wtw see hua daily sabah final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: SEE HUA DAILY SABAH

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for SEE HUA DAILY SABAH.......................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH


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Executive Summary of Key Results for SEE HUA DAILY SABAH

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by See Hua Daily Sabah, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN.

BN were most positively covered (66.42%) and most negatively covered (52.05%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (17%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewedtowards BN.

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (13%).

However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.

Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than both PR politicians (29%)

and independent/other political figures (22%).



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Muhyiddin Yassin and Lim Guan Eng were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (48%) than eitheropposition politicians (40%) or independents/others (13%).

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (32.76%), followed by PR, DAP, Others, then SAPP.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

PRDAP

Other

SAPP

PKR

PAS

UMNO

MCA

PBS

Gerakan

SUPP

UPKO

PRS

PSM

SPDP

PBB

PRM

MIC

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

32.76

13.7812.08

8.54

7.68

7.17

4.54

4.10

3.47

2.07

1.27

1.06

1.06

0.17

0.09

0.07

0.06

0.02

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN.



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

46.09

37.57

7.79

8.54

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (17%).


10%

7%

67%

17%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN were the most negatively covered (36.4%)and the most attacked (35.93%).

PR were the second most negatively covered (17.84%) and attacked (19.62%).

DAP were the third most attacked (16.74%).



BN

PR

Other

DAP

MCA

SAPPPKR

UMNO

PBS

PAS

SUPP

Gerakan

UPKO

PRS

MIC

PBB

PRM

PSM

SPDP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (58.98%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byPR (13.76%).



BN

DAP

PR

Other

PKR

SAPPPAS

UMNO

MCA

PBS

Gerakan

UPKO

SUPP

PRS

PSM

SPDP

PBB

PRM

MIC

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, BN were most positively covered (66.42%) and most negatively covered (52.05%).

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

Coverage

TypeBN : PR

Tonal

WeightingPositive 1 : 0.38 17%

Neutral 1 : 0.97 67%

Negative 1 : 0.62 7%

Attacked 1 : 1.08 10%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

40.83

52.05

41.75

66.42

43.92

32.02

40.32

25.22

15.25

15.94

17.93

8.36

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(26.42%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (13.26%) then Yong Teck Lee (12.53%).

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.


Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Yong Teck Lee

Musa Aman

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Muhyiddin Yassin

Bernard Dompok

Chua Soi Lek

Mahathir Mohamad

Tian Chua

Nik Aziz

Hadi Awang

Karpal Singh

Taib MahmudLiow Tiong Lai

Azmin Ali

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Teresa Kok

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

24.62

13.26

12.53

9.11

8.30

6.29

4.35

4.03

3.26

3.06

1.53

1.45

1.37

0.97

0.930.77

0.64

0.64

0.60

0.44

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas skewed towards BN.



51%

36%

13%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(18.01%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (9.87%), then Musa Aman and Lim Kit Siang (both9.29%), then Anwar Ibrahim (9.10%).



Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Lim Kit Siang

Musa Aman

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Chua Soi Lek

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

Ambiga Sreenevasan

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

18.01

9.87

9.29

9.29

9.10

7.28

5.94

4.02

2.01

1.63

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than both PR politicians (29%)and independent/other political figures (22%).



48%

29%

22%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (13%).


13%

73%

5%9%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (18.75%) and the second most attacks (20.1%).

Yong Teck Lee was most attacked (20.57%).

Najib Razak was third most attacked (19.14%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (16.75%).

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.


Anwar Ibrahim

Tian Chua

Najib Razak

Lim Kit Siang

Yong Teck Lee

Mahathir Mohamad

Chua Soi Lek

Bernard Dompok

Lim Guan Eng

Nurul Izzah

Liow Tiong Lai

Azmin Ali

Nik Aziz

Musa Aman

Khalid Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Hadi Awang

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred JabuAmbiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (61.44%) and neutral coverage (20.33%).

Musa Aman received the second most positive coverage (13.07%), followed by Anwar

Ibrahim (10.13%).



Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim

Yong Teck Lee

Musa Aman

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Muhyiddin Yassin

Bernard Dompok

Chua Soi Lek

Mahathir Mohamad

Nik Aziz

Hadi Awang

Karpal Singh

Taib Mahmud

Tian Chua

Liow Tiong Lai

Azmin Ali

Khalid Ibrahim

Teresa Kok

Nurul Izzah

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Rosmah Mansur

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category was the largest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.21 12%

Neutral 1 : 0.77 69%

Negative 1 : 1.55 5%

Attacked 1 : 1.41 8%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

33.01

35.71

49.21

80.72

46.41

55.36

37.79

16.99

20.57

8.93

13.00

2.29

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (15.344%) then Lim Guan Eng (14.77%) were first and second mostcommonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak (12.08%), Lim Kit Siang(11.41%), then Anwar Ibrahim (10.07%).



Muhyiddin Yassin

Lim Guan Eng

Najib Razak

Lim Kit Siang

Anwar Ibrahim

Mahathir Mohamad

Musa Aman

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Nik Aziz

Baru Bian

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

15.44

14.77

12.08

11.41

10.07

8.05

6.71

5.37

2.68

0.67

0.67

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (48%) than eitheropposition politicians (40%) or independents/others (13%).



48%

40%

13%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.



40%

60%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Domestic Policy, Crome and National Security.



34%

1%

29%

12%

5%

17%

1%1%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byElectioneering, then Democracy & Human Rights.



38%

8%

14%

8%

4%

4%

25%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 25754

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 968

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 31.2

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 32.759

DAP 12.079

Gerakan 1.2731

MCA 3.4683

MIC 0

PAS 4.5409

PBB 0.060144

PBS 2.065

PKR 7.1672

PR 13.783

PRS 0.17041

PRM 0.020048PSM 0.090217

SAPP 7.6784

SPDP 0.070168

SUPP 1.0626

UMNO 4.0998

UPKO 1.0626

Other 8.5405

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 32.759

BN 46.091122

Gerakan 1.2731

MCA 3.4683

MIC 0

PBB 0.060144

PBS 2.065

PRS 0.17041

SPDP 0.070168

SUPP 1.0626

UMNO 4.0998

UPKO 1.0626

PR 13.783

PR 37.5701DAP 12.079

PAS 4.5409

PKR 7.1672

PRM 0.020048

Independent 7.788665PSM 0.090217

SAPP 7.6784

Other 8.5405 Other 8.5405

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 35.928 36.404 25.944 58.984 157.26

DAP 16.738 7.4561 12.841 6.3817 43.4168

Gerakan 0.10661 1.0234 1.4728 1.1152 3.71801

MCA 1.2793 6.8713 3.7588 2.2305 14.1399

MIC 0 0 0 0 0

PAS 3.4115 2.193 5.876 1.3011 12.7816

PBB 0 0 0.092053 0 0.092053

PBS 0.95949 2.4854 2.5468 0.74349 6.73518

PKR 4.1578 4.5322 8.8524 3.7794 21.3218

PR 19.616 17.836 12.749 13.755 63.956

PRS 0.21322 0 0.18411 0.061958 0.459288

PRM 0 0 0.030684 0 0.030684

PSM 0 0 0.13808 0 0.13808

SAPP 4.371 5.848 8.2694 5.6382 24.1266

SPDP 0 0 0.092053 0.061958 0.154011

SUPP 0.21322 1.462 1.2274 0.55762 3.46024

UMNO 2.1322 3.0702 5.1396 1.6729 12.0149

UPKO 0 0.73099 1.2887 0.99133 3.01102

Other 10.874 10.088 9.4968 2.7261 33.1849

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 40.83204

Negative 52.04729

Neutral 41.746316

Positive 66.418956

PR

Attacked 43.9233

Negative 32.0173

Neutral 40.3184

Positive 25.2172

Attacked 15.245

Negative 15.936

Neutral 17.934964

Positive 8.3643

Independent &Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.20145

Alfred Jabu 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan0.24174

Anwar Ibrahim 13.255

Azmin Ali 0.64464

Baru Bian 0

Bernard Dompok 4.029

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 3.2635

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0

Hadi Awang 1.3699

Hassan Ali 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0

Ibrahim Ali 0

James Masing 0.04029

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.16116

Karpal Singh 0.96696

Khalid Ibrahim 0.64464

Khalid Samad 0.04029

Lim Guan Eng 6.2853

Lim Kit Siang 8.2998

Liow Tiong Lai 0.76551Mahathir Mohamad 3.062

Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.4029

Muhyiddin Yassin 4.3513

Musa Aman 9.1056

Najib Razak 24.617

Ng Yen Yen 0.04029

Nik Aziz 1.4504

Nizar Jamaluddin 0

Nurul Izzah0.60435

Rafizi Ramli 0.12087

Rosmah Mansur 0.32232

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 0.92667

Teresa Kok 0.44319

Tian Chua 1.531

Tony Pua 0

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0.04029

Wong Soon Koh 0.24174

Yong Teck Lee 12.53

Percentage(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 4.0693

BN 50.64435

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0Alfred Jabu

PBB 0.92667Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0.04029

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0.24174

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 41.33735

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 4.029

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 16.03554

PR 36.26069

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 3.26349

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 16.96166

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth WongJeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.24174

13.09406

Hassan Ali Independent 0

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0

Rosmah Mansur 0.32232

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 12.53

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 5.9387

BN 48.4678

Mahathir Mohamad 4.023


Musa Aman 9.2912

Najib Razak 18.008

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 1.341


PR 29.214545

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 2.0115

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.095785

Khalid Ibrahim 0.28736

Lim Guan Eng 7.2797


Nik Aziz 1.1494

Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.6284

Independent 22.31846

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 15.805

Vox Pop Female 4.5977

0.28736

0

Percentage(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.17575 0.65359

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.23433 0.3268

Anwar Ibrahim 20.096 18.75 13.064 10.131

Azmin Ali 0 1.7857 0.82015 0

Baru Bian 0 0 0 0

Bernard Dompok 0.47847 5.3571 4.8037 2.9412

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 4.7847 5.3571 3.222 1.3072

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0

Hadi Awang 0.47847 0 1.6403 0.3268

Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0 0

Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0

James Masing 0 0 0.058582 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.058582 0.98039

Karpal Singh 0 0 1.406 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0 0.89286 0.70299 0.65359

Khalid Samad 0 0 0.058582 0

Lim Guan Eng 6.2201 3.5714 6.6784 2.6144

Lim Kit Siang 16.746 11.607 8.553 1.3072

Liow Tiong Lai 0.47847 1.7857 0.87873 0

Mahathir Mohamad 5.2632 8.9286 2.7534 0.65359Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.47847 0 0.52724 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 1.9139 0 5.0381 0.65359

Musa Aman 0.95694 0.89286 10.31 13.072

Najib Razak 19.139 13.393 20.328 61.438

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.058582 0

Nik Aziz 1.9139 0.89286 1.6403 0.65359

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0

Nurul Izzah 0 2.6786 0.58582 0.3268

Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0.17575 0

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.46866 0

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 1.2302 0

Teresa Kok 0 0 0.64441 0

Tian Chua 0.47847 15.179 1.1716 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.058582 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0.35149 0

Yong Teck Lee 20.574 8.9286 12.302 1.9608


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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 33.01468

Negative 35.71436

Neutral 49.208534

Positive 80.71917

PR

Attacked 46.41141

Negative 55.35742

Neutral 37.785706

Positive 16.99377

Attacked 20.574

Negative 8.9286

Neutral 13.00499

Positive 2.2876

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 5.3691

BN 47.6512

Mahathir Mohamad 8.0537


Musa Aman 6.7114

Najib Razak 12.081

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0


PR 39.59674

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 2.6846

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 14.765


Nik Aziz 0.67114

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.67114

Independent 12.75144

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 10.738

Vox Pop Female 1.3423

0

0

Percentage(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 8.0323

Policy Issues 23.33827

Environment 0.19792Economy/Development 6.8283

Education 2.8534

Foreign Policy 1.1545

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.876

Oppressive Legislation 0

Health 0.13195

Religion 0.2639

Ethnicity 12.881

34.2896

Religion 2.6555

Democracy & Human Rights 4.6841

Socioeconomic Status 2.6555

Mudslinging 1.4019

Gender 1.2865

Electioneering 8.7251

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'



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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living



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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

wtw see hua daily sabah final

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