universiti putra malaysia - psasir.upm.edu.mypsasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/51748/1/frsb 2014...

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

MASOUD DALMAN

FRSB 2012 15

INFLUENCES OF WIND AND HUMIDITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN URBAN CANYONS OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN

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INFLUENCES OF WIND AND HUMIDITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN

URBAN CANYONS OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN

By

MASOUD DALMAN

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

May 2012

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TO BELOVED PEOPLE OF BANDAR ABBAS,

PERSIAN GULF COASTAL RESIDENTS

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment

of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

INFLUENCES OF WIND AND HUMIDITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN

URBAN CANYONS OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN

By

MASOUD DALMAN

May 2012

Chair: Elias Bin Salleh, PhD

Faculty: Design and Architecture

Accessibility to thermal comfort spaces for citizens and urban outdoor activities

could be one of the main goals of urban designers. Urban forms and canyons have an

important role on the microclimate and thermal comfort condition in such situations.

Hence there is a need to understand the dynamics of urban fabric and microclimate

of an urban area for good urban design of outdoor spaces. Bandar Abbas city, located

in the southern part of Iran at the northern rim of Hormuz Strait, is an example of an

urban growth area with a combination of traditional and modern urban fabrics. The

hot and humid climate of Bandar Abbas, especially in long summers causes thermal

stress for urban activities.

The aim and objectives of the present study is to investigate the possibilities that

achieve thermal comfort in residential urban canyons of new developments thus

improve life style for outdoor environments in Bandar Abbas. To achieve these aims,

this study selected two different urban fabric typologies to identify the prevailing

urban canyon patterns, to investigate microclimate conditions and explore thermal

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comfort situation to propose new urban design strategies for comfortable outdoor

spaces.

This research employs various research techniques involving quantitative and

qualitative approaches and comprising a case study of Bandar Abbas through direct

observation of urban fabric, field measurement of climatic elements, and computer

simulation of wind flow patterns. To understand the influence of microclimate

factors and thermal comfort situations in the study area, two different typologies of

traditional and new residential development (modern) urban fabrics have been

selected in south east of Bandar Abbas.

The results indicate that the traditional urban fabric is more thermally comfortable

than the new residential urban fabric. According to the field measurements, thermal

comfort calculation and wind simulations, the canyons with North-South direction

represents better orientation for air circulation benefiting from sea breezes as

compared to other canyon orientations.

The findings will throw light on the urban designers and policy makers of cities

which have the same climate especially in Persian Gulf region and tropical hot and

humid climate with similar conditions.

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Abstrak ini dibentangkan pada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia

bagi memenuhi syarat Ijazah Doktor Falsafah

PENGARUH ANGIN DAN KELEMBAPAN TERHADAP KESELESAAN

CUACA PANAS KAWASAN LEMBAH DI BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN

Oleh

MASOUD DALMAN

Mei 2012

Pengerusi: Elias bin Salleh, PhD

Fakulti: Fakulti Rekabentuk dan Seni bina

Keselesaan semasa keadaan cuaca panas (Thermal Comfort) bagi penempatan dan

aktiviti luar kawasan bandar menjadi salah satu matlamat utama merekabentuk

bandar. Bentuk bandar dan kawasan lembah mempunyai peranan yang penting pada

mikroiklim dan keadaan keselesaan cuaca panas. Oleh itu adalah perlu untuk

memahami dinamik fabrik bandar dan mikroiklim kawasan bandar bagi

merekabentuk kawasan bandar. Pelabuhan Bandaraya Bandar Abbas, yang terletak

di bahagian selatan Iran di pinggir utara Selat Hormuz, merupakan contoh kawasan

pertumbuhan bandar dengan gabungan fabrik tradisional dan moden. Iklim panas dan

lembap bandaraya ini, terutama pada musim panas yang panjang menyebabkan

keadaan yang tidak selesa bagi aktiviti luar.

Matlamat dan objektif kajian ini adalah mengkaji kemungkinan untuk mencapai

keselesaan semasa cuaca panas di kawasan lembah bandar yang sedang berkembang

dan meningkatkan gaya hidup di aktiviti luar di Bandaraya Bandar Abbas. Bagi

mencapai matlamat tersebut, kajian ini memilih dua fabrik tipologi bandar yang

berlainan untuk mengenal pasti corak lembah bandar, mengkaji keadaan mikroiklim

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dan meneroka keadaan keselesaan semasa cuaca panas untuk mencadangkan strategi

rekabentuk bandar baru yang selesa.

Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang terdiri daripada

kajian kes bandaraya Bandar Abbas melalui pemerhatian fabrik bandar secara

langsung, ukuran bidang unsur-unsur iklim, dan simulasi ber komputer corak aliran

tiupan angin. Untuk mengenalpasti pengaruh faktor-faktor mikroiklim dan keadaan

keselesaan cuaca panas dalam kawasan kajian, dua tipologi pembangunan yang

berbeza bagi kediaman tradisional dan baru (moden) telah dipilih di tenggara Bandar

Abbas.

Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa keadaan semasa cuaca panas bagi fabrik bandar

tradisional adalah lebih selesa daripada fabrik bandar kediaman baru. Menurut

ukuran bidang, pengiraan keselesaan cuaca panas dan simulasi angin, kawasan

lembah mengarah kepada Utara-Selatan mewakili orientasi peredaran udara yang

lebih baik kerana mendapat manfaat daripada bayu laut berbanding dengan orientasi

kawasan lembah yang lain.

Penemuan kajian ini akan dapat memberikan petunjuk kepada perancang bandar dan

pembuat dasar bandar-bandar yang mempunyai iklim yang sama terutamanya di

rantau Teluk Parsi dan kawasan iklim tropika yang panas dan lembap keadaan yang

sama.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my gratefulness to God.

I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Dato’ Dr. Ar. Elias Bin

Salleh, for his guidance, advices, and the many contribution that he has made to my

ideas throughout the preparation of this thesis. I specially thank to my supervisory

committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr Abdul Razak Bin Sapian, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Osman Mohd Tahir, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamariah Binti Dola for advising me

during my PhD study. Thanks to all faculty members in FRSB-UPM specially,

respective lecturers and Admin. Assist. of post graduate affairs, Mrs. Nursyida

Mansor.

My deep appreciation goes to those people who helped me in Bandar Abbas city,

during data collection, observations and field measurements especially in

meteorological organization of Bandar Abbas, Mr. Pishdar, and regional company of

water management of Hormozgan Province, Mr. Dehghani.

Last but not least, I would like to extend my abundant gratitude to my lovely wife,

Maryam, and my children Yasaman, Kianoosh and Amir Mohammad, and my

beloved parents, whose supports and encouragements throughout the past four and a

half years have been simply immeasurable.

I dedicate this thesis also to all beloved people of my city, Bandar Abbas.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 7th May 2012 to conduct

the final examination of Masoud Dalman on his thesis entitled “Influences of Wind

and Humidity on Thermal Comfort in Urban Canyons of Bandar Abbas, Iran” in

accordance with Universities and University colleges Act 1972 and Constitution of

the Unversiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The committee

recommends that the student be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.

Members of the Examination Committee were as follows:

Suhardi Maulan, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Design and Architecture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Nur Dalilah Dahlan, PhD

Senior lecturer



(Internal Examiner)

Nor Mariah Adam, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Engineering


(Internal Examiner)

Roger Fay, PhD

Professor

School of Architecture and Design

University of Tasmania

Australia

(External Examiner)

_________________________

SEOW HENG FONG, PhD

Professor/Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Elias Bin Salleh, PhD

Professor



(Chairman)

Abdul Razak Bin Sapian, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Architecture and environmental design

International Islamic University Malaysia

(Member)

Osman Mohd Tahir, PhD

Associate Professor



(Member)

Kamariah Binti Dola, PhD

Associate Professor



(Member)

___________________________

BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

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DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which

have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is

not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at

any other institution.

___________________

MASOUD DALMAN

Date: 7 May 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii

APPROVAL viii

DECLARATION x

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF FIGURES xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxiii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Research Background and Statement of Issues 1

1.3 Research Questions 5

1.4 Aim and Objectives 6

1.5 Research Methodology 6

1.6 Scope and Limitations 7

1.7 Significance of The Study 8

1.8 Organization of The Research

9

2 OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Definitions and Concept of Thermal Comfort 11

2.3 Environmental and Personal Factors of Thermal Comfort 14

2.3.1 Air Temperature 14

2.3.2 Radiant Temperature 15

2.3.3 Air Velocity 15

2.3.4 Relative Humidity 16

2.3.5 Clothing Insulation 17

2.3.6 Metabolic Heat (Activity Level) 17

2.4 Thermal Comfort Models 17

2.4.1 Fanger (1970) Thermal Equation (PMV) 19

2.4.2 ISO 7730 21

2.4.3 Effective Temperature (ET), Corrected Effective

Temperature (CET)

22

2.4.4 Munich Energy Balance Model for Individuals

(MEMI)

23

2.4.5 The Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) 26

2.5 Conclusions

28

3 BANDAR ABBAS CLIMATE AND URBAN CANYON

PATTERN

30

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Bandar Abbas 30

3.2.1 Bandar Abbas City 31

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3.2.2 Characteristics of Hot and Humid Climate 32

3.2.3 Hot and Humid Region of Iran 33

3.2.4 Hot and Humid Climate of Bandar Abbas 33

3.2.5 Influence of Wind 40

3.2.6 Architectural Form 41

3.2.7 Traditional Urban Context and Architectural Form

of Bandar Abbas

42

3.3 Characteristics of Selected Urban Fabrics 43

3.3.1 Hindering Influences of Recent Developments on

Thermal Comfort Conditions 43

3.3.2 Canyon Pattern Transformation and Thermal

Comfort Changes in Bandar Abbas 44

3.4 Urban Canyon Definitions and General Characteristics 45

3.5 Urban Fabric Study 47

3.6 Modern Urban Fabric (Golshahr-E- Jonoobi) 51

3.7 Traditional Urban Fabric (Nakhl-E-Nakhoda) 55

3.8 Urban Design and Thermal Comfort of Outdoor Spaces 59

3.9 Conclusion

61

4 FIELD MEASUREMENTS, MICROCLIMATE, AND

THERMAL COMFORT INVESTIGATION 64

4.1 Introduction 64

4.2 Measurement Instruments 64

4.2.1 Wind Measurement 65

4.2.2 Measurement of Temperature and Relative

Humidity

66

4.2.3 Data Collection and Measuring Techniques 68

4.2.4 Period of Measurement 68

4.2.5 Data Sources 69

4.2.6 Sensor Placement 69

4.2.7 Measurement Locations 70

4.2.8 Air Temperature 71

4.2.9 Relative Humidity 71

4.2.10 Air Movement 72

4.3 The Measurement Error 72

4.4 Fieldwork Data Analysis Methods and Thermal Comfort

Investigations 74

4.5 Microclimate Investigation 75

4.5.1 Built Form 75

4.5.2 Vegetation Layout 77

4.5.3 Microclimate Observation of Study Area 77

4.6 Thermal Comfort Investigation 78

4.6.1 PET Index Calculation 79

4.6.2 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) 84

4.7 Conclusion 85

5 AIR FLOW SIMULATION USING MicroFlo (IESVE) 86

5.1 Introduction 86

5.1.1 Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) 86

5.1.2 Technical Characteristics of CFD 89

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5.1.3 CFD Application 91

5.1.4 Objectives of CFD 91

5.1.5 Urban Canyon Models for Airflow Simulation 93

5.2 MicroFlo (IESve) Software 93

5.3 Airflow Simulation Steps Using MicroFlo (IESve) 93

5.4 CFD Setting 94

5.4.1 Grid Setting 98

5.4.2 Discretisation 99

5.4.3 Running the Simulation 100

5.4.4 CFD Monitor Stage 101

5.4.5 Result Presentation 101

5.5 Conclusion 102

6 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS:

MICROCLIMATE AND THERMAL COMFORT

PERFORMANCES OF SELECTED CANYONS

104

6.1 Introduction 104

6.2 Characteristics of Prevailing Canyons in Selected

Traditional and Modern Urban Fabrics 105

6.2.1 Canyons Prevailing Patterns in Selected Urban

Fabrics 105

6.2.2 Impact of Canyon Orientation in Traditional

Urban Fabric 105

6.2.3 Impact of Canyon Orientation in Modern Urban

Fabric 111

6.3 Microclimate Condition inside the Selected Canyons 114

6.3.1 Air Temperature (Ta) and Relative Humidity

(RH%) 115

6.3.2 Wind Speed 125

6.4 Thermal Comfort Condition inside the Selected Canyon 136

6.4.1 Thermal Comfort Condition of Traditional

Canyons 140

6.4.2 Thermal Comfort Condition in The Canyons of

Modern Urban Fabric 142

6.4.3 Hourly Changes of Thermal Comfort Indices in

Study Area 143

6.4.4 Results of Discomfort Index (DI) in each Canyon 145

6.5 Conclusion 148

7 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS:

AIR MOVEMENT SIMULATION INSIDE THE SELECTED

CANYONS

152


7.2 Existing Urban Canyons 153

7.2.1 Traditional Urban Fabric 156

7.2.2 Modern Urban Fabric 164

7.3 Proposed Urban Canyon 172

7.4 Conclusion

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8 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY

180


8.2 Research Outline 180

8.3 Review of Study Objectives 180

8.4 Outcomes of The Research 181

8.4.1 Prevailing Patterns of Fabrics Urban Canyons 182

8.4.2 Microclimate Performance 183

8.4.3 Thermal Comfort Performance 185

8.4.4 Airflow Simulation in Existing Canyons 186

8.5 Integration of Research Outcomes 187

8.6 Knowledge Contribution and Benefit of Study 189

8.7 Suggestions for Future Research 191

REFERENCES 193

APPENDICES 202

BIODATA OF STUDENT 258

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 260

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Ranges of the PET for different grades of thermal perception 27

2.2 Comparison of PMV and PET ranges for different human

sensations

28

2.3 Summary and comparison of the most prevailing thermal comfort

models

28

3.1 Monthly prevailing wind direction of Bandar Abbas 39

3.2 Traditional and modern urban fabrics characteristics 48

3.3 Characteristics of selected urban canyons 48

3.4 Modern urban fabric canyons characteristics 52

3.5 Characteristics of the selected traditional urban fabric 56

4.1 Characteristics of Anemometer 65

4.2 Details listed by the logger features of HOBO Datalogger device 67

4.3 Selected days for measuring microclimate factors 69

5.1 Different atmospheric boundary layer values 97

6.1 Characteristics of selected canyons in traditional urban fabric 107

6.2 Sun angles in degree (for July). Latitude 27°, 11´ 109

6.3 Characteristics of selected canyons in modern urban fabric 112

6.4 Mean of Ta (°C) and RH% in all study canyons 115

6.5 Mean values of recorded microclimate factors in study area 117

6.6 Average of recorded wind speed 126

6.7 Recorded wind speed in each canyon (mean values) 129

6.8 Swing rate of PET during six significant hours for all canyons 137

6.9 Variation of thermal comfort indices in each canyon (July1) 138

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6.10 Calculated discomfort index (DI) for all canyons 147

7.1 Terrain values (α) and layer thickness (ZG) in meter 152

7.2 Wind speed variation inside the T1 canyon (Recorded, Simulated

and RS)

156


and RS)

158


and RS)

160


and RS)

161

7.6 Wind speed variation inside the M1 canyon (Recorded, Simulated

and RS)

164


and RS)

165


and RS)

167


and RS)

169

7.10 Characteristics of the proposed canyons 172

7.11 Simulated wind profile for each proposed canyon 173

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1.1 Review of problem statement and research questions 5

1.2 Diagram of Research Design / Framework 10

2.1 Thermal Comfort concept 12

2.2 Major thermal comfort models 18

2.3 Fangers’ PMV model 21

2.4 Effective temperature chart 23

2.5 Heat balance modeling with MEMI for warm and sunny conditions 25

3.1 The harbor of Bandar Abbas in 1704 31

3.2 Geographical location of Iran among its neighbors 34

3.3 Location map of Hormozgan Province and Bandar Abbas city 34

3.4 Monthly temperature ranges of B.A 36

3.5 Monthly relative humidity ranges of B.A 36

3.6 Annual cycle of Ta in BA 37

3.7 Recorded Ta and RH% in reference station (27Jun-11July, 2010) 38

3.8 Sultry period in the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf 38

3.9 Monthly and daily variation of wind speed in Bandar Abbas 39

3.10 Average of monthly wind speed (m/s) in study area 40

3.11 Schematic of the urban boundary layer including its vertical layers

and scales

45

3.12 Geometric urban canyon characteristics 46

3.13 The schematic process of selecting location of study area in south

east of Bandar Abbas (a, b, c, and d)

49

3.14 Satellite image of selected site (Source: Google Earth) 50

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3.15 Distance between weather center and two selected urban fabrics 50

3.16 Prevailing canyons orientation in each urban fabric 51

3.17 New residential developments in modern urban fabric 51

3.18 Selected canyons of modern urban fabric 52

3.19 Features of M1 type canyon (a, b, and c) located in modern urban

fabric

53

3.20 Features of M2 and M4 type canyons (a, b, c, d, e, and f) located in

modern urban fabric

54

3.21 Features of M4 canyon (a, b, and c) located in modern urban fabric 55

3.22 Selected canyons of traditional urban fabric 57

3.23 Features of T1 and T2 type canyon (a, b, c, d, e, and f ) located in

traditional urban fabric

58

3.24 Features of T3 and T4 type canyon (a, b, c, d, e, and f ) located in

traditional urban fabric

59

3.25 Solar radiation and wind can be significantly affected by urban

design

60

4.1 Muller Anemometer (Model: 91g) 65

4.2 Four-channel Hobo Datalogger 68

4.3 Data collection process 70

4.4 Air movement measurements 70

4.5 Measurement point locations in study area 71

4.6 Different urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas (Traditional, Modern, and

Sprawl)

76

4.7 Vegetation layout in traditional (A) and new residential

development (B)

77

4.8 Summer outdoor comfort zone in shade 80

4.9 Rayman software- ver. 1.2 82

4.10 A sample input file at T2 canyon 83

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4.11 A sample Rayman software result at T2 canyon 83

5.1 The main steps of CFD analysis process 88

5.2 Different computational domain grids 89

5.3 Schematic view of wind flow investigation in study area 92

5.4 General view of canyon models for CFD simulation 92

5.5 Modeling of selected canyon 94

5.6 Assigning 3D boundaries and grids 94

5.7 Wind and Exposure setting 97

5.8 Turbulence model determination in CFD 98

5.9 Grid setting dialogue box 99

5.10 Discretisation dialogue box 100

5.11 CFD Grid, memory and Aspect ratio Statistics dialogue box 101

5.12 Simulation control panel 102

5.13 Wind velocity and direction, CFD output 102

5.14 Implemented methods of CFD study 103

6.1 Unattached single units in traditional urban fabric 106

6.2 Selected canyon orientation in traditional urban fabric 107

6.3 Schematic view of airflow in the different canyons orientation

(Parallel and perpendicular)

108

6.4 Shading effect in T1 and T2 110

6.5 Shading effect in T3 and T4 111

6.6 Selected canyon orientation in modern urban fabric 112

6.7 Shading effect in M1 and M2 113

6.8 Shading effect in M3 and M4 114

6.9 Average of recorded Ta in all studied canyons 116

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6.10 Average of recorded RH% 116

6.11 Mean hourly Ta and RH% (all canyons) 117

6.12 Swing rate of Ta and RH% in study area 118

6.13 Variation of Ta and RH% in N-S canyons 119

6.14 Variation of Ta and RH% in E-W canyons 120

6.15 Variation of Ta and RH% in WSW-ENE canyons 122

6.16 Variation of Ta and RH% in SSE-NNW canyons 123

6.17 Hourly variation of Ta and RH% in both urban fabrics 124

6.18 Monthly variation of wind speed 125

6.19 Hourly variation of average WS in selected urban fabrics and RS 126

6.20 Wind rose of July 2010 127

6.21 Number of wind Data for each Location 127

6.22 Percent of wind data for each location 128

6.23 Percent of wind data for each speed 128

6.24 Average wind speed for each direction 128

6.25 T1 and RS, WS comparatively 130




6.29 M1 and RS, WS comparatively 132




6.33 Hourly variation of WS in each canyon 136

6.34 PET variation and upper comfort zone in each canyon 138

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6.35 Ts and Ta ranges in each canyon 139

6.36 Variation of maximum and minimum of MRT, PMV, and SET 139

6.37 Hourly variation of PET in N-S canyons 140

6.38 E-W canyons and hourly variation of PET 141

6.39 Hourly range of PET in M1 142

6.40 Variation of PET index inside the SSE-NNW canyons 143

6.41 Daily swing rate of thermal comfort indices inside the canyons 144

6.42 Differences of thermal comfort indices in each urban fabric 145

6.43 Discomfort index during the day 148

7.1 Mean wind profile using ASHRAE and Log Law models 153

7.2 Linear and polynomial graph of α and ZG values according to area

terrains

153

7.3 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the T1 canyon 156

7.4 Simulated wind profile in T1 157

7.5 Measured WS inside the T1 canyon and RS 157










7.15 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the M1 canyon 164

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7.16 Simulated wind profile in M1 164

7.17 Measured WS inside the M1 canyon and RS 164










7.27 Proposed canyons modeled for air flow simulation 173

7.28 Simulated wind profile for proposed canyons 174

7.29 Wind profile below 5m height(ZG =5m) 175

7.30 Comparison of wind speed profiles 175

7.31 Simulated wind profile for proposed canyons with 4m height 177

7.32 Simulated wind profile for proposed canyons with 10m height 177

8.1 Optimum and inappropriate canyon orientation angles in BA 187

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air conditioning

Engineers

BA Bandar Abbas

BAIA Bandar Abbas International Air port

BSC Building Science Corporation

Clo Clothing rate

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamic

CET Corrected Effect ive Temperature

DI Discomfort Index

ET Effective Temperature

E-W East-West

H/W Height-to-Width Ratio

HSE Health and Safety Executive

IESve Integrated Environmental Solutions (Virtual Environment)

IMO Iranian Meteorological Organization

LES Large Eddy Simulation

MEMI Munich Energy Balance Model for Individual

MRT Mean Radiant Temperature

N-S North-South

PET Physiological Equivalent Temperature

PMV Predicted Mean Vote

RANS Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes

RH% Percentage of Relative Humidity

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SET Standard Effective Temperature

SSE-NNW South of South east- North of North West

Ta Air Temperature

THI Temperature Humidity Index

UBL Urban Boundary Layer

UCL Urban Canopy Layer

UHI Urban Heat Island

USDOE United State Department Of Energy

WSW-ENE West of South west- East of North East

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

This chapter introduces the background problem and motivations of this research. In

this chapter, the research questions, aim, objectives, and research design will be

explained. Furthermore, this chapter presents detail of scopes and limitations of

research and significance of the conducted research and organization of the thesis.

Finally, the chapter concludes by justifying issues and points of departure for this

research and it ends by developing theoretical framework for this research.

1.2 Research Background and Statement of Issues

The history of Bandar Abbas could be traced back to the 17th century. Bandar Abbas

is a major port of the mouth of the Persian Gulf with a long history of trade and

fishing. It is the provincial capital of Hormozgan. The city has a strategic position on

the narrow Straits of Hormoz, and it houses the main base of the Iranian Navy. The

city is an extremely important trading port and has also attracted industrial

investment. The population of Bandar Abbas has increased from 87,000 in 1977 to

273,000 in 1996 (Alaedini, 2008) and 429093 in 2006 (Dadras, 2010) and is

estimated to be around 500,000 people in 2011.

Like many other cities, Bandar Abbas has experienced an unprecedented population

boom in the last 20 years (Alaedini, 2008). The city possesses some small creeks,

known as Khoor, which are located in urban area, which are the flows of north part

of the city that pours into the Persian Gulf. These Khoors function as drainage

systems for flash floods as well as sewages of residential districts. Besides, they

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separate the urban area in big quarters, which have special effects on urban planning

of the city.

Bandar Abbas is the largest and the most developed port of Iran. Since 1980 Bandar

Abbas has been rapidly developing as an import and export pole of oil, steel and

aluminum industries, as well as ship construction and port services. Moreover, it is

regarded as a center of service industries and tourism, especially for domestic

tourists.

Hence, this causes a rapid increase in population by attracting more workers which

leads to the development of a national class city called Bandar Abbas, regarded as

the biggest city in the entire cities of south of Iran. This population increase causes

high demand for quick housing which sometimes neglects the local climate and

traditional architecture, especially, in most of the modern and commercial contexts

that are covered by high and medium rise buildings (Dalman et al., 2011). These

attributes have an intense effect on the use of energy in buildings, outdoor thermal

comfort and urban air quality.

Climate situations of study area especially in summer time are affected by a hot and

humid wave created by Persian Gulf and Peninsula of Saudi Arabia (Thapar, 2008).

Air temperature cycle in Bandar Abbas consists of three periods, which are outlined

below:

1) - A moderate weather period from December to March which has a daily mean

outdoor air temperature of 18-23°C;

2) - A warm period in November and April which has a daily mean outdoor air

temperature of 24-27°C;

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3) - A very hot and humid period from May to October with average temperatures of

30-34.5°C

Maintaining thermal comfort conditions during the hot period is more challenging

compared to the other two periods. Intensifying temperature by a high incident of

solar radiation as well as high levels of absolute and relative humidity at certain

times of the day causes the thermal discomfort for outdoor and indoor spaces during

the hot period. The potential of evaporative cooling could be one of the best solutions

in order to achieve thermal comfort but this might also be quite limited at the highest

level of hot and humid period (Thapar, 2008). Nevertheless, there is a good potential

for nocturnal radiated cooling throughout the year and the mean wind speed

exceeding 6.0 m/s assists to provide comfort in outdoor spaces.

The direction of prevailing wind in Bandar Abbas is southward; therefore, the streets

and alleys that are exposed to sea breezes coming from South-North direction have

less humidity and are more comfortable for pedestrians in certain time of the day

because of the shaded sidewalks.

In this region the urban setting in traditional urban fabrics is designed to allow air to

circulate through urban canyons and it also uses high walls and vegetation for

reducing the heat by shading effect. Consequently, the general orientation of the

urban setting in this region follows the direction of the coastline and wind; for

example, the streets and paths are arranged in order to sway the pleasant winds

coming from the sea (Dalman, 1992).

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Modern urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas were constructed over the course of 25 years

(since 1985) mainly in the eastern part of the city. Canyon orientation of these urban

fabrics predominantly is West of South West- East of North East (WSW-ENE),

which is Perpendicular to prevailing wind. The selected modern urban fabric is

located in the south east of the city near the seashore. The prevailing canyons in this

urban fabric are extended along WSW-ENE orientation; the subsidiary alleys have

South of South East- North of North West (SSE-NNW) orientation. The widths of

prevailing canyons vary from 6m to 12m, whereas the subsidiary canyons’ width is a

variant between 1.5m to 3 m (Sharmand, 2009).

The main issue confronting modern urban fabrics today is that the buildings’ layout

and canyon orientation are maybe unsuitable for providing thermal comfort for

pedestrians in outdoor spaces during the hot and humid summer period (Figure 1.1).

Consideration has to be given to the environment factors in planning and finally

designing. The traditional principles seem to be more environmentally and thermally

comfortable than current designs in new residential developments. This implies that

there is a great deal to learn from the former rather than the latter. A couple of

questions need to be addressed; firstly, what are the elements of comfortable outdoor

spaces? And secondly, will residents and people feel comfortable with the proposed

new residential developments?

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Figure ‎0.1. Review of Problem Statement and Research Questions

1.3 Research Questions

The following questions related to field of the study will be addressed in present

research:

Main Research Question:

How can a suitable urban design be developed to provide thermal comfort?

Sub-research questions:

Q1: What are the prevailing patterns in urban canyon for modern and

traditional urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas?

Q2: What are the microclimate characteristics of two different typologies of

traditional and modern urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas?

Q3: What is the comfort conditions found in traditional and modern urban

fabrics of Bandar Abbas?

Thermal Comfort Issues in Urban Canyons of New Residential

Developments of Bandar Abbas

How a suitable urban design can be developed to provide thermal comfort?

What are the prevailing canyons of traditional and modern urban fabrics?

What are the comfort conditions in two different typologies of traditional and modern

urban fabrics?

How comfortable urban canyon can be developed in new residential areas?

Inappropriate Building Layout and Orientation in Modern Fabrics

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Q4: what are the conditions needed to develop comfortable outdoor spaces

for pedestrians in residential areas of urban canyons in Bandar Abbas?

1.4 Aim and Objectives

The main objective of microclimate study in hot and humid cities is to enhance the

natural ventilation to reduce thermal stress in outdoor spaces and provide proper

shaded areas when required (Bekele et al., 2008).

The primary aim of this research is to investigate the possibilities that will achieve

thermal comfort in residential urban canyons of new developments and improve life

style for outdoor environments in Bandar Abbas.

The specifics objectives of this thesis are:

1) To identify the prevailing patterns of urban canyon in modern and traditional

urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas;

2) To investigate microclimate condition of two different typologies: traditional and

modern urban fabrics in Bandar Abbas;

3) To identify and explore comfort condition in these two identified types of urban

typology;

4) To propose urban design strategies for comfortable outdoor pedestrian spaces in

new residential development in urban canyons.

1.5 Research Methodology

This research methodology employs a combination of research techniques that

includes quantitative and qualitative approaches and comprises a case study research

through field measurements, simulations and direct observations for data collection.

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According to Bekele et al. (2008), the main parameters of urban microclimate design

are: local climate, city location, urban density, orientation and canyon’s width,

anthropogenic heat, traffic, neighbourhood shape, and distribution.

The first objective, which refers to the characteristics of prevailing urban canyons in

two different residential urban fabrics in Bandar Abbas, will be addressed through

documents review and field observations. The second and third objectives will be

achieved through field measurements and CFD simulations, which respectively refer

to comfort conditions and urban canyon typologies and influencing factors on the

thermal comfort situation. Direct observations, field measurements and CFD

simulations are the main supporting methods to achieve these objectives.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The urban climate study of this research is limited to hot and humid condition of

summer season and the study of vegetation and shading effects are not included and

is beyond the scope of this study. This research is particularly appropriate to

geographical, climate, and urban conditions of Bandar Abbas city. Therefore,

findings can only be generalized in relation to hot and humid cities of Persian Gulf

region and other hot and humid cities with similar characteristics, architectural and

urban-style settings.

A particular research is needed when utilizing the findings of this research in case of

similar residential urban canyons with varied H/W ratios. The conducted study

depends on climate situation and outdoor spaces of selected study areas. Finally,

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other influencing factors and models in study thermal comfort and non-climate

elements (dust, glare, noise, and psychological condition) are not considered.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The results of this study is expected to provide information on the importance of air

movement on thermal comfort which, could assist in reducing outdoor air

temperature, humidity, and PET index for pedestrians and outdoor activities. Hence,

these findings will enable and provide the urban planner and designer with wide

range of options in selecting suitable thermal comfort strategies for achieving

comfortable urban spaces in areas with similar climate. The developed design

strategies and criteria could be used as a future reference for urban designers, city

planners, city managers and researchers of the same fields of study.

1.8 Organization of the Research

This thesis comprises of 8 chapters (Figure 1.2) that are explained as follows:

Chapter1 introduces the issues and motivations of the research and draws a

perspective of the study by discussing important topics such as research questions,

aim, and objectives, significant of study, scope and limitation.

Chapter 2 provides a critical analysis of relevant literature regarding Bandar Abbas

as a study region and its urban canyon characteristics, definitions and concepts. In

this chapter geographical condition, climatic factors and characteristics, and urban

fabric patterns are also discussed.

Chapter 3 elaborates on the previous literature, which discusses outdoor thermal

comfort elements such as urban climate and thermal comfort models and criteria.

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Different theories and models will be discussed as general review of the nature of the

hot and humid climate, thermal comfort aspects and air flow simulation and their

relation to the present study, which outlines the proper procedure to conducting this

research. Furthermore, the chapter concludes by presenting different dimensions,

influences, and the application of aspects of urban climate and outdoor thermal

comfort in residential urban canyons.

Chapters 4 and 5 explain the adopted research design, methodology, and strategies

for data collection, analysis, and validation during the study, which aims to answer

the research questions. These chapters categorize the research methodology into

three parts, namely analysis of research questions, detailed explanation of the

research process, and validation and reliability of the findings. These chapters are

divided into 12 subsections in order to address, research approach, research

procedure, components of case study research, validation and reliability, and the

scope and limitation of this study.

Chapter 6 expresses the main findings of the conducted field measurements and

analysis of microclimate factors, canyon details, and thermal comfort investigations.

The findings are derived through the use of software analysis, field measurements,

and visual data in the form of tables and charts.

Chapter 7 illustrates the findings of air flow simulations inside the selected canyons

during data collection in July 2010. The results of the simulations are discussed in

form of visual data such as figures, tables and charts. These results also relate the

findings to the reviewed models and theories in order to triangulate the results and

intensify the validation of the findings. Finally, the results based on the achieved

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findings calibrated in terms of canyon orientation, building layouts, and air flow

characteristics, shows the correlations between air movement, residential canyons

and thermal comfort.

Finally, Chapter 8 summarizes the whole thesis and its findings and discusses the

conclusions based on the achieved results. This section makes general conclusions

and recommendation for further research and discusses how the findings of this study

can be applied to the cases, which are not quite similar to the case studied in this

research. The chapter concludes by highlighting the contributions the thesis has made

and providing references for future research.

Figure ‎0.2. Diagram of Research Design / Framework

Literature Review

Research Problem (R.Q & R.O)

Observation

-Patterns

Field Measurement

-Climatic

Simulation

-MicroFlo

Results Analysis

Conclusion

Urban Canyon in

Bandar Abbas Outdoor T.C (PET)

Issue

CFD

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