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$or many centuries, lead was the favoured material for water pipes, because its malleability

made it practical to wor' into shape 7this use was so common that the word :plumbing: derives

from the Latin word for lead9. This was a source of lead#related health problems in the years

before the health ha%ards of ingesting lead were fully understood; among these were stillbirths

and high rates of infant mortality. Lead water pipes were still in common use in the early 25th

century and remain in many households. Lead#tin alloy solder was commonly used to &oin

copper pipes, but modern practice uses tin#antimony alloy solder to &oin copper in order to

eliminate lead ha%ards.

6espite the nli'e

other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the


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be made to other metallic pipes, e!cept for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion owing to

electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals 7see galvanic cell9. 0ron%e fittings and short

pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.

"aterials Af )ipe

)ipe is made in many materials including ceramic, glass, fiberglass, many metals, concrete and

plastic. In the past, wood and lead 7Latin plumbum, from which comes the word =plumbing=9

were commonly used.

Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, blac' 7lacquer9 steel,

carbon steel, stainless steel or galvani%ed steel, brass, and ductile iron. Iron based piping is

sub&ect to corrosion in highly o!ygenated water stream. /luminium pipe or tubing may beutili%ed where iron is incompatible with the service fluid or where weight is a concern.

/luminium is also used for heat transfer tubing such as in refrigerant systems. opper tubing is

popular for domestic water 7potable9 plumbing systems .opper may be used where heat transfer

is desirable 7i.e. radiators or heat e!changers9. Inconel, chrome moly, and titanium steel alloys

are used in high temperature and pressure piping in process and power facilities. (hen

specifying alloys for new processes, the 'nown issues of creep and sensiti%ation effect must be

ta'en into account.

Lead piping is still found in old domestic and other water distribution systems, but it is no longer

permitted for new potable water piping installations due to its to!icity. "any building codes now

require that lead piping in residential or institutional installations be replaced with non#to!ic

piping or that the tubes interiors be treated with phosphoric acid. /ccording to a senior

researcher and lead e!pert with the anadian nvironmental Law /ssociation, B...there is no safe

level of lead 7for human e!posure9C

)lastic tubing is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non#corrosive properties,

and ease of ma'ing connections. )lastic materials include polyvinyl chloride 7)-9, chlorinated


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polyvinyl chloride 7)-9, fibre reinforced plastic 7$


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)roducing blooms and slabs

3. To produce a bloom, the ingot is passed through a pair of grooved steel rollers

that are stac'ed. These types of rollers are called :two#high mills.: In some cases,

three rollers are used. The rollers are mounted so that their grooves coincide, and

they move in opposite directions. This action causes the steel to be squee%ed and

stretched into thinner, longer pieces. (hen the rollers are reversed by the human

operator, the steel is pulled bac' through ma'ing it thinner and longer. This

process is repeated until the steel achieves the desired shape. 6uring this process,

machines called manipulators flip the steel so that each side is processed evenly.F. Ingots may also be rolled into slabs in a process that is similar to the bloom

ma'ing process. The steel is passed through a pair of stac'ed rollers which

stretch it. However, there are also rollers mounted on the side to control the width

of the slabs. (hen the steel acquires the desired shape, the uneven ends are cut

off and the slabs or blooms are cut into shorter pieces.

$urther processing

G. 0looms are typically processed further before they are made into pipes. 0looms

are converted into billets by putting them through more rolling devices which

ma'e them longer and more narrow. The billets are cut by devices 'nown as

flying shears. These are a pair of synchroni%ed shears that race along with the

moving billet and cut it. This allows efficient cuts without stopping the

manufacturing process. These billets are stac'ed and will eventually become

seamless pipe.

4. 1labs are also rewor'ed. To ma'e them malleable, they are first heated to 2,255

$ 7,25F 9. This causes an o!ide coating to form on the surface of the slab.This coating is bro'en off with a scale brea'er and high pressure water spray. The

slabs are then sent through a series of rollers on a hot mill and made into thin

narrow strips of steel called s'elp. This mill can be as long as a half mile. /s the

slabs pass through the rollers, they become thinner and longer. In the course of


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about three minutes a single slab can be converted from a 4 in 7G.2 cm9 thic'

piece of steel to a thin steel ribbon that can be a quarter mile long.

?. /fter stretching, the steel is pic'led. This process involves running it through a

series of tan's that contain sulfuric acid to clean the metal. To finish, it is rinsed

with cold and hot water, dried and then rolled up on large spools and pac'aged

for transport to a pipe ma'ing facility.

)ipe ma'ing

@. 0oth s'elp and billets are used to ma'e pipes. 1'elp is made into welded pipe. It

is first placed on an unwinding machine. /s the spool of steel is unwound, it is

heated. The steel is then passed through a series of grooved rollers. /s it passes

by, the rollers cause the edges of the s'elp to curl together. This forms an

unwelded pipe.

. The steel ne!t passes by welding electrodes. These devices seal the two ends of

the pipe together. The welded seam is then passed through a high pressure roller

which helps create a tight weld. The pipe is then cut to a desired length and

stac'ed for further processing. (elded steel pipe is a continuous process and

depending on the si%e of the pipe, it can be made as fast as ,55 ft. 733G.3 m9 per

minute.

5. (hen seamless pipe is needed, square billets are used for production. They are

heated and molded to form a cylinder shape, also called a round. The round is

then put in a furnace where it is heated white#hot. The heated round is then rolled

with great pressure. This high pressure rolling causes the billet to stretch out and

a hole to form in the center. 1ince this hole is irregularly shaped, a bullet shaped piercer point is pushed through the middle of the billet as it is being rolled. /fter

the piercing stage, the pipe may still be of irregular thic'ness and shape. To

correct this it is passed through another series of rolling mills.


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$inal processing

. /fter either type of pipe is made, they may be put through a straightening

machine. They may also be fitted with &oints so two or more pieces of pipe can be

connected. The most common type of &oint for pipes with smaller diameters is

threading tight grooves that are cut into the end of the pipe. The pipes are also

sent through a measuring machine. This information along with other quality

control data is automatically stencilled on the pipe. The pipe is then sprayed with

a light coating of protective oil. "ost pipe is typically treated to prevent it from

rusting. This is done by galvani%ing it or giving it a coating of %inc. 6epending

on the use of the pipe, other paints or coatings may be used

uality control

/ variety of measures are ta'en to ensure that the finished steel pipe meets specifications. $or

e!ample, !#ray gauges are used to regulate the thic'ness of the steel. The gauges wor' by

utili%ing two D rays. Ane ray is directed at a steel of 'nown thic'ness. The other is directed at the

passing steel on the production line. If there is any variance between the two rays, the gauge will

automatically trigger a resi%ing of the rollers to compensate.

)ipes are also inspected for defects at the end of the process. Ane method of testing a pipe is byusing a special machine. This machine fills the pipe with water and then increases the pressure to

see if it holds. 6efective pipes are returned for scrap.


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$unction of pipes

PIPE FUNCTION

alvani%ed steel "ost commonly used for outdoor

construction li'e fences and handrails)olyvinyl#chloride >sed for distribution pipe , pipe cleaning and

pipe overflow

)oly pipe >se in the residential, commercial, civil and

infrastructure sectors The piping systems are used for a variety of

applications including drainage, plumbing,

water supply, water management, cable

management, heating and ventilationommunication pipe onnecting the main pipe to the water meter

)lumbing service onnect the water meter to the water storage

tan' and 'itchen taps

6istribution pipes 6istribute water from the storage tan' to the

water piping equipment at home

>sing the 0 type or )- pipe

)ipe cleaner

Installed in the bottom of the tan'

1erves to drain the water out while cleaning

the tan' run

Averflow pipe "ounted slightly higher than the full level

water storage tan'

1i%e slightly larger than the pipe service

1upplying water in case of overflow when

the ball valve is damaged .

/pplication Af )ipe

9 1mart Tunnel


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1"/


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SMART T&'' C*+,- A,-


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29 )ipeline Transport

)ipe aslo been used as

transportation for oil and gas.this concept has been used for all the counter across

the world. "alaysia also use this

method to

transport oil and gas from the offshore to main

land. The company that use this

method is )etroliam Eational 0erhad 7 )T


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stages of construction. Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines and any chemically stable

substance can be sent through a pipeline. )ipelines e!ist for the transport of crude and refined

petroleum, fuels # such as oil, natural gas and biofuels # and other fluids

including sewage, slurry, water , and beer . )ipelines are useful for transporting water for

drin'ing or irrigation over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or

where canals or channels are poor choices due to considerations of evaporation, pollution, or

environmental impact. )neumatic tubes using compressed air can be used to transport solid

capsules.

Ail pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes which are usually buried. The oil is moved

through the pipelines by pump stations along the pipeline. Eatural gas 7and similar gaseous

fuels9 are lightly pressurised into liquids 'nown as Eatural as Liquids 7ELs9. Eatural gas

pipelines are constructed of carbon steel. Highly to!ic ammonia is theoretically the most

dangerous substance to be transported through long#distance pipelines, but accidents have been

rare. Hydrogen pipeline transport is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe. 6istrict

heating or teleheating systems use a networ' of insulated pipes which transport heatedwater, pressuri%ed hot water or sometimes steam to the customer.

)ipelines conveying flammable or e!plosive material, such as natural gas or oil, pose special

safety concerns and there have been various accidents. )ipelines can be the target

of vandalism, sabotage, or even terrorist attac's. In war, pipelines are often the target of military

attac's.


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39 6istribution Af (ater To The House

In "alaysia, pipe also been used for the distribution of water from the damp to each house in

"alaysia.


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(ater 1upply 1ystem

/ homeOs water supply system routes municipal water from the street to your house, where it

branches out to deliver the water to faucets, showers, toilets, bathtubs, and appliances such as the

water heater, dishwasher, and washing machine.


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The vent systemQpart of the plumbing that is usually less well 'nown to most homeownersQis

connected to the drain#waste piping, and its &ob is to ventilate sewage gases so they donOt build

up in the house. The vent system also helps drainpipes maintain the right pressure for proper

drainage.

The pipes of the 6(- system are usually out of sight, hidden in the walls, beneath the floors,

and in the attic. 0ut when the system ceases to do its &ob properly, it is hardly out of mind.

logged drains are among the most common problems that occur in a 6(- system.

Jitchen )lumbing 1ystem

Jitchen 1in' )lumbing 6iagram

If youOre reading this section, the chances are pretty good that either 9 youOre having problems

with the pipes or drains in your 'itchen or 29 youOre considering 7or are in the midst of9 a 'itchen

remodeling pro&ect that involves dealing with the pipes in the floor and walls. RouOll find help

with both of these 'inds of issues here, where we loo' at planning, installing, and caring for

plumbing with a focus on the 'itchen.

"ost 'itchens have a fairly simple plumbing setup that includes hot and cold water supply linesto the faucets; a waste line for the sin' 7or sin's9; and, for 'itchens with a gas range, a gas supply

pipe. "any 'itchens also have hoo'ups for a dishwasher, disposer, ice ma'er, and8or instant hot

water, but these are generally tied in to the sin'Os plumbing.

$or more about 'itchen plumbing, refer to the /ppliances section.


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0athroom 1in' )lumbing 6iagram

0athroom )lumbing 1ystem

1in's, showers, bathtubs, and toiletsQbathrooms are all about plumbing. The plumbing in a

bathroom must handle water delivery to and waste removal from all of these fi!tures in an

organi%ed, efficient, lea'#free manner.

Two plumbing systems are needed to handle a bathroomOs plumbing needs+ water supply and

drain#waste#vent.

(ater supply plumbing delivers hot and cold water to the sin's, tub, toilet, and shower. This

system originates at the municipal supply or other fresh water source, goes through the meter,

and is delivered to the house. /t the water heater, it splits into two linesQone that carries cold

water and the other that delivers hot water from the water heater to the fi!tures that require it.

The drain#waste#vent system collects waste water from fi!tures and waste from toilets and

delivers them to the sewer or septic system. Eear each of the sin's, tubs, showers, and toilets,

vent pipes e!haust sewer gases up and out the roof and provide air pressure so wastes can flow

freely.


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)ipes 1pecification

/ll pipe is to be made of a long hole, surrounded by metal, plastic concrete, clay or ceramic

material around the hole. /ll pipe is to be hollow throughout the entire length S do not use holes

of different length than the pipe. The inside diameter of all pipes must not e!ceed their outer diameter S otherwise the hole will be on the outside.

The pipe is to be supplied with nothing in the hole, so that water, wastewater, steam or other stuff

can be put inside at a later date. /ll pipe is to be supplied without rust; this can be more readily

applied at the &ob site. 1ome vendors are now able to supply pre#rusted pipes. If available in your

area and if rust is desired, this product is highly recommended, as it will save a great deal of time

at the &ob site.

/ll pipe over G55 ft 7G5 m9 in length should have the words BLAE )I)C clearly painted on

each side and end, so that the contactor will 'now itOs a long pipe. )ipe over 2 miles 73.2 Jm9 in

length should have the words B-


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)ublished pipe standards serve three functions. $irstly, they dictate manufacturing and testing

requirements and prescribed methods of measuring the required mechanical and physical

properties. Ee!t, without specifications, it would be difficult for the pipe buyer to establish a

common ground of understanding with the producer as to product requirements. Lastly, when the

pipe producer mar's a specification on this product they warrant that the pipe is made from

prime quality steel and meets all the requirements of the specification. 1tandard pipe is

manufactured and tested as prescribed by /1T" 7formerly /merican 1ociety for Testing

"aterials9, an organi%ation formed for :the development of standards on characteristics and

performance of materials, products, systems and services.:

rade refers to divisions within different types of seamless and


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How to


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Do-it-yourselfers can handle ABS or PVC pipes, but call a professional for cast iron.

PE+ )D 7cross#lin'ed polyethylene9 is the newest pipe for residential use. /pproved in many

regions of the country, )D is easy to install because it cuts easily, is fle!ible, and uses

compression fittings. However, more permanent connections require a special crimping tool.

)D is three to four times more e!pensive than copper or plastic.

S+ alvani%ed steel pipe is common in older homes. alvani%ed pipe is strong, but lasts only

about G5 years. 0efore repairing, consider replacing instead. all a professional to deal with it.

C*,+ opper pipe is resists corrosion, so itOs commonly used pipe in water supply lines. It

costs more than plastic but it lasts There are two common types of copper pipe+


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R5 *,6 which comes in three thic'nesses. Type " is the thinnest but is strong enough for

most homes. Types L and Type J are thic'er and used in outdoor and drain applications. To cut

rigid copper, you=ll need a wheel cutter, tube cutter, or a hac'saw. )ipes are usually connectedwith soldered 7sweat9 fittings and compression fittings can connect the pipe to shut#off valves.

F78 *,6 which is often used for dishwashers, refrigerator icema'ers, and other

appliances that need a water supply. ItOs easy to bend, but if it 'in's, you must cut the piece off

and replace it. 1ections of fle!ible copper pipe are &oined using either soldered or compression

fittings.

Consider longevity and expense hen choosing piping


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S&99-,

The overall consensus is this+ )lastic pipes are the cheapest to purchase and install, however they

generally cannot be used outdoors and have relatively low service temperatures. opper is the

way to go if you need to deliver hot water or want something that this durable and long lasting.

Today, many houses are being constructed using a combination of )D and copper plumbing.

This combines the ease of installation of )D with the durability and strength of copper. This

affords new homeowners the best combination of advantages that the residential plumbing

industry has to offer.

0elow is a table which summari%es the 'ey characteristics and information for the various types

of plumbing materials for comparison purposes.

C*9-,/*' *; P,*,/ ;*, C*99*' P M-,-/

C-/ I,*' C*,

(T M) <

CPVC

(S=5&

40)

PVC

(S=5&

40)

PE (C-//

A)

P,//&,

R-' > %3?F

255 psi 22G psi F55 psi 55 psi G5 psi

P,//&,

R-' >

10?F

255 psi 25 psi 55 psi E8/ 55 psi

M-7 S,+

T9

255 $ 255 $ 255 $ F5$ 255 $

S*;''

P*' (V-

T/)

E8/ E8/ 2G $ 2G5 $ 2GG $

M' P*' 2,355 $ ,@ $ F2@ $ 345 $ 2?5 $


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T=,9-

E7-'/*'

5.555554

in8in8$

5.55555

in8in8$

5.55553?

in8in8$

5.55552@

in8in8$

5.5555@3

in8in8$

T'/

S,'= >

10?F

2G,555 lbs 3F,@55 lbs @,?55 lbs 4,G55 lbs ,@54 lbs

!= 2.2 lbs8ft 5.33 lbs8ft 5.23 lbs8ft 5.2 lbs8ft 5. lbs8ft

S;

G,-+

?.@ @.4 .GF .F 5.F

C*,,*/*'

R/-'

Low "edium High High High

L;

E7-'

25#?G years G5#?G years ?G#55 years ?G#55 years ?G#55

years

F78 Eone 1light 1light 1light High

T=,9-

C*'5&+

3.@ 0tu in 8h

ftU $

.2 0tu

in 8h ftU $

0tu in 8h ftU

$

. 0tu in 8h

ftU $

3.2 0tu in 8h

ftU $

S; H- 5. 0tu8lb

$

5.5 0tu8lb

$

5.2 0tu8lb $ 5.2G 0tu8lb

$

5.GG 0tu8lb

$

The data for this table was compiled from more than 55 resources including te!tboo's,

websites, and other technical guides.

)roperties given are for 38F: or equivalent pipe e!cept for ast Iron which has a diameter of 3

inches.

VKoining "ethod and material will govern the pressure rating for copper. In this table, a G5#G5

tin8lead solder is used because it is the wea'est of all the common copper &oining methods.


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"ost of the construction plan in the plumbing system using plastic pipe because some reason.

)lastic pipes are light in weight, tough, resistant to chemical attac' and available in large lengths.

1o the usage of plastic pipe will reduced the cost that used in plumbing. >sing plastic pipe also

will reduce the cost of handling, transportation and installation. /part from that, plastic are rust

resistant and has a good elastic properties. 6ue to less friction, it saves the energy in the

conveyance of water and their adaptability to earth movements is superior. In conclusion plastic

pipe help you solve a lot problem in many ways in plumbing system.

opper pipe


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opper water pipes are relatively non#to!ic. opper is a natural material that has been proven to

be safe to health. Lead on the other hand is e!tremely to!ic. Lead is corrosive and can lea' into

the drin'ing water system. !posure to lead can lead to a range of health problems and

eventually end in death. Lead cannot be removed once it gets into a person=s system. opper is

non#permeable. It doesn=t absorb other substances with which it comes into contact so it protects

against contaminants to the water supply. opper water pipes do not suffer easily from corrosion,

while iron corrodes relatively easily. opper is relatively easy to wor' with because it is much

softer than iron or lead. opper water pipes usually have lower installation costs because copper

is easy to &oin by soldering or bra%ing. The ductile quality of copper pipes mean that it is often

possible to eliminate elbows and &oints, which contribute to the integrity of the system as well as

lowering installation costs. opper water pipes are durable. opper pipes are good at handling

heat without losing strength or shape and are resist corrosion and high water#pressure. opper

offer value for money, especially when installation costs and durability are ta'en into account.

opper pipes have a minimal impact on the environment because copper are recyclable

materials. /lmost half of the copper used in the >.1. comes from recycled scrap. opper is also

an abundant resource in the >.1. opper fittings 'eep their value and can add value to a home.

opper is a low#maintenance option for water pipes because it never requires painting to protect

it from corrosion, and it loo's good.

alvanised steel pipe


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alvani%ed steel is steel with a protective %inc coating. This coating has many advantages over

other methods used to protect steel, and it ma'es galvani%ed steel pipe, fittings and other

structures more desirable in many situations. Here are nine of the advantages associated with

using galvani%ed steel.

. Low Initial ost

The galvani%ation process usually costs less than other popular methods of protecting steel. This

is because the other methods are often labor intensive, and the cost of labor is always increasing.

alvani%ation requires less manual labor, and therefore has not been been affected by this

increase.

2. Long Life

The main benefit of galvani%ed steel is its long life. alvani%ed steel pipe, fittings and other

structures can last more than G5 years in many rural areas, and more than 2G years in severely

e!posed urban and coastal environments.

3. Toughness

The unique metallurgical composition of a galvani%ed coating ma'es it very rugged. Therefore,galvani%ed products will resist damage during transport, assembly and service.

F. Low "aintenance osts

0ecause of its ruggedness and long life, less effort is needed to maintain galvani%ed steel. This is

especially beneficial when you have structures in remote locations that would be e!pensive to

reach and service.

G. 1tandardi%ation

The galvani%ation process is usually standardi%ed so that every product meets certain standards.

This means that youOll be able to accurately predict the lifespan and performance of your

galvani%ed steel pipe, fittings and other products.

http://www.stlpipesupply.com/products/pipe/http://www.stlpipesupply.com/products/pipe/http://www.stlpipesupply.com/products/pipe/


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