amalan pembelajaran koperatif oleh guru matematik

7/28/2019 Amalan Pembelajaran Koperatif Oleh Guru Matematik

1/11

AMALAN PEMBELAJARAN KOPERATIF OLEH GURU MATEMATIK

AZLAN BIN IBRAHIM, JABATAN MATEMATIK, Maktan Perguruan Kuala Terengganu

Tujuan kajian ini ialah untuk meninjau amalan Pembelajaran Koperatif (PK) oleh guru-guru matematik sekolah rendah daerah Kuala Terengganu berdasarkankekerapan aktiviti PK, masalah pengurusan bilik darjah, persediaan dari segi pengetahuan dan kemahiran PK, persepsi guru-guru tentang PK, minat danpenglibatan pelajar terhadap PK (daripada perspektif guru) dan minat guru-guru terhadap PK. Perkaitan amalan PK dengan lokasi sekolah, jantina guru danpengalaman mengajar juga ditentukan. Seramai 70 orang responden terlibat dan alat kajian digunakan ialah instrumen amalan PK oleh guru-guru. Data dianalisissecara deskriptif peratus dan ujian khi kuasadua, didapati hasilnya ialah guru-guru berminat dan yakin menggunakan amalan PK semasa mengajar matematik

tetapi kekerapan aktiviti adalah tidak memuaskan. Analisis juga mendapati tiada perkaitan amalan PK antara lokasi sekolah, jantina guru dan pengalamanmengajar guru.

PENGENALANSebagai pendidik kita bertanggungjawab untuk membantu setiap pelajar meningkatkan minat dan

kecenderungan mereka kearah pelajaran. Pelajar juga digalakkan membina jalan penyelesaian terhadap

sesuatu masalah dengan menggunakan idea dan hipotesis yang telah dibina (Mohd Fadzli, 2001).

Keadaan ini boleh dilaksanakan dengan mengambil langkah menggunakan pendekatan pengajaran yang

berkesan. Ini termasuklah amalan pembelajaran yang berpusatkan guru kepada amalan pembelajaran

berpusatkan pelajar, misalnya dengan menggunakan pendekatan secara kumpulan. Pendekatan ini

mempunyai kelebihan kerana mereka berpeluang berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dan boleh belajar

melalui pengalaman sendiri....Amalan pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar misalnya menggunakan pendekatan belajar secara

berkumpulan memberi peluang murid-murid berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dan boleh belajar melali

pengalaman sendiri...

Pelajar-pelajar melakukan aktiviti secara aktif semasa proses pembelajaran dan ini meliputi

pengalaman pembelajaran yang dirasai dan dialami sendiri oleh mereka. Aktiviti-aktiviti dirancang

sebegitu rupa supaya berpeluang melibatkan diri secara aktif dalam pembelajaran (Pusat Perkembangan

Kurikulum 1994). Semasa pelajar-pelajar belajar dalam kumpulan, mereka boleh berkongsi pengetahuan

(intelek), memupuk nilai-nilai murni (rohani), bertimbang rasa (emosi) serta mempertingkatkan kemahiran

berkomunikasi (sosial). Justeru itu adalah diharapkan apabila pelajar-pelajar yang keluar dari bangku

sekolah nanti, mereka akan mencerminkan diri mereka sebagai insan yang menyeluruh dan bersepaduselaras dengan Falsafah Pendidikan Negara.

Kaedah kumpulan merupakan satu inovasi dalam strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang

berpusatkan pelajar khususnya dalam pembelajaran matematik. Kumpulan murid terbahagi kepada dua

iaitu kumpulan sama kebolehan dan kumpulan pelbagai kebolehan. Kaedah kumpulan sama kebolehan

membolehkan guru membimbing pelajar-pelajar mengikut kebolehan di samping menjalankan aktiviti-

aktiviti pengayaan dan pemulihan mengikut keperluan masing-masing. Kaedah kumpulan pelbagai

kebolehan memberikan pelajar-pelajar peluang mengamalkan pengajaran sebaya, memupuk semangat

kerjasama dan bertimbang rasa, perkembangan sahsiah dan kemahiran sosial (Buku Panduan KBSR,

1982).Permainan matematik adalah salah satu kaedah pembelajaran yang berpusat kepada murid. Permainan matematik menggunakan kad adalah yangberkesan untuk diamalkan di dalam bilik darjah.My Rummyadalah salah satu permainan matematik yang dirumus khas untuk pembelajaranmatematik pada peringkat sekolah rendah yang telah disusun mengikut tahap kebolehan kumpulan murid.

Pengajaran dan pembelajaran matematik dengan kaedah kumpulan boleh dilakukan dengan pelbagai strategi. Satu daripada strategi adalah melaluiamalan Pembelajaran Koperatif/ Pembelajaran Kooperatif (PK).

LATAR BELAKANG KAJIAN
http://www.my-rummy.com/Malaysia_site.htmlhttp://www.my-rummy.com/Malaysia_site.htmlhttp://www.my-rummy.com/Malaysia_site.htmlhttp://www.my-rummy.com/Malaysia_site.html


2/11

Negara Malaysia kini memerlukan lebih banyak pakar dalam bidang sains dan teknologi. Bidang ini

memerlukan mereka yang berkebolehan mengasimilasi dan mentafsir maklumat secara matematik dan

statistik. Ini bermakna matematik adalah merupakan satu mata pelajaran yang sangat penting dalam era

menuju kemajuan sains dan teknologi di samping kehidupan harian dalam survival manusia sejagat hari

ini. Matematik boleh dikatakan kunci kepada peluang pekerjaan dan karier di mana kebolehan

menyelesaian masalah dalam matematik adalah mustahak sebagai asas pendemokrasian dalam era

teknologi terkini.Pembelajaran matematik KBSR (1993) dirancang supaya mencapai matlamat iaitu untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, ketrampilan dan minat pelajarterhadap matematik. Mereka diharapkan akan berupaya menggunakan matematik secara berkesan dalam penyelesaian masalah serta mempunyaipersediaan yang mencukupi bagi melanjutkan pelajaran dan berfungsi secara produktif dalam kerjaya mereka. Mata pelajaran matematik telahdijadikan mata pelajaran teras di semua peringkat persekolahan. Bagaimanapun pencapaian dan minat pelajar terhadap mata pelajaran tersebuttidaklah begitu menggalakkan. Ini mungkin ada kaitan dengan pendekatan pengajaran oleh guru-guru itu sendiri. Menurut Byres (1993), kaedahpengajaran hanya mementingkan pelajar menurut sahaja apa yang disampaikan oleh guru. Proses pembelajaran adalah berbentuk pasif dimana gurumenyampaikan pengetahuan dan pelajar menerima dan berusaha mengingati kebanyakan ilmu itu. Peranan guru dalam bilik darjah tidak lebihdaripada menyuruh pelajar menggunakan langkah-langkah yang diajar oleh mereka, seterusnya mengikuti apabila menjawab soalan peperiksaannanti. Hasilnya ramai pelajar yang gagal, benci dan takut kepada mata pelajaran ini.

Kaedah pembelajaran sekarang masih tidak melibatkan murid semasa proses pembelajaran di bilik darjah. Guru perlu merancang dan memilih kaedahpengajaran yang sesuai supaya pembelajaran matematik berlaku dalam keadaan yang dapat merangsang minat dan tumpuan serta belajarbersungguh-sungguh.

Satu perkara yang menjadi kebimbangan yang serius di negara kita hari ini ialah kesedaran bahawa pengajaran dan pembelajaran matematik bolehdikatakan sangat tidak menggalakkan kerana kebanyakan guru matematik tidak melibatkan pelajar semasa proses pembelajaran di bilik darjah, yang

seterusnya mencetuskan satu kebimbangan lain yang lebih cemas terutama dalam menghadapi era Wawasan 2020 nanti. Ini seterusnya menjadipertanyaan bagaimana pelajar-pelajar boleh menyelesaikan masalah matematik yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan harian selepas meninggalkansekolah sekiranya mempunyai sedikit ilmu matematik. Menyedari hakikat ini, maka sewajarnya guru-guru matematik di sekolah memilih pendekatanpengajaran dan pembelajaran yang boleh menarik minat para pelajar. Noraini (1994) menyatakan di antara faktor-faktor yang boleh menarik danmerangsangkan minat seseorang kepada sesuatu perkara iaitu:

Pendengar atau pengguna sedar atau tahu bahawa perkara atau benda ituberguna atau berfungsi kepadanya.Ia disampaikan atau dipersembahkan kepadanya dengan cara dan gaya yangmenarik.Perkara atau benda itu indah, mengembirakan dan menyeronokkan.

Dengan cara ini mereka tidak akan merasakan bahawa mereka berhadapan dengan peraturan yang

menakutkan bahkan mereka akan merasa seronok sewaktu proses pembelajaran matematik. Justeru ituguru perlu merancang dan memilih kaedah pengajaran yang sesuai supaya pembelajaran matematik

berlaku dalam keadaan yang dapat merangsang minat dan tumpuan serta belajar bersungguh-sungguh.

Pendekatan yang menggalakkan pelajar-pelajar belajar dan mencari ilmu sendiri perlu dipupuk di

samping guru sebagai pembimbing, membimbing supaya mereka lebih ekspresi kendiri yang kreatif. Iklim

bilik darjah pembelajaran matematik dibina bertujuan memperkembangkan inovasi pelajar-pelajar supaya

mempunyai lokus kawalan dalaman disebabkan yang menggerakkan mereka ialah dirinya sendiri dan

standard yang hendak dicapai juga adalah relatif kepada dirinya sendiri. Pemikiran kritikal dipupuk kerana

proses pembelajaran ialah induktif.Pada asasnya Pembelajaran Koperatif / Kooperatif merupakan suatu kaeadah yang menggunakan

pendekatan pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar. Kaedah ini berstruktur dan menekankan penguasaan

konsep pengetahuan maklumat dan kemahiran penyelesaian masalah matematik. Kaedah ini jugamempunyai teknik-teknik tertentu serta ciri-ciri yang tersendiri. Selain daripada pelajar memperolehi ilmu

pengetahuan dan kemahiran penyelesaian masalah yang semaksimum mungkin, mereka juga boleh

bersosialisasi. Namun begitu sebagai seorang guru, apa yang diperhatikan ialah guru-guru tidak gemar

mengajar secara kumpulan sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Kedudukan para pelajar dalam bilik darjah,

suasana sekitaran, kekangan masa dan tumpuan untuk menghabiskan sukatan mendorong guru-guru

beralih semula kepada kaedah pembelajaran tradisional. Akan tetapi menurut Zahrah (1996), interaksi

antara guru dan pelajar dalam kerja kumpulan menentukan tahap pencapaian objektif pengajaran guru.

Interaksi dua hala dan secara kumpulan merupakan iklim sosial pembelajaran yang paling berkesan.


3/11

Cooperative LearningCooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students ofdifferent levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject.Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also for helping teammateslearn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Students work through the assignment until all group

members successfully understand and complete it.

Cooperative efforts result in participants striving for mutual benefit so that all group members: gain from each other's efforts. (Your success benefits me and my success benefits you.) recognize that all group members share a common fate. (We all sink or swim together here.) know that one's performance is mutually caused by oneself and one's team members. (We can

not do it without you.) feel proud and jointly celebrate when a group member is recognized for achievement. (We all

congratulate you on your accomplishment!).Why use Cooperative Learning?Research has shown that cooperative learning techniques:

promote student learning and academic achievement increase student retention enhance student satisfaction with their learning experience help students develop skills in oral communication develop students' social skills promote student self-esteem help to promote positive race relations

5 Elements of Cooperative LearningIt is only under certain conditions that cooperative efforts may be expected to be more productive thancompetitive and individualistic efforts. Those conditions are:1. Positive Interdependence (sink or swim together)

Each group member's efforts are required and indispensable for group success Each group member has a unique contribution to make to the joint effort because of his or her

resources and/or role and task responsibilities2. Face-to-Face Interaction (promote each other's success)

Orally explaining how to solve problems Teaching one's knowledge to other Checking for understanding Discussing concepts being learned Connecting present with past learning

3. Individual & Group Accountability ( no hitchhiking! no social loafing)


4/11

Keeping the size of the group small. The smaller the size of the group, the greater the individualaccountability may be.

Giving an individual test to each student. Randomly examining students orally by calling on one student to present his or her group's work

to the teacher (in the presence of the group) or to the entire class. Observing each group and recording the frequency with which each member-contributes to the

group's work. Assigning one student in each group the role of checker. The checker asks other group membersto explain the reasoning and rationale underlying group answers.

Having students teach what they learned to someone else. 4. Interpersonal & Small-Group Skills

Social skills must be taught:o Leadershipo Decision-makingo Trust-buildingo Communicationo Conflict-management skills

5. Group Processing Group members discuss how well they are achieving their goals and maintaining effective

working relationships Describe what member actions are helpful and not helpful Make decisions about what behaviors to continue or change

Class Activities that use Cooperative LearningMost of these structures are developed by Dr. Spencer Kagan and his associates at Kagan Publishingand Professional Development. For resources and professional development information on Kagan

Structures, please visit:www.KaganOnline.com1. Jigsaw - Groups with five students are set up. Each group member is assigned some unique materialto learn and then to teach to his group members. To help in the learning students across the classworking on the same sub-section get together to decide what is important and how to teach it. Afterpractice in these "expert" groups the original groups reform and students teach each other. (Wood, p. 17)Tests or assessment follows.2. Think-Pair-Share - Involves a three step cooperative structure. During the first step individuals thinksilently about a question posed by the instructor. Individuals pair up during the second step and exchangethoughts. In the third step, the pairs share their responses with other pairs, other teams, or the entiregroup.3. Three-Step Interview (Kagan) - Each member of a team chooses another member to be a partner.During the first step individuals interview their partners by asking clarifying questions. During the secondstep partners reverse the roles. For the final step, members share their partner's response with the team.4. RoundRobin Brainstorming (Kagan)- Class is divided into small groups (4 to 6) with one personappointed as the recorder. A question is posed with many answers and students are given time to thinkabout answers. After the "think time," members of the team share responses with one another round robinstyle. The recorder writes down the answers of the group members. The person next to the recorderstarts and each person in the group in order gives an answer until time is called.
http://www.kaganonline.com/http://www.kaganonline.com/http://www.kaganonline.com/http://www.jigsaw.org/http://www.jigsaw.org/http://www.kaganonline.com/


5/11

5. Three-minute review - Teachers stop any time during a lecture or discussion and give teams threeminutes to review what has been said, ask clarifying questions or answer questions. 6. Numbered Heads Together (Kagan) - A team of four is established. Each member is given numbersof 1, 2, 3, 4. Questions are asked of the group. Groups work together to answer the question so that allcan verbally answer the question. Teacher calls out a number (two) and each two is asked to give the

answer.

7. Team Pair Solo (Kagan) - Students do problems first as a team, then with a partner, and finally ontheir own. It is designed to motivate students to tackle and succeed at problems which initially are beyondtheir ability. It is based on a simple notion of mediated learning. Students can do more things with help(mediation) than they can do alone. By allowing them to work on problems they could not do alone, firstas a team and then with a partner, they progress to a point they can do alone that which at first they coulddo only with help.8. Circle the Sage (Kagan) - First the teacher polls the class to see which students have a specialknowledge to share. For example the teacher may ask who in the class was able to solve a difficult mathhomework question, who had visited Mexico, who knows the chemical reactions involved in how saltingthe streets help dissipate snow. Those students (the sages) stand and spread out in the room. The

teacher then has the rest of the classmates each surround a sage, with no two members of the sameteam going to the same sage. The sage explains what they know while the classmates listen, askquestions, and take notes. All students then return to their teams. Each in turn, explains what theylearned. Because each one has gone to a different sage, they compare notes. If there is disagreement,they stand up as a team. Finally, the disagreements are aired and resolved. 9. Partners (Kagan) - The class is divided into teams of four. Partners move to one side of the room. Halfof each team is given an assignment to master to be able to teach the other half. Partners work to learnand can consult with other partners working on the same material. Teams go back together with each setof partners teaching the other set. Partners quiz and tutor teammates. Team reviews how well theylearned and taught and how they might improve the process. How do cooperative and collaborative learning differ from the traditional

approach?Cooperative and collaborative learning differ from traditional teaching approaches because students work togetherrather than compete with each other individually.Collaborative learning can take place any time students work together -- for example, when they help each other withhomework. Cooperative learning takes place when students work together in the same place on a structured projectin a small group. Mixed-skill groups can be especially helpful to students in developing their social abilities.The skills needed to work together in groups are quite distinct from those used to succeed in writing a paper on one'sown or completing most homework or "seatwork" assignments. In a world where being a "team player" is often a keypart of business success, cooperative learning is a very useful and relevant tool.Because it is just one of a set of tools, however, it can easily be integrated into a class that uses multiple approaches.For some assignments individual work may be most efficient, while for others cooperative groups work best.Research suggests that cooperative and collaborative learning bring positive results such as deeper understanding ofcontent, increased overall achievement in grades, improved self-esteem, and higher motivation to remain on task.Cooperative learning helps students become actively and constructively involved in content, to take ownership of theirown learning, and to resolve group conflicts and improve teamwork skills.What are the benefits of cooperative and collaborative learning?


6/11

Benefits from small-group learning in a collaborative environment include: Celebration of diversity. Students learn to work with all types of people. During small-group interactions, they

find many opportunities to reflect upon and reply to the diverse responses fellow learners bring to thequestions raised. Small groups also allow students to add their perspectives to an issue based on theircultural differences. This exchange inevitably helps students to better understand other cultures and pointsof view.

Acknowledgment of individual differences. When questions are raised, different students will have a varietyof responses. Each of these can help the group create a product that reflects a wide range of perspectivesand is thus more complete and comprehensive.

Interpersonal development. Students learn to relate to their peers and other learners as they work togetherin group enterprises. This can be especially helpful for students who have difficulty with social skills. Theycan benefit from structured interactions with others.

Actively involving students in learning. Each member has opportunities to contribute in small groups.Students are apt to take more ownership of their material and to think critically about related issues whenthey work as a team.

More opportunities for personal feedback. Because there are more exchanges among students in smallgroups, your students receive more personal feedback about their ideas and responses. This feedback isoften not possible in large-group instruction, in which one or two students exchange ideas and the rest of theclass listens.

How can I use cooperative and collaborative learning in conjunction with othereducational techniques?Since cooperative-learning techniques revolve around the use of a particular tool -- small groups -- theycan be used with almost any other educational strategy.Many of the other teaching techniques detailed inprevious workshops include small-group learning activities. The cooperative-learning techniquesdescribed here will help you and your students make the best use of these small-group activities.Some types of cooperative learning (like those demonstrated in this workshop) have been developed inconcert withthe theory of multiple intelligences, so they work very readily with this strategy. In smallgroups, students can share their strengths and weaknesses and use the group activities to develop avariety of their intelligences.Cooperative activities involve the construction of new ideas based on personal and shared foundations ofpast experiences and understandings -- so they naturally apply some of the principles ofconstructivism.Learners also investigate significant, real-world problems through good explorative questions, and as aresult these groups can easily be used for aninquiry-based approach.They can also help students meetnational, state, or local standards. Cooperative and collaborativeactivities can have many different objectives, ranging from mastery of basic skills to higher-order thinking.Because the specifics of a cooperative-learning project depend on the objectives of the particular teacher,the teacher can easily orient the project toward meeting these standards.Cooperative Learning Structures and TechniquesNOTE: This content is taken from materials presented at The University of Tennessee at ChattanoogaInstructional Excellence Retreat, May 1996. Barbara J. Millis, PhD, Associate Director for FacultyDevelopment, United States Air Force Academy, Facilitator.Three-step InterviewThree-step interviews can be used as an ice breaker for team members to get to know one another orcan be used to get to know concepts in depth, by assigning roles to students.
http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/mi/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/mi/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/inquiry/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/inquiry/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/inquiry/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/standards/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/standards/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/standards/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/standards/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/inquiry/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/mi/index.html


7/11

Faculty assigns roles or students can "play" themselves. Faculty may also give interviewquestions or information that should be "found."

A interviews B for the specified number of minutes, listening attentively and asking probingquestions.

At a signal, students reverse roles and B interviews A for the same number of minutes. At another signal, each pair turns to another pair, forming a group of four. Each member of the

group introduces his or her partner, highlighting the most interesting points.

RoundtableRoundtable structures can be used to brainstorm ideas and to generate a large number of responses to asingle question or a group of questions.

Faculty poses question. One piece of paper and pen per group. First student writes one response, and says it out loud. First student passes paper to the left, second student writes response, etc. Continues around group until time elapses.

Students may say "pass" at any time.

Group stops when time is called.The key here is the question or the problem you've asked the students to consider. It has to be one thathas the potential for a number of different "right" answers. Relate the question to the course unit, but keepit simple so every student can have some input. Once time is called, determine what you want to have the students do with the lists...they may want todiscuss the multitude of answers or solutions or they may want to share the lists with the entire class.Focused ListingFocused listing can be used as a brainstorming technique or as a technique to generate descriptions anddefinitions for concepts. Focused listing asks the students to generate words to define or describesomething. Once students have completed this activity, you can use these lists to facilitate group andclass discussion.Example: Ask students to list 5-7 words or phrases that describe or define what a motivated student does.From there, you might ask students to get together in small groups to discuss the lists, or to select theone that they can all agree on. Combine this technique with a number of the other techniques and youcan have a powerful cooperative learning structure.Structured Problem-solvingStructured problem-solving can be used in conjunction with several other cooperative learning structures.

Have the participants brainstorm or select a problem for them to consider. Assign numbers to members of each group (or use playing cards). Have each member of the

group be a different number or suit. Discuss task as group. Each participant should be prepared to respond. Each member of the group needs to understand

the response well enough to give the response with no help from the other members of the group. Ask an individual from each group to respond. Call on the individual by number (or suit).


8/11

One Minute PapersAsk students to comment on the following questions. Give them one minute and time them. This activityfocuses them on the content and can also provide feedback to you as a teacher.

What was the most important or useful thing you learned today? What two important questions do you still have; what remains unclear? What would you like to know more about?

You can use these one minute papers to begin the next day's discussion, to facilitate discussion within agroup, or to provide you with feedback on where the student is in his or her understanding of the material.

Paired AnnotationsStudents pair up to review/learn same article, chapter or content area and exchangedouble-entryjournalsfor reading and reflection.Students discuss key points and look for divergent and convergent thinking and ideas. Together students prepare a composite annotation that summarizes the article, chapter, or concept.Structured Learning Team Group RolesWhen putting together groups, you may want to consider assigning (or having students select) their rolesfor the group. Students may also rotate group roles depending on the activity. Potential group roles and their functions include:

Leader - The leader is responsible for keeping the group on the assigned task at hand. S/he alsomakes sure that all members of the group have an opportunity to participate, learn and have therespect of their team members. The leader may also want to check to make sure that all of thegroup members have mastered the learning points of a group exercise.

Recorder - The recorder picks and maintains the group files and folders on a daily basis andkeeps records of all group activities including the material contributed by each group member.The recorder writes out the solutions to problems for the group to use as notes or to submit to theinstructor. The recorder may also prepare presentation materials when the group makes oralpresentations to the class.

Reporter - The reporter gives oral responses to the class about the group's activities orconclusions.

Monitor - The monitor is responsible for making sure that the group's work area is left the way itwas found and acts as a timekeeper for timed activities.

Wildcard (in groups of five) - The wildcard acts as an assistant to the group leader and assumesthe role of any member that may be missing. Send-A-ProblemSend-A-Problem can be used as a way to get groups to discuss and review material, or potentialsolutions to problems related to content information.
http://www.utc.edu/~trc/FacultyDevelopment/CooperativeLearning/DE-J.htmlhttp://www.utc.edu/~trc/FacultyDevelopment/CooperativeLearning/DE-J.htmlhttp://www.utc.edu/~trc/FacultyDevelopment/CooperativeLearning/DE-J.htmlhttp://www.utc.edu/~trc/FacultyDevelopment/CooperativeLearning/DE-J.htmlhttp://www.utc.edu/~trc/FacultyDevelopment/CooperativeLearning/DE-J.htmlhttp://www.utc.edu/~trc/FacultyDevelopment/CooperativeLearning/DE-J.html


9/11

Each member of a group generates a problem and writes it down on a card. Each member of thegroup then asks the question to other members. If the question can be answered and all members of the group agree on the answer, then that answeris written on the back of the card. If there is no consensus on the answer, the question is revised so that

an answer can be agreed upon.

The group puts a Q on the side of the card with the question on it, and an A on the side of the cardwith an answer on it. Each group sends its question cards to another group. Each group member takes ones question from the stack of questions and reads one question at a timeto the group. After reading the first question, the group discusses it. If the group agrees on the answer, they turn the card over to see if they agree with the first group'sanswer. If there again is consensus, they proceed to the next question. If they do not agree with the first group's answer, the second group write their answer on the back ofthe card as an alternative answer. The second group reviews and answers each question in the stack of cards, repeating the procedureoutlined above. The question cards can be sent to a third, fourth, or fifth group, if desired. Stacks of cards are then sent back to the originating group. The sending group can then discuss andclarify any questionVariation: A variation on the send a problem is to use the process to get groups to discuss a real problemfor which there may be no one set answer.

Groups decide on one problem they will consider. It is best if each group considers a differentproblem.

The same process is used, with the first group brainstorming solutions to a single problem. Theproblem is written on a piece of paper and attached to the outside of a folder. The solutions arelisted and enclosed inside the folder.

The folder is then passed to the next group. Each group brainstorms for 3-5 minutes on theproblems they receive without reading the previous group's work and then place their solutionsinside the folders.

This process may continue to one or more groups. The last group reviews all the solutions posedby all of the previous groups and develops a prioritized list of possible solutions. This list is thenpresented to the group.


10/11

Value LineOne way to form heterogeneous groups, is to use a value line.

Present an issue or topic to the group and ask each member to determine how they feel aboutthe issue (could use a 1-10 scale; 1 being strong agreement, 10 being strong disagreement).

Form a rank-ordered line and number the participants from 1 up (from strong agreement to strongdisagreement, for example).

Form your groups of four by pulling one person from each end of the value line and two peoplefrom the middle of the group (for example, if you had 20 people, one group might consist ofpersons 1, 10, 11, 20).

Team ExpectationsSome of the common fears about working with groups include student fears that each member will notpull their weight as a part of the group. Students are scared that their grade will be lower as a result of thegroup learning vs. learning they do individually. One way to address this issue is to use a group activity toallow the group to outline acceptable group behavior. Put together a form and ask groups to first list

behaviors (expectations) they expect from each individual, each pair and as a group as a whole.Groups then can use this as a way to monitor individual contributions to the group and as a way toevaluate group participation.

Guided Reciprocal Peer QuestioningThe goal of this activity is to generate discussion among student groups about a specific topic or contentarea.

Faculty conducts a brief (10-15 minutes) lecture on a topic or content area. Faculty may assign areading or written assignment as well.

Instructor then gives the students a set of generic question stems. Students work individually to write their own questions based on the material being covered. Students do not have to be able to answer the questions they pose. This activity is designed to

force students to think about ideas relevant to the content area. Students should use as many question stems as possible. Grouped into learning teams, each student offers a question for discussion, using the different

stems.Sample question stems:

What is the main idea of...? What if...? How does...affect...? What is a new example of...? Explain why...? Explain how...? How does this relate to what I've learned before? What conclusions can I draw about...? What is the difference between... and...? How are...and...similar? How would I use...to...?


11/11

What are the strengths and weaknesses of...? What is the best...and why?

Cooperative Learning References Solomon, R., Davidson, N., & Solomon, E. (1992). Handbook for the Fourth R: Relationship

Activities for Cooperative and Collegial Learning. (Volume III). Columbia, MD: National Institutefor Relationship Training, Inc.

Bossert, S.T. (1988). Cooperative activities in the classroom. Review of Educational Research,15, 225-250.

Bruffee, K.A. (1993). Collaborative learning: Higher education, interdependence, and the authorityof knowledge. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cohen, E.G.: (1994). Restructuring the classroom: Conditions for productive smallgroups. Review of Educational Research, 64, 1-35.

Cooper, J. (1990, May). Cooperative learning and clooege teaching: Tips from the trenches. TheTeaching Professor, pp 1-2.

Davis, J.R. Better teaching, more learning. Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press. Kagan, S. (1992). Cooperative learning(2nd ed.). San Juan Capistrano, CA: Resources for

Teachers.

amalan pembelajaran koperatif oleh guru matematik

Documents