assignment biology- basic life

7/28/2019 Assignment Biology- Basic Life

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830528095005 HBSC1203- YUSRIZAL BIN AHMAD

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FAKULTI BAHASA DAN PENDIDIKAN

MEI 2012

HBSC1203

BIOLOGY 1: BASICS OF LIFE

NAMA : YUSRIZAL BIN AHMAD

NO. MATRIK : 830528095005001

NO. KAD PENGENALAN : 830528095005

NO.TELEFON : 0129050736

E-MAIL : [email protected]

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN : PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN PETALING JAYA

PENSYARAH : PUAN NAZIMAH BINTI ABDULLAH


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Acknowledge

I take this opportunity to acknowledge few important persons. I wish to thank Puan Nazimah binti Abdullah, Science lecturer of OUM as really put her effort on as to make surethis assignment able to be submitted on time. Plenty of time had been used to the max andeach side of the topic has been explored together in group tutor was helpful indeed for the

task as well as the preparation for the examination. Not to forget, thumb up to my friendswho gave me moral support in gaining and learning more as sometime I almost give up whenthe dateline for OUM and school work are on the same dot. Really appreciate peoples aroundme for continuously burn the midnight flame. Thank you.


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The classes of food that contained in the food eaten by Sharmin.

Food Class of Food Additional infoWhite rice Carbohydrates

Consist of 3 elements

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Starch- polysaccharide

Main source of energyFrom supporting structure such ascell walls function as a storagecompound.

FriedChicken

Proteins Complex organic substances

which are made up carbonhydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Essentials amino acids are

amino acid are amino acid thatcan be made by body.Fat

Protein need for the growth of newcells and repairing warn out or damage body tissue

SteamedFish

Proteins water

Egg inchillicoconutmilk

Sub group of the compound known aslipids.

Fat is an organic compound thatcontains carbon, hydrogen andoxygen insoluble in water.

Fats keep our body warm Heat insulator Component of photo

plasmic membrane Sources of energy.

egg Protein Sources of animal protein. Sources of essential amino acid

Protein need to produce enzyme,hormone and some component of antibodies.

Yogurt VitaminsOrganic compound vital for body as:

Maintain good health

Water soluble vitamin c.

Lime juice Vitamin c and water Maintaining good health Transporting agent Regulate body temperature Major compound of blood Maintain soft and radiant skin


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Elaboration on classes of the food.

White rice is in the class of carbohydrate and it consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

and starch in the class of polysaccharide. Carbohydrate is the main source of energy from

supporting structure. It reacts as a wall cell as and play important role as a storage

compound. The fried chicken is in the class of protein. It contains complex organic

substances which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Protein able to help

to grow the new cells and repairing worn out or damage the tissue. Steamed fish taken by

Sharmin also is in the class of protein.

Meanwhile, egg in chili coconut milk are in the class of protein and fat. Fat in the coconut

milk and egg is organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in soluble

water. Fat can keep our body warm as it will insulate the heat. Fat also stand as a component

of protoplasmic membrane. While in the egg itself contain a high source of protein and it is a

source of essential amino acid.

Last but not least, the food taken by Sharmin is the lime juice and it is classified as vitamin

and water. Vitamin c and water in the lime juice will maintain good health. Water also reacts

as a transporting agent and water as major component of blood, body fluids, digestive juice

and urine.

The process of digestion .

Digestion is the process of breaking down food from complex substance into simpler soluble

molecules to be absorbed by the body. Digestion in human can be divided into main

categories, chemical digestion and Physical or mechanical digestion. In chemical digestion, a

large molecules will be break down, for instance, starch, protein and fat will be break down

into smaller molecules. However physical and mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces, by doing so mechanical digestion increases the surface

area of the food available for chemical digestion.


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Stages of digestion.

Digestion system begins with the mouth where the food enters ingestion . The food entersalementary canal, it is digested the complex food is break into simple subunits. The simple

subunits then enter blood and lymph where the phase of absorption . The absorbed nutrient

bought by the body cell and assimilated and converted into complex molecules for growth

and repair (metabolic activities). Finally undigested foods will engested from the body.

The process of digestion can be divided into three: those are digestion in mouth , digestion

in the stomach and digestion in small intestine.

When the food entering the mouth, chewing action will take placed and it will be broke

into smaller parcel. The saliva in the mouth will stimulate by the food and secreting of

salivary glands. The food will mix well with saliva by the help of tongue as it has salivary

amylase which begins the breakdown of starch to maltose. Later, the chewed food is rolled

into bolus and prepares to be swallowed. The food then entered oesophagus by a peristalsis

(wave-like muscle contraction).

However, digestions in stomach take place when food will stay in stomach for number of hours. By that period, food will churned and mix with the gastric juice due to peristalsis

contraction of the stomach wall. When the content of the stomach become a semifluid called

chime, food will enter the first part of small intestine called duodenum.

Hence, the digestion in the duodenum will receive secretions from the gall bladder (bile)

and pancreas (pancreatic juice).Protein, starch and fat will be digested in duodenum. Besides

duodenum jejunum and ileum in the small intestine also produce intestinal juices to complete

the digestion and absorbed the food. While in large intestine, the remains or the food that

can t be absorbed will be stored as faeces in the rectum and will be defecated through anus.


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The process of digestion on Carbohydrate, protein, fats and vitamin in

Sharmins body.

Carbohydrates

Carbs begin to digest in the mouth, where enzymes in saliva start breaking complex

molecules down into simpler sugars. Chewed-up carbs then pass through the oesophagus and

stomach with little additional digestion. In the small intestine, they are broken down into the

simplest sugar molecules, which are then absorbed through the small intestine walls into the

bloodstream and used by the body as fuel or sent for storage in the liver for use at a later

time. Fibre, the indigestible cell walls found in carb plant foods such as beans, brown rice and

whole wheat, passes through the digestive tract essentially undigested.

Proteins

Protein is found in meat, eggs, dairy products and beans, and is used by the body to build

muscle and organs. Protein molecules are quite large. Chewing helps break proteins down

into smaller particles for digestion. Chemical protein digestion starts in the stomach, where

enzymes start to soften the protein molecules. A number of enzymes, including substances

from the pancreas, then break down protein into its component amino acids in the small

intestine. Amino acids are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the

bloodstream and distributed throughout the body to repair injuries and replace dying cells.

Fats

Fats and oils do not easily dissolve into the watery digestive juices of the intestinal tract. Bile,

produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, can attach to molecules of both water and

fat. Bile breaks up conglomerations of fat in the digestive tract into smaller emulsified

particles, where lipase, a fat-digesting enzyme, can break it down. The broken down fat

particles -- fatty acids and cholesterol -- are absorbed through the intestinal walls into the

bloodstream, where they accumulate in the chest veins and are then carried to fat-deposit

areas throughout the body to be stored and used for fuel when necessary.


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Vitamins

As food is broken down by digestive juices, the intestines also absorb necessary vitamins for

use in a variety of body functions, from fighting inflammation to repairing nerve damage.

Water soluble vitamins such as B complex and C are only absorbed through the intestinal

walls to the extent that the body has an immediate need for them; any excess is excreted in

the urine, and new quantities of these vitamins must be consumed each day for optimal

health. Fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, E and K are absorbed through the intestinal walls

and stored in the liver and adipose tissue, or body fat, for use when needed.


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The process of digestion in human .


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Lacking food in Sharmins menu and the consequences.

From Sharmins lunch menu, he didnt take adequate fruits and vegetables. Lack fruits and

vegetables mean lack fibre taken by Sharmin and it will bring harm to the digestion. Sharmin

will possibly face constipation when the remains in the body can t be move out easily from

intestine as the faeces get harder. Besides constipation, Sharmin will get a risk of having

colon cancer as he took too much fatty food such as coconut milk and chicken that has been

fried. The higher fatty in the food taken will drive to malignant tumours of the colon. This

happened when fat metabolism is breakdown and the reaction will produce chemical that

could harm the colon.

Sharmin took less water in his menu and this will lead to increase the body temperature

as water can maintain the normal body temperature as it will cool down the heat of the body

and prevent viral to attack the body. The normal body temperature is not suitable for viral and

diseases to grow in the body. Water circulated all nutrients and distributes them all over the

body. This will ensure Sharmin stays healthy.

Lack of vegetables can also cause many diseases as multi vitamins can be found in the

fruits vegetables and less in taking will influence the health. For instance, lack of vitamin D

can drive to incomplete development of teeth and bone and soft pliable bones (ricket),meanwhile lack taking of vitamin b can cause Beriberi.

Suggestion of menu that need to be added on by Sharmin in order to

maintain good health.

Sharmin can prepare a fresh salad for his side dish as it contains a lot of vitamin that good

for his health. Sharmin also has to take more fibre that can be gained from oat and barley as

they could absorb cholesterol and help in defecating. Besides, Sharmin can also takevegetable soup to increase the liquid in his body that might help to overcome heat. He also

can reduce fat by changing the coconut milk into low fat milk. He also can choose to eat mix

tom yam as it contain vegetable such as tomato and the sour taste and chilies might help in

cutting down cholesterol. Instead of lime juice, he can resort to watermelon or banana juice

as these contain vitamin and high in fibre. Sharmin can refer to the food pyramid in order to

take balance diet. According to the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG) 2010, food such as

rice, noodle, bread, cereals and tubers should be consumed 4 to 8 serving per day. Threeserving of vegetables per day.Two serving of food per day, -2 serving of fish. Hence,


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Poltry, meat and legumes per day and he should consumes less fats, Oil sugar and salt. As the

conclusion, Sharmins diet must meet with the requirement of seven classes of food to

maintain good health.

Food pyramid shows the balance diet.


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REFERENCES.

Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 2nd ed. New

York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.

J. E. Morton, Guts: The Form and Function of the Digestive System (1967); H. W. Davenport, Physiology of the Digestive Tract: An Introductory Text (3d ed. 1971).

The American Dietetic Association, The American Diabetics Associaton, Inc. (1995). Exchange Listsfor Meal Planning.


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