wtw utusan borneo sabah final

7/29/2019 WtW Utusan Borneo Sabah Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH.................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 UTUSAN BORNEO SABAH


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Executive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEOSABAH

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Utusan Borneo Sabah, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards BN(60.25%).

PR were attacked (87.19%) and covered negatively (60.95%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (90.65%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (20%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewedheavily towards BN (74%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (98%).

However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive and neutral coverage.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.



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Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (48%) than Independents/Otherspoliticians (23%) who were also used more than PR politicians (8%).

Muhyiddin Yassin and Musa Aman were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.

BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (84%) than either

opposition politicians or independents and others.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (49.53%), followed by PR< Others, PKR, then UMNO.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

PROther

PKR

UMNO

PAS

DAP

SAPP

PBS

UPKO

MCA

MIC

Gerakan

SUPP

PRS

PBB

SPDP

PSM

PRM

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

49.53

12.269.39

7.37

5.43

5.22

3.41

2.05

1.67

1.22

0.86

0.42

0.33

0.32

0.20

0.17

0.10

0.04

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards BN (60.25%).



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

60.25

28.27

2.09

9.39

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (20%).


5%7%

67%

20%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

PR were the most negatively covered (39.05%), followed by Others (27.61%).

PR were also the most attacked (69.21%).



PR

Other

PAS

PKR

BN

DAPMCA

UMNO

SAPP

PBS

Gerakan

MIC

UPKO

PBB

PRS

PRM

PSM

SPDP

SUPP

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (82.52%) coverage by a very significant margin.



BN

Other

PKR

PR

UMNO

PASDAP

SAPP

PBS

UPKO

MCA

MIC

Gerakan

SUPP

PRS

PBB

SPDP

PSM

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (87.19%) and covered negatively (60.95%) more then BN, withBN receiving more positive coverage (90.65%).

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.08 20%Neutral 1 : 0.43 67%

Negative 1 : 5.7 7%

Attacked 1 : 12.8 5%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

6.81

10.65

60.90

90.65

87.19

60.95

26.36

6.82

5.99

28.40

12.74

2.54

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas skewed heavily towards BN (74%).



74%

23%

3%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(26.13%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (19.89%) then Musa Aman (17.86%).


Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Election Commission Spokesperson

Anwar Ibrahim

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

Taib Mahmud

Chua Soi Lek

Jeffrey Kitingan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

26.13

18.89

17.86

5.36

3.85

3.20

2.16

1.60

1.13

0.85

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (48%) than Independents/Otherspoliticians (23%) who were also used more than PR politicians (8%).



69%

8%

23%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (98%).


1%

98%

1%1%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (28%) and attacks (28.57%).

Nik Aziz was second most attacked (25.71%) and second most negatively covered (16%).

Lim Kit Siang was third most attacked (14.29%).

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.


Anwar Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Hadi Awang

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Alfred Jabu

Lim Kit Siang

Muhyiddin Yassin

Lim Guan Eng

Karpal Singh

Azmin Ali

Rafizi Ramli

Jeffrey Kitingan

Baru Bian

Najib Razak

Nurul Izzah

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Chua Soi LekDzulkefly Ahmad

Elizabeth Wong

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (73.42%) and neutral coverage (44.99%).



Najib RazakMusa Aman

Anwar Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Bernard Dompok

Lim Kit Siang

Jeffrey Kitingan

Lim Guan Eng

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Mahathir Mohamad

Nik Aziz

Taib Mahmud

Hadi Awang

Yong Teck Lee

Hassan Ali

Maximus Ongkili

Rosmah Mansur

Karpal Singh

Azmin Ali

Ibrahim Ali

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Chua Soi Lek

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive and neutral coverage.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.09 1%

Neutral 1 : 0.29 96%

Negative 1 : 7.33 1%

Attacked 1 : 7.75 1%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

11.43

12.00

74.16

89.87

88.57

88.00

21.73

8.44

0.00

0.00

4.10

1.69

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (41.67%) then Musa Aman (19.79%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak (15.63%).



Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Taib Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

Hadi Awang

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

Chua Soi Lek

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

41.67

19.79

15.63

4.17

3.13

2.08

2.08

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (84%) than eitheropposition politicians or independents and others.



84%

4%

11%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Policy Issues than Non-Policy Issues.



65%

35%Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development.



50%

3%

39%

4%0%2%1%0%2%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed bySocioeconomic Status, then Ethnicity.



17%

4%

5%

26%

1%1%

46%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 18646

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 831

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 26.8

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN49.528

DAP 3.4102

Gerakan 0.33377

MCA 0.85619

MIC 0.42084

PAS 5.2242

PBB 0.17414

PBS 1.6688

PKR 7.3719

PR 12.262

PRS 0.20316

PRM 0

PSM 0.043535

SAPP 2.0461

SPDP 0.10158

SUPP 0.31926

UMNO 5.4274

UPKO 1.219

Other 9.3891

TABLE 2

Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 49.528

BN 60.25214

Gerakan 0.33377

MCA 0.85619

MIC 0.42084

PBB 0.17414

PBS 1.6688

PRS 0.20316

SPDP 0.10158

SUPP 0.31926

UMNO 5.4274

UPKO 1.219

PR 12.262

PR 28.2683DAP 3.4102

PAS 5.2242

PKR 7.3719

PRM 0

Independent 2.089635PSM 0.043535

SAPP 2.0461

Other 9.3891 Other 9.3891

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 5.4496 7.1006 47.881 82.524 142.9552

DAP 3.8147 3.9448 4.0225 1.0152 12.7972

Gerakan 0 0.19724 0.4109 0.21755 0.82569

MCA 0 1.1834 0.95156 0.65265 2.78761

MIC 0 0.19724 0.45415 0.50761 1.159

PAS 7.3569 9.2702 5.7526 1.3053 23.685

PBB 0 0 0.19464 0.21755 0.41219

PBS 0.27248 0.78895 2.141 0.72516 3.92759

PKR 6.812 8.6785 8.9317 1.8854 26.3076

PR 69.21 39.053 7.6557 2.6106 118.5293

PRS 0 0 0.25952 0.072516 0.332036

PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0 0 0.064879 0 0.064879

SAPP 0.54496 0.78895 2.7465 0.58013 4.66054

SPDP 0 0 0.12976 0.072516 0.202276

SUPP 0 0 0.4109 0.21755 0.62845

UMNO 1.0899 0.98619 6.423 4.9311 13.43019

UPKO 0 0.19724 1.6436 0.50761 2.34845

Other 5.4496 27.613 9.9265 1.9579 44.947

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

A tta cked 6.81198

Negative 10.65086

Neutral 60.90003

Positive 90.645812

PR

A tta cked 87.1936

Negative 60.9465

Neutral 26.3625

Positive 6.8165

A tta cked 5.99456

Negative 28.40195

Neutral 12.737879

Positive 2.53803

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 1.6701

Alfred Jabu 0.41754

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.20877

Anwar Ibrahim 6.5762

Azmin Ali 0.83507

Baru Bian 0.10438

Bernard Dompok 2.4008

Chong Chieng Jen 0.10438

Chua Soi Lek 0.31315

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.10438

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0.10438

Hadi Awang 1.5658

Hassan Ali 0.83507

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.31315

Ibrahim Ali 0.52192

James Masing 0.10438

Jeffrey Kitingan 2.0877

Karpal Singh 1.0438

Khalid Ibrahim 0.31315

Khalid Samad 0.10438

Lim Guan Eng 1.8789

Lim Kit Siang 3.0271

Liow Tiong Lai 0.10438Mahathir Mohamad 1.4614

Maximus Ongkili 0.83507

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.83507

Muhyiddin Yassin 3.9666

Musa Aman 11.691

Najib Razak 49.269

Ng Yen Yen 0.10438

Nik Aziz 2.8184

Nizar Jamaluddin 0

Nurul Izzah 0.41754

Rafizi Ramli 0.41754

Rosmah Mansur 0.6263

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 1.357

Teresa Kok 0.20877

Tian Chua 0.20877

Tony Pua 0

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 1.0438

Percentage(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 0.52191

BN 74.11233

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.10438

Alfred JabuPBB 1.77454

Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.83507

James Masing PRS 0.10438

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 68.37125

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 2.4008

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 6.26295

PR 22.65133

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 5.42803

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 10.96035

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.20877

3.23586

Hassan Ali Independent 0.83507

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.52192

Rosmah Mansur 0.6263

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 1.0438

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 1.1278

BN 68.797

Mahathir Mohamad 3.1955


Musa Aman 17.857

Najib Razak 26.128

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 1.5977


PR 8.36471

Baru Bian 0.28195

Hadi Awang 2.1617

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.84586

Khalid Ibrahim 0.093985

Lim Guan Eng 0.18797

Lim Kit Siang 0.84586

Nik Aziz 0.093985

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.093985

Independent 22.83827

Hassan Ali 0.093985

Vox Pop Male 9.7744

Vox Pop Female 1.1278

6.391

5.3571

Percentage(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 1.9757 1.2658

Alfred Jabu 0 8 0.30395 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0.84388

Anwar Ibrahim28.571 28 6.6869 0.84388Azmin Ali 0 4 0.75988 0.84388

Baru Bian 2.8571 0 0 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 3.4954 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0.15198 0

Chua Soi Lek 0 0 0.45593 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.15198 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.15198 0

Hadi Awang 0 12 1.6717 0.42194

Hassan Ali 0 0 1.0638 0.42194

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.45593 0

Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.75988 0

James Masing 0 0 0 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 5.7143 0 2.4316 0.84388

Karpal Singh 2.8571 4 0.75988 1.2658

Khalid Ibrahim 0 0 0.30395 0.42194

Khalid Samad 0 0 0.15198 0

Lim Guan Eng 5.7143 4 2.1277 0.42194

Lim Kit Siang 14.286 4 3.0395 1.2658

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.15198 0

Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 1.8237 0.84388Maximus Ongkili 0 0 1.0638 0.42194

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 12 0.75988 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 8.5714 4 5.0152 0.42194

Musa Aman 0 0 12.462 12.658

Najib Razak 2.8571 0 44.985 73.418

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0.42194

Nik Aziz 25.714 16 1.8237 0.42194

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0

Nurul Izzah 2.8571 0 0.15198 0.84388

Rafizi Ramli0 4 0.30395 0.42194Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.91185 0

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 1.8237 0.42194

Teresa Kok 0 0 0.30395 0

Tian Chua 0 0 0.15198 0.42194

Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 1.3678 0.42194


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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 11.4285

Negative 12

Neutral 74.16427

Positive 89.87344

PR

Attacked 88.5709

Negative 88

Neutral 21.73249

Positive 8.43876

Attacked 0

Negative 0

Neutral 4.10333

Positive 1.68776

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 84.3757

Mahathir Mohamad 4.1667


Musa Aman 19.792

Najib Razak 15.625

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 3.125


PR 4.1666

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 2.0833

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0

Lim Kit Siang 0

Nik Aziz 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 11.4583

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 5.2083

Vox Pop Female 0

6.25

0

Percentage(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 22.073

Policy Issues 44.011227

Environment 1.144Economy/Development 17.093

Education 1.5478

Foreign Policy 0.033647

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 0.87483

Oppressive Legislation 0.23553

Health 0.10094

Religion 0.90848

Ethnicity 4.0713

23.95721

Religion 1.0094

Democracy & Human Rights 1.1777

Socioeconomic Status 6.1911

Mudslinging 0.33647

Gender 0.16824

Electioneering 11.003

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'



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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living



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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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