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1/10

Perkembangan fizikal

- pra-lahir/prenatal

- peringkat bayi

-Kanak-kanak

-Remaja

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Perkembangan Prenatal

Peringkat janin =36 minggu

Membina organ utama ( otak , jantung ,mata, telinga, tangan)

Dari pusat ke tepi/sisi; atas ke bawah

Genetik ,makanan.

Dihalang oleh jenis darah , persekitaran,

dadah psikoaktif ( alkohol, nikotin,marijuana, kokaine, heroin)

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Perkembangan bayi Banyakkan tidur = 16jam atau lebih sehari

3kg, abt 50cm, Upaya untuk mengisap , pegang ,menelan...

Bertambah 2.54cm sebulan dlm tahun pertama ,sehingga berat badan 10kg pada umur setahun .

Rooting reflex, sucking reflex, Moro reflex & graspingrelfex (pg 180)

Terencat pertumbuhan kerana kurang zat, seranganpenyakit

Pertumbuhan dibantu oleh makanan seimbang,senaman, tidur/rehat, gembira

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Perkembangan bayi( sambungan)

Buat sedikit bunyi, ungkapan, sentuhan &aktiviti fizikal (persepsi-motor couplingms.200 cth . Kordinasi mata-tangan),

belajar untuk berjalan . Kemahiran motor kasar , kemahiran

motor halus ( ms183 &187 )

Bertindak balas terhadap sentuhan, sakit,menghidu dan merasa

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Tidur

Mengubat, membekal tenaga dan

membina otak & badan (Replenishes,

restores & rebuilds our brains & body.)

Mimpi/ mimpi ngeri/ mengigau ( Dream /

night mares.)

Talk about it? Keep silent ?

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Implikasi terhadap pengajaran &

pembelajaran

Intersperse physical activities with rest, food &drinks

Learn through senses (touch, sight,

auditory/hearing, taste & smell),Use toys whichare colourful , give out sound ,safe to hold touch& nice to taste. To lure them into learning

Allow them to explore

Prefer patterns rather than colour, better still athuman face (Fantzs experiment p.191).

Habituation vs Dishabituation

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Early childhood (infant -6 years)

Preschool year

Ability to speak well, self-sufficient, care forthemselves, develop school readiness skills,enjoy playfine & gross motor skills

(manipulative skills); handedness. Fun loving

Head: the rest of the body 1:6

Height affected by, ethnic origin ,nutrition&

environmental experiences. Reaching & grasping == achievement in children

interaction

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Implications to Teaching &

Learning

Instill healthy living- diet (nutrition & eating

bhr) & exercise

Avoid substance abuse

Prevention of hazards/ avoidance of

injuries & illnesses, appropriate safety

precautions.

Role of play ?

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Middle & Late childhood(6-11yr)

Elementary/primary sch years

Master fundamental skills eg. reading, writing,

arithmetic .

Head :the rest of the body=1:7

Pubertal growth for girls 11yrs, boys 13yrs

Slow but consistent growth, gain abt 2kg per

year.> strength, muscular, boys stronger Determinants: nutrition, exercise, heredity

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Implications to Teaching &

Learning

What role does exercise play in children

development ?