contoh proposal projek

7/26/2019 Contoh Proposal Projek

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Project 1 Green Life Charge

KOTA KINABALU

GREEN LIFE CHARGE

NAME NUMBER ID

EIWAN AZRUL HAMIRUN 07DEP12F2021

MUHAMMAD HAZWAN MUKSIN 07DEP12F2017

KARNOH SAIM 07QEP13F2001

DIPLOMA ELECTRONIC (COMUNICATION)

DISEMBER 2014

Chapte 1! ! ! ! !


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INTRODUCTION

1!1 Ba"#$%&' P%e"t

charge baer! "#ch a" $%&'er ba()* +" #"e,#- ,&r ".ar,&(e

(&' a /a!" h+" +" beca#"e &(-! '+h ".a-- ca%ac+! baer! "#re

(& e(gh he #"e &, %&'er ba() +" & charge he baer! '+h

c#rre( a(/ ea"+-! & br+(g eer!'here # he /+"a/a(age +" he

%&'er ba() (ee/ & be recharge '+h e-ecr+c e(erg! S& 'e /ec+/e

& .a)e charge ha (& (ee/ & recharge '+h e-ecr+ca- e(erg!

a(!.&re he (a.e &, he %r&4ec ha 'e .a)e +" a $gree( -+,e

e(erg!*

Ab he $gree( L+,e 5harge*6 h+" %r&4ec +" a ge(erae he

".a-- a.( e-ecr+c+! ,&r a ".ar%h&(e6 & re%-ace.e( he %&'er

ba() ech(&-&g!6 he $ree( L+,e charge* +" er! #"e,#- a(/ er!

char.6 -&' c&"6 a-"& (& (ee/ & %a!.e(6 beca#"e he /e+ce" ca(

be ge(erae he e-ecr+c+! + "e-, b! #"+(g .ag(e+c ,+e-/6 "& ! ca(

"ae ! .&(e! ,&r he e-ecr+c+!

P%*+e, -tate,e't


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a"e/ &( he %r&b-e.6 'e "ee ha .a(! charge +" #"e,#-- b#

+ ha" -+.+ a" e8a.%-e +" %&'er ba() ha (ee/ & recharge a,er ha"

bee( #"e h&' eer %&'er ba() ha hae %r&b-e.6 he %r&b-e. +"

'a"+(g r & recharge6 "& ba"e &( he %r&b-e.6 %e&%-e "& -a9! &

#"e he %&'er ba()6 a)e .a(! +.e & 'a++(g S& ,r&. he

%r&b-e. "ae.e(6 'e creae &(e /e+ce" he (a.e +" $ree( L+,e

5harge* & cha(ge %&'er ba() ech(&-&g!

O*e"t./e

he &b4ec+e +" & .a)e %e&%-e ea"+er charg+(g he+r &(

".ar%h&(e '+h #"+(g %&'er "rce ,r&. he baer! a(/

e-ecr+c+! e"+/e ha6 + +" %&rab-e a(/ 'e (& (ee/ & '&rr! ab

he %&'er "rce H&'eer + +" a-"& (& -+.+ e(erg! : ca(

ge(erae h&' .#ch ! 'a(6 beca#"e he /e+ce" ha hae

#(-+.+e/ %&'er

S"%pe- % St&

he "c&%e &, h+" %r&4ec are #(/er"a(/+(g he &er+e'

c&(ce% &, h!/r& %&'er6 beca#"e r %r&4ec /e"+g( 4#" a -+)e a

h!/r& %&'er "rce6 b! #(/er"a(/+(g + &%era+&( a(/ )(&'-e/ge6

'e ca( creae he .+(+ h!/r& %&'er ,&r a( ".ar%h&(e6 h+" %r&4ec

#"+(g he 5PU ,a( ,&r ge(erae he %&'er6 .ag(e #"e ,&r "%+(+(g

he c%# ,a(6 a-"& c+rc#+ b&ar/ a(/ US ,e.a-e %&r


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Chapte 2! ! ! ! !

LITERATURE REIE3

2!1 INTRODUCTION

A -+era#re re+e' +" a b&/! &, e8 ha a+." & re+e' hecr++ca- %&+(" &, c#rre( )(&'-e/ge a(/ &r .eh&/&-&g+ca-

a%%r&ache" &( a %ar+c#-ar &%+c L+era#re re+e'" are "ec&(/ar!

"rce"6 a(/ a" "#ch6 /& (& re%&r a(! (e' &r &r+g+(a- e8%er+.e(a-

'&r)

M&" &,e( a""&c+ae/ '+h aca/e.+c;&r+e(e/ -+era#re6 "#ch

a" he"e"6 a -+era#re re+e' #"#a--! %rece/e" a re"earch %r&%&"a-

a(/ re"#-" "ec+&( I" #-+.ae g&a- +" & br+(g he rea/er #% & /ae

'+h c#rre( -+era#re &( a &%+c a(/ ,&r." he ba"+" ,&r a(&her

g&a-6 "#ch a" ,##re re"earch ha .a! be (ee/e/ +( he area A 'e--;

"r#c#re/ -+era#re re+e' +" characer+9e/ b! a -&g+ca- ,-&' &,

+/ea"< c#rre( a(/ re-ea( re,ere(ce" '+h c&("+"e(6 a%%r&%r+ae

re,ere(c+(g "!-e< %r&%er #"e &, er.+(&-&g! a(/ a( #(b+a"e/ a(/c&.%rehe("+e +e' &, he %re+" re"earch &( he &%+c

he re%&r ha 'e 'a( & be %r&/#ce/ (ee/e/ a ,e' ,ac&r

ha "h-/ be a)e( c&("+/era+&( #(+- ha %r&4ec +.%-e.e(e/

& ge a =#a-+! %r&4ec re"#-6 'e (ee/ & "#/! ab he !%e &,

.aer+a-6 /e"+g( 6 c&.%&(e(" ha 'e #"e/6 ,ra.e'&r) +("a--a+&( 6


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+("a--a+&( .eh&/ a(/ .a+(e(a(ce 6-ee- &, %r&/#c "a,e!6

"r#c#ra- "re(gh6 %r&4ec "+9e a(/ "& &( ha 'e (ee/ .a)e + a(/

c&("+/er he re"#- ha 'e ge h+" +" a-- e("#re ha (& a(!

%r&b-e." '-/ ar+"e /#r+(g he c&.%-e+&( &r ee( 'he(

%re"e(+(g he %r&4ec

He(ce6 "!"e.a+c a(/ /ea+-e/ %-a((+(g .#" be arra(ge/ ,&r

%r&/#ce a c&.%-ee a(/ %er,ec %r&4ec F+r" "e% ha 'e (ee/

.a/e +6 'a" /e"+g( /a#b >")ech+(g? ,&r ge he rea- +.age &,

.ach+(e ha 'e 'a( & be %r&/#ce/ D#e & h+"6 he '&r) /e"+g(

a(/ "#/! ha 'e .a/e +" a c&(+(#+(g %r&ce"" a(/ + +(&-+(g

%r&b-e. "&-+(g ac++! crea+e-! (a.e-! 'h+ch +" )(&'( a"

-+era#re "#/!


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2!2 CPU a'

A c&.%#er ,a( +" a(! ,a(+("+/e6 &r aache/ &6 a c&.%#er

ca"e#"e/ ,&r ac+e c&&-+(g6 a(/ .a! re,er & ,a(" ha /ra' c&&-er a+r+(& he ca"e ,r&. he "+/e6 e8%e- 'ar. a+r ,r&. +("+/e6 &r .&e a+r

acr&"" a hea "+()& c&&- a %ar+c#-ar c&.%&(e(

2!2!1 CPU a' et&e

12@

37.A

0BW

F+g#re 222 5%# ,a(

2!D.%e

I( e-ecr&(+c" a /+&/e +" a '&;er.+(a- e-ecr&(+c c&.%&(e(

'h+ch c&(/#c" e-ecr+c c#rre( a"!..er+ca--! &r #(+/+rec+&(a-ca--e/ he ,&r'ar/ /+rec+&(? 'h+-e b-&c)+(g

c#rre( +( he &%%&"+e /+rec+&( >he reer"e /+rec+&(? h#"6 he

/+&/e ca( be hgh &, a" a( e-ecr&(+c er"+&( &, a chec) a-e

h+" #(+/+rec+&(a- beha+&r +" ca--e/ rec+,+ca+&(6 a(/ +" #"e/ &

c&(er a-er(a+(g c#rre( & /+rec c#rre(6 a(/ re.&e .&/#-a+&(

,r&. ra/+& "+g(a-" +( ra/+& rece+er"

F+g#re 27C D+&/e

F+g#re 2C D+&/e S!.b&-"


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2!5 Ta'-.-t%

A ta'-.-t%+" a "e.+c&(/#c&r /e+ce#"e/

& a.%-+,!a(/ "'+che-ecr&(+c"+g(a-" a(/ e-ecr+ca- %&'er I +"

c&.%&"e/ &, "e.+c&(/#c&r.aer+a- '+h a -ea" hree er.+(a-"

,&r c&((ec+&( & a( e8er(a- c+rc#+ A &-age &r c#rre(a%%-+e/ &

&(e %a+r &, he ra("+"&r" er.+(a-" cha(ge" he c#rre( hrgh

a(&her %a+r &, er.+(a-" eca#"e he c&(r&--e/ >%#?%&'erca(

be h+gher ha( he c&(r&--+(g >+(%#? %&'er6 a ra("+"&r

ca(a.%-+,!a "+g(a- &/a!6 "&.e ra("+"&r" are %ac)age/

+(/++/#a--!6 b# .a(! .&re are ,(/ e.be//e/ +( +(egrae/

c+rc#+"

F+g#re 21 "!.b&- &, ra("+"&r

F+g#re 22 ra("+"&r

2!5 USB e,a+e p%t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit


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U(+er"a- Ser+a- #" >US? +" a( +(/#"r! "a(/ar//ee-&%e/ +( he

.+/;10" ha /e,+(e" he cab-e"6 c&((ec&r" a(/c&..#(+ca+&("

%r&&c&-"#"e/ +( ab#",&r c&((ec+&(6 c&..#(+ca+&(6 a(/ %&'er "#%%-!

be'ee( c&.%#er"a(/ e-ecr&(+c /e+ce"

F+g#re 2B1 #"b ,e.a-e %&r

2!6 Capa".t%

A ca%ac+&r >&r+g+(a--! )(&'( a" a c&(/e("er? +"

a%a""+e'&;er.+(a-e-ecr+ca- c&.%&(e(#"e/ &

"&re e(erg!e-ecr&"a+ca--!+( a( e-ecr+c ,+e-/ he ,&r." &,

%rac+ca- ca%ac+&r" ar! '+/e-!6 b# a-- c&(a+( a -ea"

'& e-ecr+ca- c&(/#c&r">%-ae"? "e%arae/ b! a /+e-ecr+c he

c&(/#c&r" ca( be h+( ,+-."6 ,&+-" &r "+(ere/ bea/" &, .ea- &r

c&(/#c+e e-ecr&-!e6 ec he (&(c&(/#c+(g /+e-ecr+c ac" &

+(crea"e he ca%ac+&r" charge ca%ac+! A /+e-ecr+c ca( be g-a""6

cera.+c6 %-a"+c ,+-.6 a+r6 ac##.6 %a%er6 .+ca6 &8+/e -a!er ec

5a%ac+&r" are '+/e-! #"e/ a" %ar" &, e-ecr+ca- c+rc#+"+( .a(!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuit


10/31


c&..&( e-ecr+ca- /e+ce" U(-+)e are"+"&r6 a( +/ea- ca%ac+&r /&e"

(& /+""+%ae e(erg! I("ea/6 a ca%ac+&r "&re" e(erg!+( he ,&r.

&, a( e-ecr&"a+c ,+e-/be'ee( +" %-ae"

F+g#re 2G1 "!.b&- &, ca%ac+&r

F+g#re 2G2 5a%ac+&r
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field


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CHAPTER ! ! ! ! !

METHODOLOG7

!1 I't%&"t.%'

Meh&/&-&g! ca( be he a(a-!"+" &, he %r+(c+%-e" &, .eh&/"6

r#-e"6 a(/ %&"#-ae" e.%-&!e/ b! a /+"c+%-+(e6 he "!"e.a+c "#/! &,

.eh&/" ha are6 ca( be6 &r hae bee( a%%-+e/ '+h+( a /+"c+%-+(e &r a

%ar+c#-ar %r&ce/#re &r "e &, %r&ce/#re"

Meh&/&-&g! +(c-#/e" a %h+-&"&%h+ca--! c&here( c&--ec+&( &,

he&r+e"6 c&(ce%" &r +/ea" a" he! re-ae & a %ar+c#-ar /+"c+%-+(e &r ,+e-/

&, +(=#+r! Meh&/&-&g! re,er" & .&re ha( a "+.%-e "e &, .eh&/"6

raher + re,er" & he ra+&(a-e a(/ he %h+-&"&%h+ca- a""#.%+&(" ha

#(/er-+e a %ar+c#-ar "#/! re-a+e & he "c+e(+,+c .eh&/ h+" +" 'h!

"ch&-ar-! -+era#re &,e( +(c-#/e" a "ec+&( &( he .eh&/&-&g! &, he

re"earcher"

Each "e% &, %r&4ec +" a %r&ce"" & c&.%-ee he %r&4ec Eer! "e% .#"

be ,&--&'e/ &(e b! &(e a(/ .#" be /&(e care,#--! I, "&.e err&r &cc#r" +

ca( .a)e

a %r&4ec %r&bab-! c-/ (& &%erae &r /& (& -&&) (ea a(/ %er,ec

e,&re he %r&4ec ,+(+"h6 ar+" %r&ce"" (ee/" & be /&(e acc&r/+(g &

%r&%er %r&ce/#re" & e("#re ha %r&4ec" /& (& hae a(! %r&b-e."A.&(g he .ea"#re" he '&r) /&(e +( %re%ar+(g h+" %r&4ec are


12/31


Pr&ce"" &, /e"+g(+(g c+rc#+

5+rc#+ b&ar/ race

S&-/er+(g %r&ce"" +( c+rc#+ b&ar/


13/31


!1!1 F+%8 Chat P+a' O P%e"t


14/31


!1!2 F+%8 Chat 1!09 P+a' O P%e"t


15/31


!2 Ga'tt Chat

3EEK : ACTIIT7

3

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1

3

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2

3

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4

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PRIED 5IR5UI OARD? h+" ac+/ +" Ac+/ Ferr+c

5h-&r+/e III Ac+/ Ferr+c 5h-&r+/e III +" #"e/ & re.&e ha c&%%er"

he "e%" &, he ech+(g %r&ce"" areC

+ Pr+( he "che.a+c &(& ra("%are( %a%er a(/ c# + '+h he

"a.e "+9e &, P5 b&ar/


21/31


F+g#re 3 ra("%are( Pa%er ha Hae 5#

++ S+c) he "che.a+c /+agra. &( P5 b&ar/

+++ Pa"e he ech+(g c+rc#+ &(& ra("%are( %a%er '+h U@

&ar/ #"+(g e8%&"e .ach+(e I" & .a)e P5 %a%er 4&+(e/

'+h b&ar/

+ h+" %r&ce"" a)e" ab 30 "ec&(/

F+g#re 3B U@ E8%&"e Pr&ce""

D+-#e he ac+/ '+h a -+-e h& 'aer a(/ .a)e "#re ha he

.+8#re +" (& && -+=#+/ a(/ && c&(ce(rae/


22/31


+ he(6 %# he b&ar/ +(& he .+8e/ >Ac+/ Ferr+c 5h-&r+/e III

H& 'aer? & re.&e he #"e-e"" c&%%er

F+g#re 3GC Pr&ce"" & Re.&e U(#"e/ 5h&%%er

++ Whe( P5 'a" "&a)e/ +(& h+" .+86 'e .#" a-'a!" "ha)e

he c&(a+(er '+h he ac+/ "& ha he #('a(e/ c&%%er '+--

re.&e

+++ A,er Ac+/ re.&e #(#"e/ c&%%er6 a)e he P5 & 'a"h '+h

c-ea( 'aer

+8 he(6 #"e "a(/ %a%er & r#b he -+(e" c&-&r" I( a//++&(6

/eerge( %&'/er ca( a-"& be #"e/ & re.&e he +() Ne86

4#" -eae &(-! he /e"+re/ c+rc#+ P5 &(-!


23/31


!6 D.++.'$ P%"e--

!6!1 Mate.a+ a' E>&.p,e't- 9

e(ch c-a.% &r "#%%&r

D& %#(ch &r "har% &&-

Dr+--+(g .ach+(e &r ha(/ /r+--

1.. b+"

!6!2 I't%&"t.%' % D.++.'$ P%"e--

A,er he ech+(g %r&ce"" ,+(+"he/6 he P5 '+-- be %#(che/ #"+(g

ha(/ /r+--+(g .ach+(e H&-e +" (ece""ar! & .( c&.%&(e(

>e8a.%-eC re"+"&r6 ca%ac+&r6 +(/#c&r6 +% 1226 cr!"a-6 PI5 ba"e a(/

ec? e,&re /r+--+(g6 a /& %#(ch +" #"e/ & .ar) he h&-e %&"++&(

h+" "ere" a" a "ha--&' g#+/e ,&r he /r+-- b+ & a-+g( ea"+-! 'h+-e

/r+--+(g A(! &her "har% %&+(e/ &&- ca( be #"e & /& he .ar)+(g

P&+("e!e /r+-- #"e/ .#" be a%%r&%r+ae & he h&-e & be %#(che/

be'ee( 07B & 10 ..

he %#r%&"e &, h+" %r&ce"" +" & ,ac+-+ae he +("a--a+&( '&r) &(

he c+rc#+ c&.%&(e(" &, he P5 D#r+(g /r+--+(g6 /& (& be

%re""e/ && "r&(g beca#"e + .a! ca#"e e!e /r+-- br&)e( #% a(/

/a(ger" ,&r he %e&%-e ar(/ H&-/ he /r+-- "ea/! a(/ /r+-- +(

"ra+gh "-&'-! he h&-e '+-- be /r+--e/ '+h -+-e ,&rce a%%-+e/


24/31


!; I'-et the C%,p%'e't

F&& &, c&.%&(e( 'a" +("ere/ +(& he /r+--e/ h&-e ha ha" bee(

c&.%-ee/ I +" ea"+er +, "are/ '+h he -&' c&.%&(e( ,+r"

5&.%&(e(" ha are +("a--e/ .#" be +("%ece/ %r+&r & #"e .#-+.eer &

,+(/ 'heher he"e c&.%&(e(" are +( g&&/ c&(/++&( &r (& h+"

%r&ce"" +" =#+e +.%&ra( beca#"e 'e "h-/ +("er he c&.%&(e(

c&rrec-! & a&+/ ,r&. c+rc#+ ,a+-#re e"+/e"6 "&.e c&.%&(e(" haehe+r &'( %&-e -+)e /+&/e6 ca%ac+&r a(/ &her e-"e A,er ,+(+"he/ he

+("er+(g %r&ce""6 'e chec) + &(ce aga+( '+h he "che.a+c & .a)e "#re

a-- he c&.%&(e( 'ere a he %&"++&( &r h&-e"

!< S%+e.'$ P%"e--

S&-/er+(g +" /e,+(e/ a" he 4&+(+(g &, .ea-" b! a ,#"+&( &, a--&!"

'h+ch hae re-a+e-! -&' .e-+(g %&+(" I( &her '&r/"6 'e #"e a .ea-

ha ha" a -&' .e-+(g %&+( & a/here he "#r,ace" & be "&-/ere/&geher

S&-/er+(g +" .&re -+)e g-#+(g '+h .&-e( .ea- ha( a(!h+(g e-"e

S&-/er+(g +" a-"& a .#" hae ")+-- ,&r a-- "&r" &, e-ecr+ca- a(/ e-ecr&(+c"'&r) I +" a-"& a ")+-- ha .#" be a#gh c&rrec-! a(/ /ee-&%e/ '+h

%rac+ce

Se%" & S&-/er C


25/31


+ Q#+c)-! re.&e he +% &, he "&-/er+(g +r&( ,r&. Hea #% he

"&-/er+(g +r&( ,&r ,+e & 10 .+(#e"6 a--&'+(g he +r&( & reach

.a8+.#. &%era+(g e.%era#re I, he "&-/er+(g +r&( ha" '&

e.%era#re "e+(g" "e-ecab-e '+h a "'+ch6 "e-ec -&'er

e.%era#re 'he( "&-/er+(g ".a-- e-ecr&(+c c&.%&(e(" & a b&ar/

a(/ "e-ec he h+gher e.%era#re 'he( "&-/er+(g hea+er '+re"

A%%-! a ".a-- a.( &, "&-/er & he +% a(/ r&ae "& he e(+re +%

bec&.e" -+gh-! c&ere/ '+h a h+( -a!er &, "&-/er h+" +" ca--e/

+((+(g he +%

++ 5&((ec he '& "#r,ace" & be "&-/ere/ &geher "& he .ea- %ar"

are ch+(g I, "&-/er+(g '+re"6 "+.%-! '+" he '& '+re e(/"

&geher "& he! /&( %#-- a%ar 'h+-e be+(g "&-/ere/ I, "&-/er+(g

e-ecr&(+c c&.%&(e("6 "+.%-! "ea he c&.%&(e( '+re" +(& he

h&-e" &, he c+rc#+ b&ar/ 'here he c&.%&(e( +" & be %-ace/

+++ ch he h& +% &, he "&-/er+(g +r&( & a-- .ea- %ar" ch+(g

&geher "& he! are ee(-! heae/ A--&' he "#r,ace & hea ,&r 4#"

hree & ,+e "ec&(/"6 he( ch he +% &, he "&-/er & he heae/

.ea- &b4ec"6 (& /+rec-! & he +% &, he "&-/er+(g +r&( A--&' a

".a-- a.( &, "&-/er & ,-&' &(& he .ea- c&.%&(e(" &r '+re"

#(+- 4#" e(gh "&-/er ha" bee( a%%-+e/ & c&er he e(+re "#r,ace

&, he '+re" &r c&.%&(e("

+ he "&-/ere/ "#r,ace a(/ '+%e he +% &, he +r&( &( a 'e "%&(ge

+..e/+ae-! & re.&e "&-/er W+%+(g he "&-/er &,, he +% '+--

%ree( + ,r&. b#r(+(g a(/ ,&r.+(g a b-ac) c&a &( he "&-/er+(g

+r&( +%


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A--&' he "&-/er 4&+( & c&&- ,&r "eera- .+(#e" be,&re a%%-!+(g

%&'er & he '+re" &r he /e+ce "&-/ere/

!= C."&.t Te-t.'$

F&r e"+(g a(/ +.%r&e.e( %r&ce""6 'e &&) a-.&" ,r 'ee)" & .a)e

+ '&r) I( he ca-e(/ar %r&4ec ac+++e"6 'e 'ere g+e( ,r 'ee)" &

"e-e a-- he e"+(g a(/ +.%r&e.e( %r&ce"" he %#r%&"e &, e"+(g he

e-ecr+c 'a" & /eer.+(e/ a(/ -&cae/ a(! &, he ,&--&'+(g c&(/++&(" C

1? A( &%e( c+rc#+

2? A "h&r c+rc#+ '+h a(&her c&(/#c&r +( he "a.e c+rc#+

3? A gr(/6 'h+ch +" a "h&r c+rc#+ be'ee( he c&(/#c&r a(/c+rc#+

? Lea)age > a h+gh re"+"a(ce %ah acr&"" a %&r+&( &, he c+rc#+6

& a(&her c+rc#+6 &r & gr(/ ?

B? A cr&"" > a "h&r c+rc#+ &r -ea)age be'ee( c&(/#c&r" &,

/+,,ere( c+rc#+ ?

A" a ,+r" "e%6 'e hae /&(e he "h&r c+rc#+ e"+(g #"+(g a( a(a-&g

.#-+.eer e,&re #"e/ he .#-+.eer6 'e "e #% he .#-+.eer & 9er&

& %&+(er he .eer e8ac-! &( he 9er& -+(e6 'e r&ae he a/4#"+(g "cre'6

he( 'e c&((ec he .#-+.eer %r&be" & he c+rc#+ be+(g e"e/ A,er

ha6 'e &b"ere/ he .eer (ee/-e .&e.e( L#c)+-! he (ee/-e /&e" (&

.&e6 h+" .ea(" c+rc#+ 'a" (& "h&r


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he( 'e .&e &( he "ec&(/ "e%6 'h+ch +" e"+(g a( &%e( c+rc#+ O%e(

c+rc#+ e"6 "&.e+.e" ca--e/ (& -&a/ e"6 +" &(e &, he .eh&/ +(

e-ecr+ca- e(g+(eer+(g &r/er & /eer.+(e a brea) e8+"" +( a c&.%-ee

c&(/#c+(g %ah'a! O%e( c+rc#+ ca( ca#"e b! e8ce""+e c#rre( Aga+(6

.#-+.eer 'a" #"e/ & chec)

'heher he c+rc#+" are &%e( &r +( (&r.a- c&(/++&( We &(-! gae he

re=#+re/ c#rre( & he c+rc#+6 "& 'e /+/ (& ,ace a( &%e( c+rc#+ %r&b-e.

h+" .ea( r c+rc#+" 'ere +( (&r.a- c&(/++&(

!10 T%&*+e-h%%t.'$

he .&" %r&b-e. -+)e he ,a#- "&-/er+(g 5hec) a-- he "&-/er+(g 4&+(

"#"%+c+" I, ! /+"c&er he "h&r rac) &r he "h&r "&-/er+(g 4&+(6 re;"&-/er a ha %&+( a(/ chec) &her he "&-/er+(g 4&+( 5hec) he %&"++&(

&, a-- c&.%&(e( &( he P5 See ha here are (& c&.%&(e(" .+""+(g

&r +("ere/ +( he 'r&(g %-ace" Ma)e "#re ha a-- he %&-ar+"e/

c&.%&(e(" hae bee( "&-/ere/ he r+gh 'a! r(/


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!11 P%e"t De-.$'at.%'

!11!1 Re-ea"h a' A'a+-.- P%e"t

Re"earch +" +.%&ra( & e("#re he %r&4ec ha +" !e & %r&gre""

ca( hae a g&&/ "ar "& ha + '-/ (& c&" a(! %r&b-e. /#r+(g

he %r&4ec /ee-&%.e( S&6 he +a- +(,&r.a+&( "#ch a" he

c+rc#+6 he c&.%&(e( #"age 6he c&..erc+a- (ee/" a(/ .#ch are

+(/ee/ +.%&ra( I +" a" he c+rc#+6 e("#re he ca( #(/er"a(/

.&re &( h&' +.%&ra( +" he %r&4ec he "rce ca( be &ba+(e/

,r&. -ec#re"6 b&&)" a(/ a-"& +(er(e

!11!2 The P%e"t Re%,at.%'

We .#" rea/ a(/ #(/er"a(/ a-- /aa ha 'e hae Daa a(/

+(,&r.a+&( hae & be c&.%+-e/ a(/ a-- +(,&r.a+&( 'e ha/ g& ha/

& be arra(ge/ "!"e.a+ca--! ,&r %r&gre"" Fr&. +.e a--

+(,&r.a+&( a(/ /aa .#" & #%gra/e ,&r +(,&r.a+&( a(/ ,&--&'

he %r&4ec" %r&gre""+&(


29/31


!11! Se--.%' D.-"&--.%' a' P%*+e, Sett+e

D+"c#""+&( "e""+&( 'ere he-/ eer! 'ee) & /+"c#"" he %r&4ec

/ee-&%.e( A-- he %r&b-e. are /+"c#""e/ "& ha + ca( be "&-e/

=#+c)-! Pr&b-e. ha ca( be ha(/-e/ 'ere && a//re""e/ =#+c)-!

& he %r&4ec "#%er+"&r & .a)e he %r&4ec /+,,+c#- eer!h+(g

ha +" g&+(g & be /&(e .#" be %-a((e/ %r&%er-! >%r&%er %-a((+(g?

h+" ca( e("#re he %r&4ec ,-&' +" ".&&h '+h a(!+(err#%+&("


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REFERENCE! ! ! ! !

h%Ce('+)+%e/+a&rg'+)+5a%ac+&r

h%C",%r+.e(e%cb;ech+(g

h%Ce('+)+%e/+a&rg'+)+5&.%#er,a(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://sfprime.net/pcb-etching/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://sfprime.net/pcb-etching/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_fan


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Atta"h,e't! ! ! ! !

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