pemeriksaan lab (campur sari)
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pemeriksaan laboratorium lengkapTRANSCRIPT
Daftar isi
1. pemeriksaan lab
Hb : 11g/dl, halaman : 3
MCV : 80fl, halaman : 8
MCH : 30pg, halaman : 8
ureum : 35 mg/dl, halaman : 11
creatine 1.0 mg/dl, halaman : 16
asam urat : 5 mg/dl, halaman : 20
BSS : 270 mg/dl, halaman : 24
HbA1c : 7,8%, halaman : 29
total kolestrol : 130 mg/dl, halaman : 33
HDL : 50 mg/dl, halaman : 33
LDL : 100mg/dl, halaman : 34
Na : 120 mEq/L, halaman : 35
K : 2,8 mEq/L halaman : 36
Hb : 11g/dl,
http://www.su rgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Hemoglobin-Test.html
Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. A hemoglobin
test reveals how much hemoglobin is in a person's blood. This information can be
used to help physician's diagnose and monitor anemia (a low hemoglobin level)
and polycythemia vera (a high hemoglobin level).
Purpose
A hemoglobin test is performed to determine the amount of hemoglobin in a
person's red blood cells (RBCs). This is important because the amount of oxygen
available to tissues depends upon how much oxygen is in the RBCs, and local
perfusion of the tissues. Without sufficient hemoglobin, the tissues lack oxygen
and the heart and lungs must work harder to compensate.
A low hemoglobin measurement usually means the person has anemia. Anemia
results from a decrease in the number, size, or function of RBCs. Common
causes include excessive bleeding, a deficiency of iron, vitamin B 12 , or folic acid,
destruction of red cells by antibodies or mechanical trauma, and structurally
abnormal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin levels are also decreased due to cancer,
kidney diseases, other chronic diseases, and excessive IV fluids. An elevated
hemoglobin may be caused by dehydration (decreased water), hypoxia
(decreased oxygen), or polycythemia vera. Hypoxia may result from high
altitudes, smoking, chronic obstructive lung diseases (such as emphysema), and
congestive heart failure. Hemoglobin levels are also used to determine if a
person needs a blood transfusion . Usually a person's hemoglobin must be
below 7–8 g/dL before a transfusion is considered, or higher if the person has
heart or lung disease. The hemoglobin concentration is also used to determine
how many units of packed red blood cells should be transfused. A common rule
of thumb is that each unit of red cells should increase the hemoglobin by
approximately 1.0–1.5 g/dL.
Precautions
Fluid volume in the blood affects hemoglobin values. Accordingly, the blood
sample should not be taken from an arm receiving IV fluid. It should also be
noted that pregnant women and people with cirrhosis, a type of permanent liver
disease, have extra fluid, which dilutes the blood, decreasing the hemoglobin.
Dehydration, a decreased amount of water in the body, concentrates the blood,
which may cause an increased hemoglobin result.
Certain drugs such as antibiotics , aspirin , antineo-plastic drugs, doxapram,
indomethacin, sulfonamides , primaquine, rifampin, and trimethadione, may also
decrease the hemoglobin level.
A nurse or phlebotomist usually collects the sample by inserting a needle into a
vein, or venipuncture, after cleaning the skin, which helps prevent infections.
Description
Hemoglobin is a complex protein composed of four subunits. Each subunit
consists of a protein, or polypeptide chain, that enfolds a heme group. Each
heme contains iron (Fe 2+ ) that can bind a molecule of oxygen. The iron gives
blood its red color. After the first year of life, 95-97% of the hemoglobin
molecules contain two pairs of polypeptide chains designated alpha and beta.
This form of hemoglobin is called hemoglobin A.
Hemoglobin is most commonly measured in whole blood. Hemoglobin
measurement is most often performed as part of a complete blood
count (CBC), a test that includes counts of the red blood cells, white blood cells,
and platelets (thrombocytes).
Some people inherit hemoglobin with an abnormal structure. The abnormal
hemoglobin results from a point mutation in one or both genes that code for the
alpha or beta polypeptide chains. Examples of hemoglobin abnormalities
resulting from a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain are sickle cell
and hemoglobin C disease. Most abnormal hemoglobin molecules can be
detected by hemoglobin electrophoresis, which separates hemoglobin molecules
that have different electrical charges.
Preparation
No special preparation is required other than cleaning and disinfecting the skin at
the puncture site. Blood is collected in a tube by venipuncture. The tube has an
anticoagulant in it so that the blood does not clot in the tube, and so that the
blood will remain a liquid.
Aftercare
Discomfort or bruising may occur at the puncture site. Pressure to the puncture
site until the bleeding stops reduces bruising; warm packs relieve discomfort.
Some people feel dizzy or faint after blood has been drawn, and lying down and
relaxing for awhile is helpful for these people.
Risks
Other than potential bruising at the puncture site, and/or dizziness, there are
usually no complications associated with this test.
Normal results
Normal values vary with age and sex, with women generally having lower
hemoglobin values than men. Normal results for men range from 13–18 g/dL. For
women the normal range is 12–16 g/dL. Critical limits (panic values) for both
males and females are below 5.0 g/dL or above 20.0 g/dL.
A low hemoglobin value usually indicates the person has anemia. Different tests
are done to discover the cause and type of anemia. Dangerously low hemoglobin
levels put a person at risk of a heart attack, congestive heart failure, or stroke. A
high hemoglobin value indicates the body may be making too many red blood
cells. Other tests are performed to differentiate the cause of the abnormal
hemoblogin level. Laboratory scientists perform hemoglobin tests using
automated laboratory equipment. Critically high or low levels should be
immediately called to the attention of the patient's doctor.
Resources
BOOKS
Chernecky, Cynthia C. and Barbara J. Berger. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic
Procedures. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2001.
Kee, Joyce LeFever. Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. 4th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.
Kjeldsberg, Carl R. Practical Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders. 3rd ed.
Chicago: ASCP Press, 2000.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Association of Blood Banks. 8101 Glenbrook Road, Bethesda,
Maryland 20814. (301) 907-6977. Fax: (301) 907-6895. http://www.aabb.org .
OTHER
Uthman, Ed. Blood Cells and the CBC. 2000 [cited February 17,
2003]. http://web2.iadfw.net/uthman/blood_cells.html .
Victoria E. DeMoranville
Mark A. Best, M.D.
Read more: Hemoglobin Test - blood, tube, complications, heart, cells, risk,
cancer, Definition, Purpose, Precautions, Description, Preparation, Aftercare,
Risks, Normal results http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Hemoglobin-
Test.html#ixzz1JrfwurGq
MCV : 80fl,
MCH : 30pg,
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003648.htm
RBC indices
Red blood cell (RBC) indices are part of the complete blood count (CBC)
test. They are used to help diagnose the cause of anemia, a condition in
which there are too few red blood cells.
The indices include:
Average red blood cell size (MCV)
Hemoglobin amount per red blood cell (MCH)
The amount of hemoglobin relative to the size of the cell
(hemoglobin concentration) per red blood cell (MCHC)
See also: RBC count
How the Test is Performed
Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or
the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine
(antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the
upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with
blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The
blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The
elastic band is removed from your arm.
Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the
puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to
puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass
tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed
over the area if there is any bleeding.
The values for MCHC, and MCH are calculated from the hemoglobin
(Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), and RBC count:
MCHC = Hgb/Hct
MCH = Hgb/RBC count
The MCV is measured directly by a machine.
How to Prepare for the Test
No special preparation is necessary.
How the Test Will Feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate
pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may
be some throbbing.
Why the Test is Performed
RBCs transport hemoglobin which, in turn, transports oxygen. The amount
of oxygen tissues receive depends on the amount and function of RBCs
and hemoglobin.
The MCV reflects the size of red blood cells. The MCH and MCHC reflect
the hemoglobin content of red blood cells. These RBC measures are used
to diagnose types of anemia.
Anemias are defined based on cell size (MCV) and amount of Hgb (MCH).
MCV less than lower limit of normal: microcytic anemia
MCV within normal range: normocytic anemia
MCV greater than upper limit of normal: macrocytic anemia
MCH less than lower limit of normal: hypochromic anemia
MCH within normal range: normochromic anemia
MCH greater than upper limit of normal: hyperchromic anemia
Normal Results
MCV: 80 to 100 femtoliter
MCH: 27 to 31 picograms/cell
MCHC: 32 to 36 grams/deciliter
Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories.
Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
What Abnormal Results Mean
This test is used to diagnose the cause of anemia. The following are the
types of anemia and their causes:
Normocytic/normochromic (NC/NC) anemia is caused by sudden
blood loss, prosthetic heart valves,sepsis, tumor, long-term disease
or aplastic anemia.
Microcytic/hypochromic anemia is caused by iron deficiency, lead
poisoning, or thalassemia.
Microcytic/normochromic anemia results from a deficiency of the
hormone erythropoietin from kidney failure.
Macrocytic/normochromic anemia results from chemotherapy, folate
deficiency, or vitamin B-12 deficiency.
Risks
Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one
side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people
may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
Excessive bleeding
Fainting or feeling light-headed
Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Alternative Names
Erythrocyte indices; Blood indices; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH);
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC); Mean corpuscular
volume (MCV); Red blood cell indices
References
Zuckerman K. Approach to the anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D,
eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;
2007:chap 162.
Update Date: 2/9/2010
Updated by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of
General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical
Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
ureum : 35 mg/dl
http://surgery.about.com/od/beforesurgery/qt/BloodChemistry.htm
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
BUN is a measure of kidney function. A high level may indicate that the kidneys are functioning less than normal.
Normal Values: 8-25mg/100ml (USA)2.9-8.9 mmol/L (International)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm
BUN
BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen. Urea nitrogen is what forms when
protein breaks down.
A test can be done to measure the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.
How the Test is Performed
Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or
the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine
(antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the
upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with
blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The
blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The
elastic band is removed from your arm.
Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the
puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to
puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass
tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed
over the area if there is any bleeding.
How to Prepare for the Test
Many drugs affect BUN levels. Before having this test, make sure the
health care provider knows which medications you are taking.
Drugs that can increase BUN measurements include:
Allopurinol
Aminoglycosides
Amphotericin B
Aspirin (high doses)
Bacitracin
Carbamazepine
Cephalosporins
Chloral hydrate
Cisplatin
Colistin
Furosemide
Gentamicin
Guanethidine
Indomethacin
Methicillin
Methotrexate
Methyldopa
Neomycin
Penicillamine
Polymyxin B
Probenecid
Propranolol
Rifampin
Spironolactone
Tetracyclines
Thiazide diuretics
Triamterene
Vancomycin
Drugs that can decrease BUN measurements include:
Chloramphenicol
Streptomycin
How the Test Will Feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate
pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there
may be some throbbing.
Why the Test is Performed
The BUN test is often done to check kidney function.
Normal Results
7 - 20 mg/dL. Note that normal values may vary among different
laboratories.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Higher-than-normal levels may be due to:
Congestive heart failure
Excessive protein levels in the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Hypovolemia
Heart attack
Kidney disease, including glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis,
and acute tubular necrosis
Kidney failure
Shock
Urinary tract obstruction
Lower-than-normal levels may be due to:
Liver failure
Low protein diet
Malnutrition
Over-hydration
Additional conditions under which the test may be done include:
Acute nephritic syndrome
Alport syndrome
Atheroembolic kidney disease
Dementia due to metabolic causes
Diabetic nephropathy/sclerosis
Digitalis toxicity
Epilepsy
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
Goodpasture syndrome
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
Hepatokidney syndrome
Interstitial nephritis
Lupus nephritis
Malignant hypertension (arteriolar nephrosclerosis)
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Membranoproliferative GN I
Membranoproliferative GN II
Type 2 diabetes
Prerenal azotemia
Primary amyloidosis
Secondary systemic amyloidosis
Wilms' tumor
Risks
Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one
side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people
may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks are slight but may include:
Excessive bleeding
Fainting or feeling light-headed
Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Considerations
For people with liver disease, the BUN level may be low even if the
kidneys are normal.
Alternative Names
Blood urea nitrogen
References
Molitoris BA. Acute kidney injury. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil
Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 121.
Update Date: 5/13/2009
Updated by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of
General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in
Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Assistant in Medicine, Division of
Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director,
A.D.A.M., Inc.
, creatine 1.0 mg/dl,
http://surgery.about.com/od/beforesurgery/qt/BloodChemistry.htm
Creatinine
Creatinine is produced by the body during the process of normal muscle breakdown. High levels may indicate kidney impairment, low blood pressure, high blood pressure or another condition. Some medications can also cause a higher than normal level of blood creatinine. Low levels may be caused by late stage muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis and over hydration.
Normal Values:
Men: 0.2-0.5 mg/dl (USA) 15-40 umol/L (International)
Women: 0.3-0.9mg/dl (USA) 25-70 umol/L (International)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htm
Creatinine - blood
Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of
muscle. This article discusses the laboratory test to measure the amount of
creatinine in the blood.
Creatinine can also be measured with a urine test. See: Creatinine - urine
How the Test is Performed
Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back
of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The
health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply
pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The
blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The
elastic band is removed from your arm.
Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the
puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to
puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass
tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed
over the area if there is any bleeding.
How to Prepare for the Test
The health care provider may tell you to stop taking certain drugs that may
affect the test. Such drugs include:
Aminoglycosides (for example, gentamicin)
Cimetidine
Heavy metal chemotherapy drugs (for example, Cisplatin)
Kidney damaging drugs such as cephalosporins (for example,
cefoxitin)
Trimethoprim
How the Test Will Feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate
pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there
may be some throbbing.
Why the Test is Performed
The test is done to evaluate kidney function. Creatinine is removed from
the body entirely by the kidneys. If kidney function is abnormal, creatinine
levels will increase in the blood (because less creatinine is released
through your urine).
Creatinine levels also vary according to a person's size and muscle mass.
Normal Results
A normal value is 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dL.
Females usually have a lower creatinine than males, because they usually
have less muscle mass.
Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories.
Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Higher-than-normal levels may indicate:
Acute tubular necrosis
Dehydration
Diabetic nephropathy
Eclampsia (a condition of pregnancy that includes seizures)
Glomerulonephritis
Kidney failure
Muscular dystrophy
Preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension)
Pyelonephritis
Reduced kidney blood flow (shock, congestive heart failure)
Rhabdomyolysis
Urinary tract obstruction
Lower-than-normal levels may indicate:
Muscular dystrophy (late stage)
Myasthenia gravis
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
Alport syndrome
Atheroembolic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease
Cushing syndrome
Dementia due to metabolic causes
Dermatomyositis
Diabetes
Digitalis toxicity
Ectopic Cushing syndrome
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
Goodpasture syndrome
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
Hepatorenal syndrome
Interstitial nephritis
Lupus nephritis
Malignant hypertension (arteriolar nephrosclerosis)
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Membranoproliferative GN I and GN II
Type 2 diabetes
Polymyositis (adult)
Prerenal azotemia
Primary amyloidosis
Secondary systemic amyloid
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Wilms' tumor
Risks
Excessive bleeding
Fainting or feeling light-headed
Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Multiple punctures to locate veins
Alternative Names
Serum creatinine
References
Bazari H. Approach to the patient with renal disease. In: Goldman L,
Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders
Elsevier; 2007:chap 115.
Update Date: 8/7/2009
Updated by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of
General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical
Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
asam urat : 5 mg/dl,
http://www.chemocare.com/managing/hyperuricemia-high-uric-acid.asp
Normal Uric acid levels are 2.4-6.0 mg/dL (female) and 3.4-7.0 mg/dL
(male). Normal values will vary from laboratory to laboratory.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003476.htm
Uric acid - blood
Uric acid is a chemical created when the body breaks down substances
called purines. Purines are found in some foods and drinks, such as liver,
anchovies, mackerel, dried beans and peas, beer, and wine.
Most uric acid dissolves in blood and travels to the kidneys, where it
passes out in urine. If your body produces too much uric acid or doesn't
remove enough if it, you can get sick. High levels of uric acid in the body is
called hyperuricemia.
This test checks to see how much uric acid you have in your blood.
See also: Uric acid - urine
How the Test is Performed
Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or
the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine
(antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the
upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with
blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The
blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The
elastic band is removed from your arm.
Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the
puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to
puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass
tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed
over the area if there is any bleeding.
A laboratory specialist checks the blood sample for uric acid.
How to Prepare for the Test
You should not eat or drink anything for 4 hours before the test unless told
otherwise. Your doctor may also tell you to stop taking any drugs that may
affect the test results. NEVER stop taking any medicine without talking to
your doctor.
Drugs that can increase the level of uric acid in your body include:
Alcohol
Ascorbic acid
Aspirin
Caffeine
Cisplatin
Diazoxide
Diuretics
Epinephrine
Ethambutol
Levodopa
Methyldopa
Nicotinic acid
Phenothiazines
Theophylline
Drugs that can decrease the level of uric acid in your body include:
Allopurinol
Azathioprine
Clofibrate
Corticosteroids
Estrogen
Glucose
Guaifenesin
Mannitol
Probenecid
Warfarin
Why the Test is Performed
This test is done to see if you have high levels of uric acid in your blood.
High levels of uric acid can cause goutor kidney disease.
Your doctor may also order this test if you have had or are about to have
certain types of chemotherapy. Rapid weight loss, which may occur with
such treatments, can increase the amount of uric acid in your blood.
Normal Results
Normal values fall between 3.0 and 7.0 mg/dL.
Note: Normal values may vary slightly from laboratory to laboratory.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Greater-than-normal levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia) may be due to:
Acidosis
Alcoholism
Diabetes
Gout
Hypoparathyroidism
Lead poisoning
Leukemia
Nephrolithiasis
Polycythemia vera
Renal failure
Toxemia of pregnancy
Purine-rich diet
Excessive exercise
Chemotherapy-related side effects
Lower-than-normal levels of uric acid may be due to:
Fanconi syndrome
Wilson's disease
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion
Low purine diet
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
Chronic gouty arthritis
Injury of the kidney and ureter
References
Terkeltaub R. Crystal deposition diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D,
eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;
2007:chap 294.
Update Date: 5/7/2009
Updated by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of
General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical
Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
BSS : 270 mg/dl,
http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Are-Normal-Blood-Glucose-And-Blood-Sugar-Levels?
&id=720997
Fasting Blood Sugar Test:
Measures the gulucose level after 8 hours fast or overnight. Normal fasting glucose is
less than 100mg/dl. If your fasting glucose is from 100mg/dl to 125mg/dl then you
will have impaired blood glucose also known as Pre-Diabetes. If your sugar level is
above 125mg/dl then your doctor will diagnose as a patient of diabetes.
Random Blood Glucose Test:
Random blood sugar test gives your blood sugar at any time in a day. Normal random
blood sugar level should be less than 200mg/dl. If your random blood sugar is
between 140mg/dl to 200mg/dl then you will have pre-diabetes.
Oral glucose tolerance test
This test measures your response to sugar. First we measure fasting glucose, and
then glucose solution is given, after that we measure blood glucose after 1 hour and
2hours. A normal blood glucose level after an oral glucose tolerance test is less than
140 mg/dL. Level between 140 mg/dL to 199 mg/dL suggests pre-diabetes. A glucose
level of 200 mg/dL or higher two hours after you drink the glucose solution may
suggest that you have diabetes mellitus.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/720997
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/720997
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/720997
http://surgery.about.com/od/beforesurgery/qt/BloodChemistry.htm
Glucose
This test shows the level of glucose in the blood. High levels of glucose can indicate the presence of diabetes or another endocrine disorder. Keep in mind that some medications and the timing of the test in relation to meals can radically alter the results. Do not assume that your results indicate a problem until you have consulted with your physician.
Normal Values: 70-110 mg/ml (USA) 3.9-5.6 mmol/L (International) *tapi ini bkan nilai gula darah sewaktu, melainkan gula darah puasa
http://www.diabetes-blood-sugar-solutions.com/guidelinesbloodsugarlevels.html
Normal Range Blood Sugar Levels
Normal - US
(mg/dl)
Normal - Canada
(mmol/L)
Fasting Glucose < 100 * < 6.1*
Normal - US
(mg/dl)
Normal - Canada
(mmol/L)
2 hr after eating < 140 < 7.8
A1c (glycosylated hemoglobin)
< 6% (0.060) < 6% (0.060)
*Note that in the U.S., the value for normal fasting glucose is less than that in Canada. 100 mg/dl converts to 5.6 mmol/L.
Normal range blood sugar levels have been harder to define over the recent years. Research keeps revealing that even slight elevations in blood glucose are associated with eye damage and increased risk of heart attack and stroke even before people get diabetes.
Of course, the slightly higher glucose levels put these same people at increased risk for getting diabetes. These slight elevations are now termed as "pre-diabetes".
In Canada, if you have a fasting glucose of 5.7-6.9 mmol/L the guidelines suggest you have a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to screen for diabetes. This test requires you drink a sweet liquid and have your blood glucose tested every 1/2 hour for 2 hours. A signficant number of people can have normal or near normal fasting glucose levels but test positive for diabetes when they have the 2 hr OGTT done. If you already have diabetes, you do not need this test. (I've had numerous diabetic patients over the years ask to have this test done. Once you are diagnosed with diabetes, this test is unnecessary).
You will notice in the above guidelines blood sugar levels that the fasting values do not convert equally. Canada allows for a higher acceptable fasting value than does the United States. This is because research can be interepreted differently and of course, guidelines are time sensitive. With each new release of guidelines
blood sugar levels there is a change (of late, anyway). Notably, the numbers to diagnose diabetes or pre-diabetes drop.
U.S. Glucose Levels to Diagnose Diabetes & Pre-diabetes
ADA Guidelines Blood Sugar Levels
for Diagnosing Diabetes & Pre-diabetes
Fasting Glucose
(mg/dl)
2 hr after eating or
75-gram OGTT (mg/dl)
Pre-diabetes: IFG 100 – 125 and < 140
Pre-diabetes: IGT < 100 and 140 – 199
Pre-diabetes:
IFG & IGT100 – 125 and 140 – 199
Diabetes ≥ 126* or≥ 200*
(or random sugar)
*A confirmatory test of either a fasting blood sugar, OGTT or random blood sugar with symptoms must be made on another day (except in the case of unequivocal hyperglycemia with metabolic decompensation).
ADA= American Diabetes Association
IFG = Impaired fasting glucose
IGT = Impaired glucose tolerance
OGTT = Oral glucose tolerance test
Canadian Glucose Levels to Diagnose Diabetes & Pre-diabetes
Fasting Glucose
(mmol/L)
2 hr after eating or
75-gram OGTT
(mmol/L)
Pre-diabetes: IFG 6.1 – 6.9 and < 7.8
Pre-diabetes: IGT < 6.1 and 7.8 – 11.0
Pre-diabetes:
IFG & IGT6.1 – 6.9 and 7.8 – 11.0
Diabetes ≥ 7* or ≥ 11.1*
*A confirmatory test must be made on another day (except in the case of unequivocal hyperglycemia with metabolic decompensation).
IFG = Impaired fasting glucose
IGT = Impaired glucose tolerance
OGTT = Oral glucose tolerance test
The guidelines blood sugar levels for diagnosing diabetes have changed over the years. They're lower now. And we now have a classification called "pre-diabetes". And this year, the American
Diabetes Association (ADA) dropped the level at which you can be classified as having "pre-diabetes". Why? Because at these new
"pre-diabetes" glucose levels they are finding damage to the eyes and cardiovascular system.
If you have slightly elevated glucose levels (pre-diabetes) , know this amazing tidbit:
The Diabetes Prevention Study shows that losing 5-7 % of your weight, exercising for 1/2 hr per day and following a healthy diet can reduce your risk of getting diabetes by up to 58%!.
Glucose Guidelines (targets) for Diabetes
ADA
(mg/dl)
AACE
(mg/dl)
CDA
(mmol/L)
Fasting Glucose
70-130 < 1104 – 7
(4 - 6 if safe is no longer a general guideline)
2 hr after eating < 180 as peak blood sugar after eating
regardless of time
< 1405 – 10
(5-8 if unable to achieve A1c < 7% and not at risk for
hypoglycemia)
A1c
(glycosylated hemoglobin)
< 7%
(< 6% if safe)
< 6.5%
(< 0.065)
<7% (< 0.070)
(<6.5% if need to lower risk nephropathy and weighed
against risk for hypoglycemia)
ADA = American Diabetes Association
AACE = American Assoc. Clinical Endocrinologists
CDA = Canadian Diabetes Association
HbA1c : 7,8%, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003640.htm
HbA1c is a test that measures the amount of glycated hemoglobin in your
blood. Your doctor may order this test if you have diabetes.
How the Test is Performed
Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back
of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine
(antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the
upper arm. This puts pressure on the area and makes the vein swell with
blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The
blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The
elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been
collected, the needle is removed. Then the puncture site is covered to stop
any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to
puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass
tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed
over the area if there is any bleeding.
How to Prepare for the Test
No special preparation is needed.
How the Test Will Feel
When the needle is inserted, you may feel a slight pinch or some stinging.
Afterward, there may be some throbbing.
Why the Test is Performed
Your doctor may order this test if you have diabetes. It is used to measure
your blood sugar control over several months. It can give a good estimate
of how well you have managed your diabetes over the last 2 or 3 months.
The test may also be used to screen for diabetes.
You have more glycated hemoglobin if you have had high levels of glucose
in your blood. In general, the higher your HbA1c, the higher the risk that
you will develop problems such as:
Eye disease
Heart disease
Kidney disease
Nerve damage
Stroke
This is especially true if your HbA1c remains high for a long period of time.
The closer your HbA1c is to normal, the less risk you have for these
complications.
Normal Results
An HbA1c of 6% or less is normal.
If your HbA1c is above 6.5% you may be diagnosed with diabetes.
If you have diabetes, try to keep your HbA1c level at or below 7%.
However, you and your health care provider must decide what a normal
HbA1c level is for you.
Talk with your doctor about the meaning of your test results.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Abnormal results mean that your blood glucose levels have been above
normal over a period of weeks to months.
If your HbA1c is above 7%, it means that your diabetes control may not be
as good as it should be.
High values mean you are at greater risk of diabetes complications. If you
can bring your level down, you decrease your chances of long-term
complications.
Ask your doctor how often you should have your HbA1c tested. Usually,
doctors recommend testing every 3 or 6 months.
Risks
Getting a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from
others.
Other risks linked with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:
Excessive bleeding
Fainting or feeling light-headed
Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Alternative Names
Glycated hemoglobin; Glycosylated hemoglobin; Hemoglobin -
glycosylated; A1C; GHb; Glycohemoglobin; Diabetic control index
References
International Expert Committee Report on the Role of the A1C Assay in the
Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. July 2009 32:1344-1345.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--
2010. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33 Suppl 1:S11-61.
total kolestrol : 130 mg/dlhttp://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/What-Your-Cholesterol-Levels-
Mean_UCM_305562_Article.jsp
Total Cholesterol Level Category
Less than 200 mg/dL Desirable level that puts you at lower risk for coronary heart disease. A cholesterol level of 200 mg/dL or higher raises your risk.
200 to 239 mg/dL Borderline high
240 mg/dL and above High blood cholesterol. A person with this level has more than twice the risk of coronary heart disease as someone whose cholesterol is below 200 mg/dL.
, HDL : 50 mg/dl,
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/What-Your-Cholesterol-Levels-
Mean_UCM_305562_Article.jsp
HDL Cholesterol Level Category
Less than 40 mg/dL(for men)Less than 50 mg/dL(for women)
Low HDL cholesterol. A major risk factor for heart disease.
60 mg/dL and above High HDL cholesterol. An HDL of 60 mg/dL and above is considered protective against heart disease.
With HDL (good) cholesterol, higher levels are better. Low HDL cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL for men, less than 50 mg/dL for women) puts you at higher risk for heart disease. In the average man, HDL cholesterol levels range from 40 to 50 mg/dL. In the average woman, they range from 50 to 60 mg/dL. An HDL cholesterol of 60 mg/dL or higher gives some protection against heart disease. The mean level of HDL cholesterol for American adults age 20 and older is 54.3 mg/dL.
Smoking, being overweight and being sedentary can all result in lower HDL cholesterol. To raise your HDL level, avoid tobacco smoke, maintain a healthy weight and get at least 30-60 minutes of physical activity more days than not.
People with high blood triglycerides usually also have lower HDL cholesterol and a higher risk of heart attack and stroke. Progesterone, anabolic steroids and
male sex hormones (testosterone) also lower HDL cholesterol levels. Female sex hormones raise HDL cholesterol levels.
LDL : 100mg/dl,
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/What-Your-Cholesterol-Levels-
Mean_UCM_305562_Article.jsp
The lower your LDL cholesterol, the lower your risk of heart attack and stroke. In
fact, it's a better gauge of risk than total blood cholesterol. In general, LDL levels
fall into these categories:
LDL Cholesterol Level Category
Less than 100 mg/dL Optimal
100 to 129 mg/dL Near or above optimal
130 to 159 mg/dL Borderline high
160 to 189 mg/dL High
190 mg/dL and above Very high
Your other risk factors for heart disease and stroke help determine what your LDL level should be, as well as the appropriate treatment for you. A healthy level for you may not be healthy for your friend or neighbor. Discuss your levels and your treatment options with your doctor to get the plan that works for you. The mean level of LDL cholesterol for American adults age 20 and older is 115.0 mg/dL.
The Cholesterol Heart Profilers is a great starting point for learning about prevention and treatment options for your specific cholesterol levels. This free, confidential online service creates a printable report with the key information you need to fully understand your cholesterol levels, health risks and treatment options. You'll get a personalized cardiovascular disease risk profile, along with a summary of treatment options, potential side effects, success rates and a list of relevant medical journal articles and research studies, all summarized in plain English.
Na : 120 mEq/L,
http://surgery.about.com/od/beforesurgery/qt/BloodChemistry.htm
Serum Sodium (Na)
This portion of the test shows the amount of sodium present in the blood. The kidneys work to excrete any excess sodium that is ingested in food and beverages. Sodium levels fluctuate with dehydration or over-hydration, the food and beverages consumed, diarrhea, endocrine disorders, water retention (various causes), trauma and bleeding.
Normal Values: 135-145 mEq/L (USA) 3.5-5 mmol/L
http://www.medicinenet.com/electrolytes/article.htm
Increased sodium (hypernatremia) in the blood occurs whenever there is excess sodium in relation to water. There are numerous causes of hypernatremia; these may include kidney disease, too little water intake, and loss of water due to diarrhea and/or vomiting.
A decreased concentration of sodium (hyponatremia) occurs whenever there is a relative increase in the amount of body water relative to sodium. This happens with some diseases of the liver and kidney, in patients withcongestive heart failure, in burn victims, and in numerous other conditions.
A Normal blood sodium level is 135 - 145 milliEquivalents/liter (mEq/L), or in international units, 135 - 145 millimoles/liter (mmol/L).
K : 2,8 mEq/L
http://surgery.about.com/od/beforesurgery/qt/BloodChemistry.htm
Serum Potassium (K)
This test shows the level of potassium in the blood. Potassium plays an important role in muscle contractions and cell function. Both high and low levels of potassium can cause problems with the rhythm of the heart so it is important to monitor the level of potassium after surgery. Patients who are taking diuretics regularly may require regular blood tests to monitor potassium levels, as some diuretics cause the kidneys to excrete too much potassium.
Normal Values: 3.5-5 mEq/L (USA) 3.5-5 mmol/L (International)
http://www.medicinenet.com/electrolytes/article.htm
Increased potassium is known as hyperkalemia. Potassium is normally excreted by the kidneys, so disorders that decrease the function of the kidneys can result in hyperkalemia. Certain medications may also predispose an individual to hyperkalemia.
Hypokalemia, or decreased potassium, can arise due to kidney diseases; excessive loss due to heavy sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea, eating disorders, certain medications, or other causes.
The normal blood potassium level is 3.5 - 5.0 milliEquivalents/liter (mEq/L), or in international units, 3.5 - 5.0 millimoles/liter (mmol/L).