool, it was my brother who wrestled him into his chamber, locked the door

from the outside, and publicly gave out that he had a fever. It was my brother who

forbade my mother to summon physicians or even preachers to expel the devils

that occupied my poor father's wandering brains. It was my brother, cunning—

like an ox is cunning, in a slow, mean way—who said that we must claim my

father was a drunkard rather than allow the taint of madness to diminish our

family reputation. We will not make our way in the world if there is suspicion

against our blood. But if we slander our own father, call him a sot, having denied

him the help that he so desperately needed, then we may yet rise. This way I will


93

make a good marriage. This way my sister will make a good marriage. This way

my brother can make a good marriage and the future of our house is assured, even

though my father fought his demons alone, and without help.


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July 1539

Part II

Hearing my father whimper at the door of his chamber that he was a good

boy now, and would we let him out? Hearing my brother answer so steadily and

so firmly that he could not come out, I wondered then if actually we had it all

wrong, and my brother was already as mad as my father, my mother, too, and the

only sane one in this household was me, since I alone was dumb with horror at

what we were doing. But I didn't tell anyone that thought, either.

Since my earliest childhood I have served under my brother's discipline.

He was always to be duke of these lands sheltered between the rivers of the

Meuse and the Rhine. A small enough patrimony, but one so well placed that

every power of Europe seeks our friendship: France, the Hapsburg Spanish and

Austrians, the Holy Roman Emperor, the Pope himself, and now Henry of

England. Cleves is the keyhole to the heart of Europe, and the Duke of Cleves is

the key. No wonder that my brother values himself so highly, he is right to value

himself so highly.

He commands my mother by right of the greatness of his position in the

world, and she is his Lord Chamberlain, his majordomo, his pope. With her

blessing, my brother commands my sister and myself because he is the son and

the heir and we are burdens. He is a young man with a future of power and

opportunity and we are young women destined to be either wives and mothers at

the very best, or spinster parasites at the worst. My older sister, Sybilla, has

already escaped; she left home as soon as she could, as soon as her marriage could

be arranged, she is now free of the tyranny of fraternal attention. I have to go next.

It has to be me next. I must be freed. They cannot be so pointlessly cruel to me to

send Amelia in my place. Her chance will come, her time will come. But I am the

next sister in line, it has to be me. I cannot imagine why they even offered

Amelia, unless it was to frighten me into greater subservience. If so, it has

worked. I am terrified that I will be overlooked for a younger girl, and my brother

has let this come about. In truth, he ignores his own best interests to torment me.


95

My brother is a petty duke, in every sense of the word. When my father

died, still whispering for .someone to open the door, my brother stepped into his

shoes, but he can never fill them. My father was a man in the wider world; he

attended the courts of France and Spain, he travelled in Europe. My brother,

staying at home as he has done, thinks that the world can show him nothing

greater than his own duchy. He thinks there is no greater book than the Bible, no

better church than one with bare walls, no better guide than his own conscience.

With only a small household to rule, his command falls very heavily on very few

servants. With only a small inheritance, he is alert to the needs of his own dignity,

and I, who lack dignity, feel the full weight of his. When he is drunk or happy, he

calls me the most rebellious of his subjects and pets me with a heavy hand. When

he is sober or irritated, he says that I am a girl who does not know her place and

threatens to lock me in my room.


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July 1539

Part III

This is no empty threat in Cleves today. This is a man who locked up his

own father. I think he is quite capable of imprisoning me. And if I cried at the

door, would anyone let me out?

Master Holbein indicates to me with one curt nod of his head that I can

leave my seat and my sister can take my place. I am not allowed to look at my

portrait. None of us may see what he sends to the king in England. He is not here

to flatter us, nor paint us as beauties. He is here to sketch as accurate a

representation as his genius can produce, so that the King of England can see

which of us he would like, as if we were Flanders mares coming to the English

stallion at stud.

"Do you not like being painted? Are you shy?" he asked me gruffly as my

smile faded when he looked at me like a piece of meat on the cook's draining slab.

I did not tell him what I felt. There is no sense in offering information to a

spy. "I want to marry him," was all I said. He raised an eyebrow.

"I just paint the pictures," he remarked. "You had better tell your desire to

his envoys, Ambassadors Nicholas Wotton and Richard Beard. No point telling

me."

When I was a little girl, my father used to call me his falke, his white

falcon, his gyrfalcon, a hunting bird of the cold northern snows. When he saw me

at my books or at my sewing, he would laugh and say, "Oh, my little falcon,

mewed up? Come away and I shall set you free!" and not even my mother could

stop me running from the schoolroom to be with him.

I wish now, I so wish now, that he could call me away again.

I know that my mother thinks I am a foolish girl, and my brother thinks

worse; but if I were Queen of England, the king could trust me with my position, I

would not break into French fashions or Italian dances, They could trust me, the

king could trust his honor to me. I know how important is a man's honor, and I

have no desire to be anything but a good girl, a good queen. But I also believe that


97

however strict the King of England, I would be allowed to sit in the window of

my own castle. Whatever they say of Henry of England, I think he would tell me

honestly if I offended him, and not order my mother to beat me for something

else.


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