wtw daily express sabah final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: DAILY EXPRESS SABAH

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for DAILY EXPRESS SABAH.......................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH


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Executive Summary of Key Results for DAILY EXPRESS SABAH

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Daily Express Sabah, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was relatively equal.

PR were attacked (49.83%) and covered negatively (51.85%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (75.35%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (89%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towardscoverage of BN (53.14% to PR's 37.84%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (83%).

However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (60%) than both PR politicians

(24%) and independent/other political figures (16%).



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Muhyiddin Yassin and Mohamad Mahathir were first and second most commonly engaged inattack politics.

BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (58%) than either oppositionpoliticians or Independents and Others.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (33.41%), followed by Others, PR, PKR, then DAP.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

Other

PR

PKR

DAP

PAS

UMNO

SAPP

MCA

PBS

UPKO

Gerakan

MIC

SUPP

PBB

PSM

PRS

SPDP

PRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

33.41

12.62

10.02

9.44

9.20

7.05

6.04

4.29

2.28

1.80

1.60

0.68

0.62

0.41

0.26

0.10

0.09

0.06

0.01

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN (47.26%).



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

47.26

35.71

4.40

12.62

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (87%).


4%4%

87%

5%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

PR and BN were the most negatively covered (both 20.2%), followed by Others (14.82%),PAS (11.11%), DAP (10.77%), then DAP (10.77%).

PR were the most attacked (32.87%), followed by BN (29.76%), then Others (10.73%), Dap(7.61%), then PAS (7.27%).



PR

BN

Other

PAS

DAP

PKRUMNO

PBS

SAPP

MCA

MIC

UPKO

SUPP

PBB

Gerakan

PRS

PRM

PSM

SPDP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (67.05%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byPR (7.37%) then Others (5.07%).



BN

Other

PKR

DAP

PR

PASUMNO

SAPP

MCA

PBS

UPKO

Gerakan

MIC

SUPP

PBB

PSM

PRS

SPDP

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (49.83%) and covered negatively (51.85%) more then BN, withBN receiving more positive coverage (75.35%).

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.23 5%

Neutral 1 : 0.76 87%

Negative 1 : 1.67 4%

Attacked 1 : 1.36 4%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

36.68

30.98

46.78

75.35

49.83

51.85

35.54

17.28

13.50

17.17

17.69

7.37

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(258.2%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (10.95%).

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.


Najib Razak

Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang

Musa Aman

Mahathir Mohamad

Yong Teck Lee

Bernard Dompok

Lim Guan Eng

Ibrahim Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Nik Aziz

Muhyiddin Yassin

Maximus Ongkili

Tian ChuaHadi Awang

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Karpal Singh

Taib Mahmud

Rafizi Ramli

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

28.20

10.957.23

6.60

6.29

5.66

4.30

3.41

2.88

2.83

2.15

2.10

1.99

1.831.62

1.62

1.62

1.57

1.05

0.89

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed towards coverage of BN (53.14% to PR's 37.84%).



53.14 37.84

9.01

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(24.99%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (12.91%), Musa Aman (11.66%), Anwar Ibrahim(8.43%), then Mahathir Mohamad (5.88%).



Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Anwar Ibrahim

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Jeffrey Kitingan

Chua Soi Lek

Ambiga Sreenevasan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

24.99

12.91

11.66

8.43

5.88

5.36

4.01

2.55

2.45

2.13

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (60%) than both PR politicians(24%) and independent/other political figures (16%).



60%24%

16%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (83%).


8%

83%

3%6%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and Lim KitSiang received the most negative coverage (15.39%).

Anwar Ibrahim was the most attacked (25.46%), followed by Yong Teck Lee and Mahathir

Mohamad (both 13.64%), then Lim Kit Siang (12.73%).


Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Yong Teck Lee

Ibrahim Ali

Mahathir Mohamad

Tian Chua

Najib Razak

Nik Aziz

Maximus Ongkili

Karpal Singh

Jeffrey Kitingan

Rafizi Ramli

Bernard Dompok

Chua Soi Lek

Ng Yen Yen

Teresa Kok

Muhyiddin Yassin

Azmin Ali

Lim Guan Eng

Taib MahmudHadi Awang

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (52.32%) and neutral coverage (28.33%).

Musa Aman and Bernard Dompok received the second most positive coverage (11.92%

each). Refer to Table 8 for figures.


Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Musa Aman

Mahathir Mohamad

Yong Teck Lee

Bernard Dompok

Lim Guan Eng

Jeffrey Kitingan

Ibrahim Ali

Muhyiddin Yassin

Nik Aziz

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Hadi Awang

Maximus Ongkili

Karpal Singh

Tian Chua

Taib Mahmud

Abdul Rahman DahlanRafizi Ramli

Ng Yen Yen

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.17 8%

Neutral 1 : 0.72 83%

Negative 1 : 2.15 3%

Attacked 1 : 1.85 6%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

30.00

25.00

52.98

83.44

55.45

53.85

38.34

13.91

14.55

21.15

8.68

2.65

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (19.71%) and Mahathir Mohamad (16.06%) were first and second mostcommonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak (15.33%) then Anwar Ibrahim(11.68%).



Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Jeffrey Kitingan

Musa Aman

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Nik Aziz

Lim Guan Eng

Khalid Ibrahim

Nazri Aziz

Taib Mahmud

Baru Bian

Chua Soi Lek

0 5 10 15 20 25

19.71

16.06

15.33

11.68

8.03

5.84

5.11

4.38

3.65

2.92

2.19

1.46

0.73

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (58%) than eitheropposition politicians or Independents and Others.



58%

34%

7%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Equal coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues and Policy Issues.



50% 50%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Domestic Policy, Crime and National Security.



57%

1%

14%

4%

2%

12%

1%0%

8%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed byEthnicity.



34%

8%

5%10%

4%

2%

37%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 27540

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 905

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 29.2

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 33.412

DAP 9.2017

Gerakan 0.68391

MCA 2.2756

MIC 0.62174

PAS 7.0505

PBB 0.26113

PBS 1.803

PKR 9.438

PR 10.022

PRS 0.087043

PRM 0.012435

PSM 0.099478

SAPP 4.29

SPDP 0.062174

SUPP 0.41035

UMNO 6.0433

UPKO 1.6041

Other 12.621

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 33.412

BN 47.264347

Gerakan 0.68391

MCA 2.2756

MIC 0.62174

PBB 0.26113

PBS 1.803

PRS 0.087043

SPDP 0.062174

SUPP 0.41035

UMNO 6.0433

UPKO 1.6041

PR 10.022

PR 35.7122DAP 9.2017

PAS 7.0505

PKR 9.438

PRM 0.012435

Independent 4.401913PSM 0.099478

SAPP 4.29

Other 12.621 Other 12.621

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 29.758 20.202 32.118 67.051 149.129

DAP 7.6125 10.774 9.5524 3.2258 31.1647

Gerakan 0 0 0.7293 0.92166 1.65096

MCA 0 1.0101 2.4882 1.3825 4.8808

MIC 0 1.0101 0.6149 0.92166 2.54666

PAS 7.2664 11.111 7.0928 2.9954 28.4656

PBB 0.34602 0 0.2574 0.46083 1.06425

PBS 0 3.0303 1.9019 0.69124 5.62344

PKR 2.0761 9.7643 10.124 3.6866 25.651

PR 32.872 20.202 8.7659 7.3733 69.2132

PRS 0 0 0.1001 0 0.1001

PRM 0 0 0.0143 0 0.0143

PSM 0 0 0.1144 0 0.1144

SAPP 2.7682 2.3569 4.5617 2.3041 11.9909

SPDP 0 0 0.0715 0 0.0715

SUPP 0 0.6734 0.429 0.23041 1.33281

UMNO 6.5744 4.0404 6.3492 2.3041 19.2681

UPKO 0 1.0101 1.716 1.3825 4.1086

Other 10.727 14.815 12.999 5.0691 43.6101

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 36.67842

Negative 30.9764

Neutral 46.7755

Positive 75.3459

PR

A ttacked 49.827

Negative 51.8513

Neutral 35.5351

Positive 17.2811

A tta cked 13.4952

Negative 17.1719

Neutral 17.6894

Positive 7.3732

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.78616

Alfred Jabu 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.052411

Anwar Ibrahim 10.954

Azmin Ali 0.4717

Baru Bian 0.052411

Bernard Dompok 4.2977

Chong Chieng Jen 0.15723

Chua Soi Lek 0.57652

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.052411

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0.36688

Hadi Awang 1.6247

Hassan Ali 0.15723

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.15723

Ibrahim Ali 2.8826

James Masing 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 2.8302

Karpal Singh 1.5723

Khalid Ibrahim 1.6247

Khalid Samad 0.20964

Lim Guan Eng 3.4067

Lim Kit Siang 7.2327

Liow Tiong Lai 0.10482Mahathir Mohamad 6.2893

Maximus Ongkili 1.9916

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.41929

Muhyiddin Yassin 2.0964

Musa Aman 6.6038

Najib Razak 28.197

Ng Yen Yen 0.62893

Nik Aziz 2.1488

Nizar Jamaluddin 0

Nurul Izzah 1.6247

Rafizi Ramli 0.89099

Rosmah Mansur 0.26205

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 1.0482

Teresa Kok 0.41929

Tian Chua 1.8344

Tony Pua 0.26205

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0.052411

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 5.6604

Percentage(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 1.31027

BN 53.14454

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.36688Alfred Jabu

PBB 1.0482Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 1.9916

James Masing PRS 0

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 44.12989

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 4.2977

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 13.102681

PR 37.840623

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 4.454841

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 20.283101

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth WongJeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.052411

9.014691

Hassan Ali Independent 0.15723

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 2.8826

Rosmah Mansur 0.26205

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 5.6604

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 2.4466

BN 60.22948

Mahathir Mohamad 5.8824


Musa Aman 11.661

Najib Razak 24.987

Nazri Aziz 0.26028

Taib Mahmud 2.0822


PR 24.102

Baru Bian 0.10411

Hadi Awang 2.0822



Lim Guan Eng 4.0083


Nik Aziz 0.57262


Independent 15.668856

Hassan Ali 0.052056

Vox Pop Male 7.2358

Vox Pop Female 3.0713

2.3425

0.8329

Percentage(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.95057 0

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0.66225

Anwar Ibrahim 25.455 15.385 10.52 3.9735

Azmin Ali 1.8182 0 0.4436 0

Baru Bian 0 0 0.063371 0

Bernard Dompok 0 1.9231 3.9924 11.921

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0.063371 1.3245

Chua Soi Lek 0 1.9231 0.63371 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.063371 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.4436 0

Hadi Awang 0.90909 0 1.9011 0

Hassan Ali 0 0 0.12674 0.66225

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.12674 0.66225Ibrahim Ali 0.90909 9.6154 3.0418 0.66225

James Masing 0 0 0 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.90909 1.9231 3.2319 0.66225

Karpal Singh 0 3.8462 1.711 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0 0 1.9645 0

Khalid Samad 0 0 0.25349 0

Lim Guan Eng 1.8182 0 3.6122 2.649

Lim Kit Siang 12.727 15.385 7.161 1.9868

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.12674 0

Mahathir Mohamad 13.636 7.6923 5.8935 2.649Maximus Ongkili 3.6364 5.7692 1.7744 1.9868

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0.50697 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 3.6364 0 2.0913 1.3245

Musa Aman 0 0 6.8441 11.921

Najib Razak 7.2727 5.7692 28.327 52.318

Ng Yen Yen 0 1.9231 0.69708 0

Nik Aziz 5.4545 5.7692 2.0279 0

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0

Nurul Izzah 0 0 1.9011 0.66225

Rafizi Ramli 0.90909 1.9231 0.8872 0.66225

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.31686 0

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 1.8182 0 1.0773 0.66225

Teresa Kok 0 1.9231 0.4436 0

Tian Chua 5.4545 7.6923 1.2674 1.3245

Tony Pua 0 0 0.25349 0.66225

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.063371 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 13.636 11.538 5.1965 0.66225


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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 29.9997

Negative 25

Neutral 52.97844

Positive 83.4448

PR

Attacked 55.45467

Negative 53.847

Neutral 38.339934

Positive 13.9073

Attacked 14.54509

Negative 21.1534

Neutral 8.6819

Positive 2.649

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 58.39333

Mahathir Mohamad 16.058


Musa Aman 5.1095

Najib Razak 15.328

Nazri Aziz1.4599Taib Mahmud 0.72993


PR 34.3067

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0



Lim Guan Eng 2.9197


Nik Aziz 3.6496


Independent 7.29936

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 0.72993

Vox Pop Female 1.4599

0.72993

0

Percentage(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 13.227

Policy Issues 23.0278

Environment 0.2457Economy/Development 3.1532

Education 0.9555

Foreign Policy 0.42315

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.7983

Oppressive Legislation 0.2184

Health 0.06825

Religion 1.9383

Ethnicity 7.7942

23.15065

Religion 1.952

Democracy & Human Rights 1.1603

Socioeconomic Status 2.3342

Mudslinging 0.96915

Gender 0.4095

Electioneering 8.5313

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'



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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living



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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

wtw daily express sabah final

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